Picosecond pulse amplification up to a peak power of 42 W by a quantum-dot tapered optical amplifier and a mode-locked laser emitting at 1.26 ��m

We experimentally study the generation and amplification of stable picosecond-short optical pulses by a master oscillator power-amplifier configuration consisting of a monolithic quantum-dot-based gain-guided tapered laser and amplifier emitting at 1.26 ��m without pulse compression, external cavity, gain-or Q-switched operation. We report a peak power of 42 W and a figure-of-merit for second-order nonlinear imaging of 38.5 W2 at a repetition rate of 16 GHz and an associated pulse width of 1.37 ps.

Permanent matching of coupled optical bottle resonators with better than 0.16 GHz precision

The fabrication precision is one of the most critical challenges to the creation of practical photonic circuits composed of coupled high Q-factor microresonators. While very accurate transient tuning of microresonators based on local heating has been reported, the record precision of permanent resonance positioning achieved by post-processing is still within 1 and 5 GHz. Here we demonstrate two coupled bottle microresonators fabricated at the fiber surface with resonances that are matched with a better than 0.16 GHz precision. This corresponds to a better than 0.17 �� precision in the effective fiber radius variation. The achieved fabrication precision is only limited by the resolution of our optical spectrum analyzer and can be potentially improved by an order of magnitude.

Galanin and galanin fragment 1-15 modulate antidepressant responses by targeting 5-HT1AR-GALR heteroreceptor complexes of the ascending midbrain serotonin pathways.

Mood disorders, including depression and anxiety, are among the most prevalent mental illnesses with high socioeconomic impact. Although the underlying mechanisms have not yet been clearly defined in the last decade the importance of the role of neuropeptides, including Galanin (GAL), and/or their receptors in the treatment of stress-related mood disorders is becoming increasingly apparent. GAL is involved in mood regulation, including depression-related and anxiety-like behaviors. Activation of GALR1 and GALR3 receptors results in a depression like behavior while stimulation of GALR2 receptor leads to anti-depressant-like effects. Moreover, GAL modulates 5-HT1A receptors (5-HT1AR), a key receptor in depression at autoreceptor and postsynaptic level in the brain. This interaction can in part be due to the existence of GALR1-5-HT1AR heteroreceptor complexes in discrete brain regions [1]. Not only GAL but also the N-terminal fragments like GAL(1-15) are active in the Central Nervous System [2, 3]. Recently, we described that GAL(1-15) induces strong depression-related and anxiogenic-like effects in rats, and these effects were significantly stronger than the ones induced by GAL [4]. The GALR1-GALR2 heteroreceptor complexes in the dorsal hippocampus and especially in the dorsal raphe (DR), areas rich in GAL(1-15) binding sites [5] were involved in these effects [4, 6] and demonstrated also in cellular models. In the present study, we have analyzed the ability of GAL(1-15) to modulate 5-HT1AR located at postjunctional sites and at the soma-dendritic level in rats. We have analyzed the effect of GAL(1-15) on the 5-HT1AR-mediated response in a behavioral test of depression and the involvement of the GALR2 in these effects. GAL(1-15) enhanced the antidepressant effects induced by the 5-HT1AR agonist 8-OH-DPAT in the forced swimming test [7]. These effects were stronger than the ones induced by GAL. The mechanism of this action involved interactions at the receptor level in the plasma membrane with changes also at the transcriptional level. Thus, GAL(1-15) affected the binding characteristics as well as the mRNA level of 5-HT1AR in the dorsal hippocampus and DR. GALR2 was involved in these effects, since the specific GALR2 antagonist M871 blocked GAL(1-15) mediated actions at the behavioral and receptor level [7]. Furthermore, the results on the proximity ligation assay (PLA) in this work suggest the existence of GALR1-GALR2-5-HT1AR heteroreceptor complexes since positive PLA were obtained for both GALR1-5-HT1AR and GALR2-5-HT1AR complexes in the DR and hippocampus. Moreover the studies on RN33B cells, where GALR1, GALR2 and 5-HT1AR exist [4], also showed PLA-positive clusters indicating the existence of GALR1-5-HT1AR and GALR2-5-HT1AR complexes in these cells [7]. In conclusion, our results indicate that GAL(1���15) enhances the antidepressant effects induced by the 5-HT1AR agonist 8-OH-DPAT probably acting on GALR1-GALR2-5-HT1AR heteroreceptor located at postjunctional sites and at the soma-dendritic level. The development of new drugs specifically targeting these heteroreceptor complexes may offer a novel strategy for treatment of depression. This work has been supported by Junta de Andalucia CVI646 1. Borroto-Escuela, D.O., et al., Galanin receptor-1 modulates 5-hydroxtryptamine-1A signaling via heterodimerization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2010. 393(4): p. 767-72. 2. Hedlund, P.B. and K. Fuxe, Galanin and 5-HT1A receptor interactions as an integrative mechanism in 5-HT neurotransmission in the brain. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1996. 780: p. 193-212. 3. Diaz-Cabiale, Z., et al., Neurochemical modulation of central cardiovascular control: the integrative role of galanin. EXS, 2010. 102: p. 113-31. 4. Millon, C., et al., A role for galanin N-terminal fragment (1-15) in anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 2015. 18(3). 5. Hedlund, P.B., N. Yanaihara, and K. Fuxe, Evidence for specific N-terminal galanin fragment binding sites in the rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol, 1992. 224(2-3): p. 203-5. 6. Borroto-Escuela, D.O., et al., Preferential activation by galanin 1-15 fragment of the GalR1 protomer of a GalR1-GalR2 heteroreceptor complex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2014. 452(3): p. 347-53. 7. Millon, C., et al., Galanin (1-15) enhances the antidepressant effects of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT: involvement of the raphe-hippocampal 5-HT neuron system. Brain Struct Funct, 2016.

