Anchors, scales and the relative coding of value in the brain.

People are alarmingly susceptible to manipulations that change both their expectations and experience of the value of goods. Recent studies in behavioral economics suggest such variability reflects more than mere caprice. People commonly judge options and prices in relative terms, rather than absolutely, and display strong sensitivity to exemplar and price anchors. We propose that these findings elucidate important principles about reward processing in the brain. In particular, relative valuation may be a natural consequence of adaptive coding of neuronal firing to optimise sensitivity across large ranges of value. Furthermore, the initial apparent arbitrariness of value may reflect the brains' attempts to optimally integrate diverse sources of value-relevant information in the face of perceived uncertainty. Recent findings in neuroscience support both accounts, and implicate regions in the orbitofrontal cortex, striatum, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in the construction of value.

两种泥鳅不同核质关系下LDH同工酶基因表达的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺不连续系统凝胶电泳方法分析了泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅不同杂交组合不同核质关系下胚胎发育阶段（０－１４５ｈ）中乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）同工酶的分化表达谱式，ＬＤＨ同工酶的基因表达随细胞质、细胞核不同及胚胎发育各个时期具有不同的个体发育谱式。以泥鳅卵子为细胞质的Ⅰ、Ⅱ两组，杂交组（Ⅱ）ＬＤＨ同工酶基因在受精后３ｍｉｎ至原肠中期雄核基因参与表达与调控，部分基因位点比本交组（Ⅰ）启动与表达的时间要早，两组的管家酶主要来自细胞质。以大鳞副泥鳅为细胞质的Ⅲ、Ⅳ两组，各酶均以细胞质调控为主，其管家酶与泥鳅有很大不同。

湖南省境内洞庭鳜(Tungtingichthys,鲈形目Perciformes)的重新观察

对秀丽洞庭鳜作了较详细的描述，在骨骼学特征和变异范围方面作了较多的补充。指出秀丽洞庭级和下湾铺洞庭鳜在背鳍前骨式、林的形状和尾鳍前短鳍条数目等特征存在差异。补充了洞庭鳜的属征，并认为始新世化石低等鲈形目鱼类中北半球的洞庭鳜、Amphiperca、Priscacara之间的关系比它们和南半球的Percichthys的关系更接近。

我国产日本医蛭水蛭素的分离和纯化

采用离子交换柱层析与凝胶过滤柱层析的方法对从我国产的日本医蛙［Hirudonipponica（whitman）］活体中提取出的唾液腺分泌物进行分离和纯化，获得了较纯净的水蛭素（Hirudin）。测定结果表明：日本医蛭唾液腺分泌物提取液中水蛭素含量为4AT－U／ml；纯化总得率为15％；纯化后的产物比活力为6708AT－U／mg蛋白。

卵母细胞在细胞周期调控研究中的贡献

本文在回顾卵母细胞成熟促进因子的发现、卵母细胞体外系统的应用、周期蛋白的发现和成熟促进因子的提纯及其成份的鉴定等一系列研究的基础上,评述了卵母细胞在细胞周期调控研究中的贡献,并由此提出天然雌核发育银鲫的卵母细胞是一个独特的尚待开拓的研究系统。

有害藻类及其微生物防治的基础──藻菌关系的研究动态

有害藻类及其微生物防治的基础──藻菌关系的研究动态赵以军，刘永定（中国科学院水生生物研究所，武汉，４３００７２）关键词藻类，细菌，病毒，真菌ＰＯＳＳＩＢＬＥＭＩＣＲＯＢＩＡＬＣＯＮＴＲＯＬＯＮＴＨＥＡＤＶＥＲＳＥＩＭＰＡＣＴＳＯＦＡＬＧＡＥ－ＣＵＲＲ...

