972 resultados para 13C-translocation
Resumo:
A pesar de de la gran oferta de fármacos, existen aún patologías que no cuentan con un tratamiento farmacológico efectivo o que su terapéutica provoca efectos indeseables. Según la OMS, la mayoría de las enfermedades nuevas, son patologías emergentes y re-emergentes causadas por virus. Además, existen enfermedades virales endémicas que siguen afectando a nuestro país, como el virus Junín (VJ) y el virus Encefalitis San Luis (ESL). Los problemas que plantean las infecciones virales endemo-epidémicas emergentes y re-emergentes con la aparición de brotes de enfermedades sistémicas y/o neurológicas de diferente magnitud, forman parte de nuestra realidad cotidiana y constituyen una constante amenaza, no sólo para nuestro país sino para el resto del mundo. Para la mayoría de estas enfermedades regionales, no existe un tratamiento adecuado, ya que las actuales drogas sintéticas antivirales muchas veces no resultan exitosas y hasta algunos virus se vuelven resistentes a las mismas. Por lo que se hace necesaria la búsqueda de nuevos agentes terapéuticos.La OMS promueve fuertemente la investigación de plantas nativas, utilizadas en la medicina folclórica, para la obtención de nuevos agentes medicinales. Asimismo, existen estudios etnobotánicos que demuestran que varias plantas de nuestro país, pueden ser seleccionadas de acuerdo a su uso en la medicina tradicional para el tratamiento de distintas infecciones virales. Otra fuente de estudio son las especies reconocidas como tóxicas, ya que contienen sustancias activas que pueden constituirse en posibles agentes terapéuticos, dado que está ampliamente demostrado que regulando la dosis, un principio activo (PA) puede producir un efecto tóxico o beneficioso.Por lo que se plantea como hipótesis que las plantas nativas tóxicas y las utilizadas en la medicina tradicional del centro-norte de Argentina poseen compuestos con potencial efecto antiviral.Este proyecto constituye un trabajo interdisciplinario que tiene como objeto de estudio la evaluación química de diferentes especies autóctonas con el fin de obtener compuestos naturales con potencial actividad antiviral.Los objetivos específicos son: a) Evaluar la actividad citotóxica, virucida y antiviral in vitro de diferentes extractos de plantas autóctonas.b) Aislar, purificar e identificar los metabolitos secundarios mayoritarios de los extractos activos.c) Estudiar la citotoxicidad y actividad virucida y antiviral in vitro de los compuestos purificados químicamente.d) Establecer sus posibles mecanismos de acción.El estudio abarca especies vegetales que habitan la región centro y norte del país. Y se han elegido distintos modelos virales (ADN y ARN), que están asociados a infecciones emergentes, re-emergentes y endémicas que afectan a nuestro país. Los extractos que resulten activos frente a algunos de los virus ensayados, serán seleccionados para el aislamiento, purificación e identificación de sus PA. Para ello se recurrirá a técnicas cromatográficas, aplicando para su identificación técnicas analíticas espectroscópicas (UV-V, IR, EIMS, RMN-1H y 13C). La actividad virucida y antiviral "in vitro" de los compuestos puros se evaluará mediante el ensayo de reducción de placas y mediante el método de captación rojo neutro (RN) y la prueba de reducción del MTT. Para ello, se ensayarán los compuestos a las concentraciones no citotóxicas, determinadas sobre células Vero, mediante la evaluación de la viabilidad celular. Se realizarán transformaciones químicas a los fines de mejorar la actividad biológica en relación a la citotoxicidad exhibida, realizando estudios de estructura - actividad. Se espera obtener compuestos de origen natural con actividad antiviral y con baja o nula toxicidad, estableciendo sus posibles mecanismos de acción. De manera de plantear soluciones terapéuticas y/o preventivas a los problemas derivados de las infecciones virales emergentes, re-emergentes y endémicas que afectan a países en desarrollo.