Pregnancy In Women Undergoing Hemodialysis: Case Series In A Southeast Brazilian Reference Center.

To describe maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women undergoing hemodialysis in a referral center in Brazilian Southeast side. Retrospective and descriptive study, with chart review of all pregnancies undergoing hemodialysis that were followed-up at an outpatient clinic of high- risk prenatal care in Southeast Brazil. Among the 16 women identified, 2 were excluded due to follow-up loss. In 14 women described, hypertension was the most frequent cause of chronic renal failure (half of cases). The majority (71.4%) had performed hemodialysis treatment for more than one year and all of them underwent 5 to 6 hemodialysis sessions per week. Eleven participants had chronic hypertension, 1 of which was also diabetic, and 6 of them were smokers. Regarding pregnancy complications, 1 of the hypertensive women developed malignant hypertension (with fetal growth restriction and preterm delivery at 29 weeks), 2 had acute pulmonary edema and 2 had abruption placenta. The mode of delivery was cesarean section in 9 women (64.3%). All neonates had Apgar score at five minutes above 7. To improve perinatal and maternal outcomes of women undergoing hemodialysis, it is important to ensure multidisciplinary approach in referral center, strict control of serum urea, hemoglobin and maternal blood pressure, as well as close monitoring of fetal well-being and maternal morbidities. Another important strategy is suitable guidance for contraception in these women.

Avalia����o dos tipos de glaucoma no servi��o de oftalmologia da UNICAMP

PURPOSE: To evaluate the frequency of different types of glaucoma at the Hospital das Cl��nicas of Campinas State University. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 329 patients followed at the Glaucoma Service of Campinas State University from October 1 to December 20, 2000. The frequency of each type of glaucoma and the treatment were analyzed. RESULTS: There were 329 patients examined at the Glaucoma Service: 132 (40.1%) were referred to the service as glaucoma suspects and 197 (59.9%) as glaucoma patients. Ninety of the 132 glaucoma suspects had glaucoma (68.2%) and 42 are still under investigation (31.8%). Among the 329 patients, 283 (86%) had glaucoma, 42 (12.8%) were glaucoma suspects, 2 (0.6%) had ocular hypertension and 2 (0.6%) did not have glaucoma. There were 530 eyes with glaucoma: 298 (56.2%) with primary open angle glaucoma, 108 (20.4%) with chronic angle closure glaucoma, 21 (4%) with glaucoma following cataract surgery, 19 (3.6%) congenital glaucoma and 16 (3%) with low-tension glaucoma. All patients received initial clinical treatment with IOP-lowering medication. After a mean follow up of 10.5 months, 89 (16.8%) underwent laser therapy: 72 (13.6%) iridotomy, 7 (1.3%) trabeculoplasty and 10 (1.9%) panphotocoagulation. A hundred and seventy nine (33%) eyes required surgical treatment. CONCLUSION: The most frequent types of glaucoma were primary open angle and angle closure glaucoma. Low tension glaucoma and glaucoma associated with exfoliation syndrome were uncommon in this population.