人生长激素和转移的人生长激素基因对去垂体鱼的生长代偿效应

通过显微注射技术,将小鼠重金属螯合蛋白(MT-1)基因启动顺序与人生长激素基因顺序的重组体pMThGH注入鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)的受精卵内,由此发育的转基因鱼及其后代F1和F2均显示出快速生长效应。去垂体后,转基因鲤鱼F2持续生长,而非转基因鲤鱼和鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)的生长停止。给去垂体的鲫鱼腹腔注射生物合成的人生长激素(hGH),可恢复其生长。实验结果表明,转基因鱼体内表达和体外生物合成的hGH均能代偿鲤鱼和鲫鱼的内源生长激素并刺激去垂体鱼的生长。

用微型生物群落评价常德市水系的研究

本文应用PFU法对常德水系四季微型生物群落的结构和功能进行了分析。根据MacArthur-Wilson平衡模型提出了3个功能参数,测定了微型生物的2个结构参数。同步进行了16个站四季的水质分析,提出化学综合污染指数(P)。经统计学处理,P和微型生物群落的HI、S_(eq)、G、T_(90％)等指数均呈显著性相关。物种多样性(d)也在一定程度上反映出城市水体的不同污染程度。再次证明PFU微型生物监测方法的科学性,为生物监测提供了快速、经济、正确的新方法。

A numerical study into the effects of Bio-synthetic Paraffinic Kerosine blends with Jet-A fuel for civil aircraft engine

Growing concerns regarding fluctuating fuel costs and pollution targets for gas emissions, have led the aviation industry to seek alternative technologies to reduce its dependency on crude oil, and its net emissions. Recently blends of bio-fuel with kerosine, have become an alternative solution as they offer "greener" aircraft and reduce demand on crude oil. Interestingly, this technique is able to be implemented in current aircraft as it does not require any modification to the engine. Therefore, the present study investigates the effect of blends of bio-synthetic paraffinic kerosine with Jet-A in a civil aircraft engine, focusing on its performance and exhaust emissions. Two bio-fuels are considered: Jatropha Bio-synthetic Paraffinic Kerosine (JSPK) and Camelina Bio-synthetic Paraffinic Kerosine (CSPK); there are evaluated as pure fuels, and as 10% and 50% blend with Jet-A. Results obtained show improvement in thrust, fuel flow and SFC as composition of bio-fuel in the blend increases. At design point condition, results on engine emissions show reduction in NO x, and CO, but increases of CO is observed at fixed fuel condition, as the composition of bio-fuel in the mixture increases. Copyright © 2012 by ASME.

The effect of organic matter accumulation on phosphorus release in sediment of Chinese shallow lakes

The effects of organic matter in sediment on phosphorus release were studied by field investigations in eight Chinese shallow freshwater lakes with different trophic status and a laboratory experiment. The sediment organic matter content paralleled the trophic status, ranging from 6.1 to 173.0 g kg(-1) (dry weight), with the mean value of 63.1 g kg(-1) (dry weight). It was positively proportional to Soluble reactive phosphorus concentration in the interstitial water in a form of exponential function, but inversely related to the sediment Fe/P ratio. The sediment alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly related not only to the organic matter content (r = 0.829, P < 0.01, n = 120), but also to the soluble reactive phosphorus concentration in interstitial water (r = 0.454, P < 0.01, n = 42). In the laboratory experiment, the addition of organic matter (dry materials of an aquatic macrophyte) into the sediment significantly enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity and soluble reactive phosphorus release. However, in the treatment with organic matter added and aeration, this release was generally prevented in spite of an increase in APA. Hence, sediment organic matter can effectively accelerate phosphorus release by enzymatic hydrolysis and anaerobic desorption. The latter mechanism seems to be more important.