Resumo:
La región centro de Argentina posee una elevada riqueza de especies nativas y endémicas, con potencial valor agroindustrial. Flourensia campestris y F. oolepis (Asteraceae), conforman comunidades denominadas "chilcales". Son reconocidas por sus usos tradicionales como aromática, tintórea, medicinal y para leña -en especial raíz- y presentan potencial aplicación en la agroindustria como insecticida, antimicrobiana, antifúngica y aleloquímica. Trabajos realizados en nuestro laboratorio con extractos acuosos de hojas secas de F. campestris demostraron un potente efecto herbicida sobre semillas de Lactuca sativa. Mediante el fraccionamiento biodirigido por CC y técnicas espectrales (GC-MS, IR, 1H-RMN, 13C-RMN, 2D-RMN) se pudo identificar la estructura molecular del ácido hamanásico ((4S, 8S)–7–carboxi–8–hidroxi- 1(2), 12(13)-dien-bisaboleno). Su presencia en F. campestris, y su actividad biológica, no habían sido descriptos con anterioridad y sugieren un potencial herbicida natural. En ambas especies se puede apreciar a simple vista su alto contenido en resinas, compuestos propuestos para reemplazar a los hidrocarburos en la fabricación de pinturas, pegamentos y adhesivos. Estudios preliminares en nuestro laboratorio señalan un contenido de entre un 20-40 % de resinas en la biomasa aérea de Flourensia, sin embargo, no existen al presente estudios sobre su composición química ni sobre su potencial aplicación industrial. Por otro lado, el desarrollo de cultivos energéticos, para la generación de electricidad por combustión de biomasa, constituye uno de los objetivos principales dentro de las políticas de energías renovables a nivel nacional (programa GENREN) y mundial. Las especies con mayor aptitud deben poseer altas tasas de crecimiento y un alto grado de tolerancia de adversidades bióticas y abióticas, lo que permitiría cultivarlos en áreas marginales para la agricultura tradicional, hechos que coinciden con las especies de Flourensia en estudio. Asimismo, el tratamiento térmico o pirólisis de biomasa proveniente de la agricultura es una de las alternativas de reutilización de la misma con distintos fines. Este pasivo ecológico puede ser transformado en productos de alto valor agregado. En base a lo expuesto, el objetivo general de este proyecto es investigar en las dos especies vegetales endémicas de Argentina y abundantes en la provincia de Córdoba, las características de los metabolitos secundarios en relación a su potencial aplicación agroquímica (herbicidas naturales), la composición de sus resinas para uso industrial y su rendimiento como materia prima de alta densidad energética para la cogeneración de electricidad y producción de biocombustible, en función del desarrollo de una agricultura sustentable. Para ello, el proyecto propone incrementar el rendimiento de la purificación de ácido hamanásico e identificar y cuantificar su presencia en otros órganos de F. campestris y en F.oolepis, con el objetivo de evaluar su efecto herbicida, mediante bioensayos en cápsulas de Petri, en especies cultivables y malezas. Los usos potenciales de las resinas se estudiarán en base a la identificación de sus compuestos químicos mediante su extracción y análisis espectrales (CG-MS). A través de la determinación del poder calorífico, contenido de cenizas y de nitrógeno de la biomasa aérea de las especies, se evaluará su rendimiento energético para emplear como biocombustible sólido en la cogeneración eléctrica, mientras que con la aplicación del método fast pyrolysis y análisis por CG-MS, se determinará su aplicación o su posterior modificación de acuerdo a las características del bio-oil deseado. El destino energético de las especies propuestas permitiría iniciar de manera rápida la etapa de domesticación y puesta en cultivo, y avanzar en el desarrollo de aplicaciones industriales más sofisticadas, como el aprovechamiento de sus propiedades bioactivas o el desarrollo de productos industriales basados en sus metabolitos secundarios.