Survival and quality of life of patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer at 1-year follow-up of tumor resection

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the survival and life quality evolution of patients subjected to surgical excision of oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-seven patients treated at a Brazilian healthcare unit specialized in head and neck surgery between 2006 and 2007 were enrolled in the study. The gathering of data comprised reviewing hospital files and applying the University of Washington Quality of Life (UW-QOL) questionnaire previously and 1 year after the surgery. Comparative analysis used Poisson regression to assess factors associated with survival and a paired t-test to compare preoperative and 1-year postoperative QOL ratings. RESULTS: 1 year after surgery, 7 patients were not found (dropout of the cohort); 15 had died and 25 fulfilled the UW-QOL again. The risk of death was associated with having regional metastasis previously to surgery (relative risk=2.18; 95% confidence interval=1.09-5.17) and tumor size T3 or T4 (RR=2.30; 95%CI=1.05-5.04). Survivors presented significantly (p<0.05) poorer overall and domain-specific ratings of quality of life. Chewing presented the largest reduction: from 74.0 before surgery to 34.0 one year later. Anxiety was the only domain whose average rating increased (from 36.0 to 70.7). CONCLUSIONS: The prospective assessment of survival and quality of life may contribute to anticipate interventions aimed at reducing the incidence of functional limitations in patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer.

Recalled and recorded bowel habits confirm early onset and high frequency of constipation in day-care nursery children

CONTEXT: Mothers recall early-onset constipation in children attending gastroenterology clinics. OBJECTIVES: To study the bowel habit of young children in the community to determine, first, whether early-onset constipation is confirmed in this setting and, second, the agreement between recalled and recorded bowel habit. METHODS:Defecation data of 57 children aged 6.0-40.7 mo were obtained by maternal recall (questionnaire on predominant stool characteristics) and by record (1,934 defecations registered prospectively at home and in the nursery). The bowel habit was classified according to stool frequency and proportion of stool characteristics (soft, hard and/or runny). Two criteria were used to classify recorded data, since the cutoff point for hard stools to identify constipation is undefined in children: predominant criterion and adult criterion, respectively with >50% and >25% of stools with altered consistency. Bowel habit categories were: adequate, constipation, functional diarrhea and "other bowel habit". Nonparametric statistics, and the Kappa index for agreement between recalled and recorded bowel habit, were used. RESULTS: Constipation occurred in 17.5%, 10.5%, 19.3% of the children by recall, the predominant and the adult criteria, respectively. Constipation was the main recalled alteration, vs 12.3% "other bowel habit". Only one child classified as having functional diarrhea (by the adult criterion). Agreement between recalled and recorded bowel habit was fair for constipation, by the predominant and the adult criteria (K = 0.28 and 0.24, respectively), but only slight (K <0.16) for other bowel habit categories. Individual data, however, pointed to a better relationship between recalled constipation and the adult rather than the predominant criterion. CONCLUSIONS: Frequent early-onset constipation was confirmed. Fair agreement between recalled and recorded constipation by the two used criteria indicates that recalled data are quite reliable to detect constipation.