Localization and tracking of phonating finless porpoises using towed stereo acoustic data-loggers

Cetaceans produce sound signals frequently. Usually, acoustic localization of cetaceans was made by cable hydrophone arrays and multichannel recording systems. In this study, a simple and relatively inexpensive towed acoustic system consisting of two miniature stereo acoustic data-loggers is described for localization and tracking of finless porpoises in a mobile survey. Among 204 porpoises detected acoustically, 34 individuals (similar to 17%) were localized, and 4 of the 34 localized individuals were tracked. The accuracy of the localization is considered to be fairly high, as the upper bounds of relative distance errors were less than 41% within 173 m. With the location information, source levels of finless porpoise clicks were estimated to range from 180 to 209 dB re 1 mu Pa pp at 1 m with an average of 197 dB (N=34), which is over 20 dB higher than that estimated previously from animals in enclosed waters. For the four tracked porpoises, two-dimensional swimming trajectories relative to the moving survey boat, absolute swimming speed, and absolute heading direction are deduced by assuming the animal movements are straight and at constant speed in the segment between two consecutive locations.

Diversity and abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in eutrophic and oligotrophic basins of a shallow Chinese lake (Lake Donghu)

Classical cultivation and molecular methods based on the ammonia monooxygenase gene (amoA) were used to study the abundance and diversity of beta-proteobacterial ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in lake sediments. The eutrophic and oligotrophic basins of a Chinese shallow lake (Lake Donghu), in terms of ammonium (NH4+) concentrations, were sampled. The AOB number was significantly lower in the oligotrophic basin, but significantly higher in the eutrophic basin. In addition, using restriction fragment length polymorphism targeting the amoA, ten restriction patterns including six unique ones were found in the eutrophic basin, while five patterns were observed in the oligotrophic basin with only one unique restriction group. Phylogenetic analysis for AOB revealed that Nitrosomonas oligotropha- and Nitrosomonas ureae-related AOB and Nitrosospira-affiliated AOB were ubiquitous; the former dominated in the eutrophic basin (87.2%), while the latter dominated in the oligotrophic basin (65.5%). Furthermore, Nitrosomonas communis-related AOB was only detected in the eutrophic basin, at a small proportion (3.2%). These results indicate significant selection and adaptation of sediment AOB in lakes with differing trophic status. (C) 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Optimal data fitting on lie groups: A coset approach

This work considers the problem of fitting data on a Lie group by a coset of a compact subgroup. This problem can be seen as an extension of the problem of fitting affine subspaces in n to data which can be solved using principal component analysis. We show how the fitting problem can be reduced for biinvariant distances to a generalized mean calculation on an homogeneous space. For biinvariant Riemannian distances we provide an algorithm based on the Karcher mean gradient algorithm. We illustrate our approach by some examples on SO(n). © 2010 Springer -Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Microcystin-RR induces physiological stress and cell death in the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon sp DC01 isolated from Lake Dianchi, China

The phytoplankton community in Lake Dianchi (Yunnan Province, Southwestern China) is dominated in April by a bloom of Aphanizomenon, that disappears Suddenly and is displaced by a Microcystis bloom in May. The reasons for the rapid bloom disappearance phenomenon and the temporal variability in the composition of phytoplankton assemblages are poorly understood. Cell growth, ultrastructure and physiological changes were examined in cultures of Aphanizomenon sp. DC01 isolated from Lake Dianchi exposed to different closes of rnicrocystin-RR (MC-RR) produced by the Microcystis bloom. MC-RR concentrations above 100 mu g L-1 markedly inhibited the pigment (chlorophyll-a, phycocyanin) synthesis and caused an increase of soluble carbohydrate and protein contents and nitrate reductase activity of toxin-treated blue-green algae. A drastic. reduction in photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) was also found. Morphological examinationn showed that the Aphanizomenon filaments disintegrated and file cells lysed gradually after 48 h Of toxin exposure. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that cellular inclusions of stressed cells almost leaked out completely and the cell membranes were grossly damaged. These findings demonstrate the allelopathic activity of Microcystis aeruginosa inducing physiological stress and cell death of Aphanizomenon sp. DC01 Although the active concentrations of microcystin were rather high, we propose that microcystin may function as allelopathic Substance due to inhomogeneous toxin concentrations close to Microcystis cells. Hence, it may play a role in species Succession of Aphanizomenon and Microcystis in Lake Dianchi.