Some aspects of acetylation of untreated and mercerized sisal cellulose

We report here on some aspects of the acetylation in LiCl/N,N-dimethylacetamide, DMAc, of untreated and mercerized sisal cellulose, hereafter designated as sisal and M-sisal, respectively. Fiber mercerization by NaOH solution has resulted in the following changes: 29.9% decrease in the index of crystallinity; 16.2% decrease in the degree of polymerization and 9.3% increase in &#945;-cellulose content. A light scattering study of solutions of sisal, M-sisal, microcrystalline and cotton celluloses in LiCl/DMAc has shown that they are present as aggregates, with (an apparent) average aggregation numbers of 5.2, 3.2, 9.8, and 35.3, respectively. The presence of these aggregates affects the accessibility of cellulose during its functionalization. A study of the evolution of the degree of substitution, DS, of cellulose acetate as a function of reaction time showed an increase up to 5 h, followed by a decrease at 7 h. Possible reasons for this decrease are discussed. As expected, M-sisal gave a higher DS that its untreated counterpart.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of 2-(4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-pyrimidine and 1-carboxamidino-1H-pyrazole derivatives

Five previously synthesized 4-trifluoromethyl-2-(5-aryl-3-styryl-1H-pyrazol-1yl)-pyrimidines and six 5-aryl-3-styryl-1-carboxamidino-1H-pyrazole derivatives were screened for their antioxidant proprieties. The antioxidant activities were evaluated by using the DPPH and the HRP/luminol/H2O2 chemiluminescence assay systems and for their antimicrobial activity (MIC). The results were good for those series in some concentration in comparison with the standards.

��ndice h de docentes em Sa��de Coletiva no Brasil

OBJETIVO: Estimar valores de refer��ncia e fun����o de hierarquia de docentes em Sa��de Coletiva do Brasil por meio de an��lise da distribui����o do ��ndice h. M��TODOS: A partir do portal da Coordena����o de Aperfei��oamento de Pessoal de N��vel Superior, 934 docentes foram identificados em 2008, dos quais 819 foram analisados. O ��ndice h de cada docente foi obtido na Web of Science mediante algoritmos de busca com controle para homon��mias e alternativas de grafia de nome. Para cada regi��o e para o Brasil como um todo ajustou-se fun����o densidade de probabilidade exponencial aos par��metros m��dia e taxa de decr��scimo por regi��o. Foram identificadas medidas de posi����o e, com o complemento da fun����o probabilidade acumulada, fun����o de hierarquia entre autores conforme o ��ndice h por regi��o. RESULTADOS: Dos docentes, 29,8% n��o tinham qualquer registro de cita����o (h = 0). A m��dia de h para o Pa��s foi 3,1, com maior m��dia na regi��o Sul (4,7). A mediana de h para o Pa��s foi 2,1, tamb��m com maior mediana na Sul (3,2). Para uma padroniza����o de popula����o de autores em cem, os primeiros colocados para o Pa��s devem ter h = 16; na estratifica����o por regi��o, a primeira posi����o demanda valores mais altos no Nordeste, Sudeste e Sul, sendo nesta ��ltima h = 24. CONCLUS��ES: Avaliados pelos ��ndices h da Web of Science, a maioria dos autores em Sa��de Coletiva n��o supera h = 5. H�� diferen��as entres as regi��es, com melhor desempenho para a Sul e valores semelhantes entre Sudeste e Nordeste.

Avalia����o nutricional e risco cardiovascular em executivos submetidos a check-up

OBJETIVO: Avaliar estado nutricional e risco cardiovascular de executivos. M��TODOS: Estudo transversal. Foram avaliados 329 executivos de ambos os g��neros, com idade entre 31 e 70 anos, submetidos a check-up de sa��de em hospital privado do munic��pio de S��o Paulo. Foram mensuradas as vari��veis referentes a peso, estatura e circunfer��ncia da cintura (CC) e determinado o ��ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC). Foram analisados press��o arterial, n��veis s��ricos de colesterol total e fra����es, triacilglicerol, glicose e ��cido ��rico. Pr��tica habitual de atividade f��sica foi avaliada por meio do Question��rio Internacional de Atividade F��sica (IPAQ) e o risco cardiovascular pelo Escore de Framingham. A an��lise de vari��ncia e o m��todo de Bonferroni foram utilizados para o tratamento estat��stico. RESULTADOS: M��dia de idade foi 44,6 anos (DP=6,8), predominando o g��nero masculino (89,7%). Quanto ao estilo de vida, 17% eram tabagistas e 7,3% sedent��rios. Os resultados m��dios encontrados para os exames cl��nicos e bioqu��micos foram: press��o arterial 117,8 x 78,6 mmHg (DP=12 x 8,3), colesterol total 200,5 mg/dL (DP=35,9), LDL-c 121,8 mg/dL (DP=29,9), HDL-c 52,2 mg/dL (DP=10,9), triacilglicerol 133,7 mg/dL (DP=76,8), glicose 96,3 mg/dL (DP=20,5) e ��cido ��rico 6,0 e 4,2 mg/dL (DP=1,0 e 0,9) para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. O IMC m��dio foi de excesso de peso (26,1kg/m��; DP=6,8). A CC m��dia estava normal entre as mulheres (79,6cm; DP=7,3) e indicou risco elevado para doen��as cr��nicas entre os homens (96,1cm; DP=8,9). O Risco de Framingham m��dio foi de 5,7%. CONCLUS��O: Os executivos estavam com excesso de peso e apresentaram baixo risco cardiovascular.

Composi����o qu��mica do feij��o caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp), cultivar BRS-Mil��nio

O feij��o caupi �� uma das principais culturas alimentares do Nordeste brasileiro. Para melhorar sua resist��ncia contra pragas e produtividade, a nova cultivar (BRS-Mil��nio) foi obtida por melhoramento gen��tico. Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar o potencial nutricional desta variedade, determinando-se a composi����o centesimal, o perfil de amino��cidos e ��cidos graxos, o conte��do de minerais e a atividade inibit��ria de tripsina. A semente cont��m (g.100 g-1): 24,5 de prote��nas; 51,4 de carboidratos; 16,6 de fibra insol��vel e 2,7 de fibra sol��vel; 2,6 de cinzas, tendo como principais minerais (mg.100 g-1): ferro - 6,8; zinco - 4,1; mangan��s - 1,5; f��sforo - 510,0 e pot��ssio - 1430,0. O teor de lip��dios foi de 2,2%, e seu perfil de ��cidos graxos apresenta 29,4% de saturados e 70,7% de insaturados. Foi estimado valor cal��rico de 323,4 kcal.100 g-1 de semente. Encontrou-se baixa atividade inibit��ria de tripsina (8,0 UIT.mg-1 de amostra). O perfil de amino��cidos foi favor��vel ao padr��o de refer��ncia, exceto pela defici��ncia de sulfurados, sugerindo a necessidade da combina����o desta leguminosa com outras fontes alimentares. Os resultados indicam que o feij��o caupi possui atributos desej��veis como altos teores de energia, prote��nas, fibras e minerais, baixa atividade inibit��ria de tripsina e, apesar de reduzido conte��do lip��dico, cont��m alta propor����o de ��cidos graxos insaturados.

Situa����o epidemiol��gica da brucelose bovina no Estado de Sergipe

Realizou-se um estudo para caracterizar a situa����o epidemiol��gica da brucelose bovina no Estado de Sergipe. O Estado foi estratificado em dois circuitos produtores. Em cada circuito produtor foram amostradas aleatoriamente cerca de 300 propriedades e, dentro dessas foi escolhido de forma aleat��ria um n��mero pr��-estabelecido de animais, dos quais foi obtida uma amostra de sangue. No total foram amostrados 4.757 animais, provenientes de 590 propriedades. Em cada propriedade amostrada foi aplicado um question��rio epidemiol��gico para verificar o tipo de explora����o da propriedade e as pr��ticas zoot��cnicas e sanit��rias que poderiam estar associadas ao risco de infec����o pela doen��a. O protocolo de testes utilizado foi o da triagem com o teste do ant��geno acidificado tamponado e a confirma����o dos positivos com o teste do 2-mercaptoetanol. O rebanho foi considerado positivo, se pelo menos um animal foi reagente ��s duas provas sorol��gicas. A preval��ncia de focos e a de animais foram: 12,6% [9,2-16,0%] e 3,4% [2,3-4,4%], respectivamente. As preval��ncias de focos e de animais infectados para os circuitos pecu��rios foram: circuito 1, 11,1% [7,9-15,0%] e 2,6% [1,6-3,5%]; circuito 2, 12,9% [9,1-17,6%] e 6,2% [3,0-9,5%]. Os fatores de risco (odds ratio, OR) associados �� condi����o de foco foram: assist��ncia veterin��ria (OR= 2,89 [1,15-7,23]), tamanho do rebanho &#8805;30 f��meas adultas (OR= 1,88 [1,07-3,28]) e uso de insemina����o artificial (OR= 1,92 [0,84-4,38]).

Situa����o epidemiol��gica da brucelose bovina no Estado de Goi��s

Realizou-se um estudo para caracterizar a situa����o epidemiol��gica da brucelose no Estado de Goi��s. O Estado foi estratificado em tr��s circuitos produtores. Em cada circuito foram amostradas aleatoriamente 300 propriedades e, dentro dessas, foi escolhido de forma aleat��ria um n��mero pr��-estabelecido de animais, dos quais foi obtida uma amostra de sangue. No total, foram amostrados 10.744 animais, provenientes de 900 propriedades. Em cada propriedade visitada aplicou-se um question��rio epidemiol��gico para verificar o tipo de explora����o e as pr��ticas de cria����o e sanit��rias que poderiam estar associadas ao risco de infec����o pela doen��a. O protocolo de testes utilizado foi o da triagem com o teste do ant��geno acidificado tamponado e a confirma����o dos positivos com o teste do 2-mercaptoetanol. O rebanho foi considerado positivo quando pelo menos um animal foi reagente ��s duas provas sorol��gicas. No estrato 1, a preval��ncia foi de 7,7% [4,7-10,7%] para propriedades, e de 1,4% [0,99-1,7%] para animais. No estrato 2, foi de 19,5% [15,0-24,0%] para propriedades e de 2,6% [2,0-3,1%] para animais. No estrato 3, foi de 21,4% [16,7-26,1] para propriedades e 4,3% [3,7-5,0%] para animais. A preval��ncia obtida para o Estado foi de 17,5% [14,9-20,2%] para propriedades e de 3,0% [2,7-3,3%] para animais. Os fatores de risco (odds ratio, OR) associados �� condi����o de foco, segundo a an��lise multivariada, foram: compra de reprodutores a comerciantes de gado (OR = 2,06 [1,12-3,52]), ocorr��ncia de abortos nos ��ltimos 12 meses (OR = 5,83 [3,86-8,8]) e pr��tica de vacina����o contra brucelose (OR = 2,07 [1,38-3,09]). Tanto a ocorr��ncia de aborto quanto a vacina����o s��o, neste caso, consequ��ncia da presen��a de brucelose no rebanho.

Lung hyperinflation stimulates the release of inflammatory mediators in spontaneously breathing subjects

Lung hyperinflation up to vital capacity is used to re-expand collapsed lung areas and to improve gas exchange during general anesthesia. However, it may induce inflammation in normal lungs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a lung hyperinflation maneuver (LHM) on plasma cytokine release in 10 healthy subjects (age: 26.1 �� 1.2 years, BMI: 23.8 �� 3.6 kg/m��). LHM was performed applying continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) with a face mask, increased by 3-cmH2O steps up to 20 cmH2O every 5 breaths. At CPAP 20 cmH2O, an inspiratory pressure of 20 cmH2O above CPAP was applied, reaching an airway pressure of 40 cmH2O for 10 breaths. CPAP was then decreased stepwise. Blood samples were collected before and 2 and 12 h after LHM. TNF-&#945;, IL-1&#946;, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12 were measured by flow cytometry. Lung hyperinflation significantly increased (P < 0.05) all measured cytokines (TNF-&#945;: 1.2 �� 3.8 vs 6.4 �� 8.6 pg/mL; IL-1&#946;: 4.9 �� 15.6 vs 22.4 �� 28.4 pg/mL; IL-6: 1.4 �� 3.3 vs 6.5 �� 5.6 pg/mL; IL-8: 13.2 �� 8.8 vs 33.4 �� 26.4 pg/mL; IL-10: 3.3 �� 3.3 vs 7.7 �� 6.5 pg/mL, and IL-12: 3.1 �� 7.9 vs 9 �� 11.4 pg/mL), which returned to basal levels 12 h later. A significant correlation was found between changes in pro- (IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines (r = 0.89, P = 0.004). LHM-induced lung stretching was associated with an early inflammatory response in healthy spontaneously breathing subjects.