Resumo:
La región centro de Argentina posee una elevada riqueza de especies nativas y endémicas, con potencial valor agroindustrial. Flourensia campestris y F. oolepis (Asteraceae), conforman comunidades denominadas "chilcales". Son reconocidas por sus usos tradicionales como aromática, tintórea, medicinal y para leña -en especial raíz- y presentan potencial aplicación en la agroindustria como insecticida, antimicrobiana, antifúngica y aleloquímica. Trabajos realizados en nuestro laboratorio con extractos acuosos de hojas secas de F. campestris demostraron un potente efecto herbicida sobre semillas de Lactuca sativa. Mediante el fraccionamiento biodirigido por CC y técnicas espectrales (GC-MS, IR, 1H-RMN, 13C-RMN, 2D-RMN) se pudo identificar la estructura molecular del ácido hamanásico ((4S, 8S)–7–carboxi–8–hidroxi- 1(2), 12(13)-dien-bisaboleno). Su presencia en F. campestris, y su actividad biológica, no habían sido descriptos con anterioridad y sugieren un potencial herbicida natural. En ambas especies se puede apreciar a simple vista su alto contenido en resinas, compuestos propuestos para reemplazar a los hidrocarburos en la fabricación de pinturas, pegamentos y adhesivos. Estudios preliminares en nuestro laboratorio señalan un contenido de entre un 20-40 % de resinas en la biomasa aérea de Flourensia, sin embargo, no existen al presente estudios sobre su composición química ni sobre su potencial aplicación industrial. Por otro lado, el desarrollo de cultivos energéticos, para la generación de electricidad por combustión de biomasa, constituye uno de los objetivos principales dentro de las políticas de energías renovables a nivel nacional (programa GENREN) y mundial. Las especies con mayor aptitud deben poseer altas tasas de crecimiento y un alto grado de tolerancia de adversidades bióticas y abióticas, lo que permitiría cultivarlos en áreas marginales para la agricultura tradicional, hechos que coinciden con las especies de Flourensia en estudio. Asimismo, el tratamiento térmico o pirólisis de biomasa proveniente de la agricultura es una de las alternativas de reutilización de la misma con distintos fines. Este pasivo ecológico puede ser transformado en productos de alto valor agregado. En base a lo expuesto, el objetivo general de este proyecto es investigar en las dos especies vegetales endémicas de Argentina y abundantes en la provincia de Córdoba, las características de los metabolitos secundarios en relación a su potencial aplicación agroquímica (herbicidas naturales), la composición de sus resinas para uso industrial y su rendimiento como materia prima de alta densidad energética para la cogeneración de electricidad y producción de biocombustible, en función del desarrollo de una agricultura sustentable. Para ello, el proyecto propone incrementar el rendimiento de la purificación de ácido hamanásico e identificar y cuantificar su presencia en otros órganos de F. campestris y en F.oolepis, con el objetivo de evaluar su efecto herbicida, mediante bioensayos en cápsulas de Petri, en especies cultivables y malezas. Los usos potenciales de las resinas se estudiarán en base a la identificación de sus compuestos químicos mediante su extracción y análisis espectrales (CG-MS). A través de la determinación del poder calorífico, contenido de cenizas y de nitrógeno de la biomasa aérea de las especies, se evaluará su rendimiento energético para emplear como biocombustible sólido en la cogeneración eléctrica, mientras que con la aplicación del método fast pyrolysis y análisis por CG-MS, se determinará su aplicación o su posterior modificación de acuerdo a las características del bio-oil deseado. El destino energético de las especies propuestas permitiría iniciar de manera rápida la etapa de domesticación y puesta en cultivo, y avanzar en el desarrollo de aplicaciones industriales más sofisticadas, como el aprovechamiento de sus propiedades bioactivas o el desarrollo de productos industriales basados en sus metabolitos secundarios.
Resumo:
La enfermedad de Chagas, causada por Trypanosoma cruzi, constituye la principal miocarditis infecciosa a nivel mundial. Crecientes evidencias revelan que la respuesta inmune innata tendría un rol determinante en la fisiopatología de las enfermedades cardiovasculares. La inmunidad innata es la primera línea de defensa, no específica, preprogramada para combatir agentes infecciosos. Este sistema censa la presencia de antígenos extraños a través de los receptores tipo toll (TLR) produciendo citoquinas y activando mecanismos microbicidas. Sin embargo, los TLRs también se hayan distribuidos en las células parenquimales no inmunes, jugando un importante rol tanto en la defensa como en la homeostasis de cada tejido. Durante la etapa aguda de la infección, el T. cruzi invade y se replica dentro de una amplia variedad de células y tejidos. Pero posteriormente, los parásitos son efectivamente eliminados de la mayoría de los tejidos persistiendo durante toda la vida en las células del músculo cardíaco y esquelético de los pacientes infectados. Debido a que el mantenimiento de la célula cardíaca infectada es crítica para la patogénesis de la enfermedad, los mecanismos que participan en la sobrevida de los cardiomiocitos están siendo foco de nuestro estudio. Hemos demostrado, que la infección ejerce efectos antiapoptóticos sobre células cardíacas aisladas. Nuestra hipótesis es que la inmunidad innata cardíaca estaría involucrada en el mantenimiento de la sobrevida de los miocitos así como en la defensa contra el parásito. Objetivo general: determinar la participación de la respuesta inmune innata cardíaca en el desarrollo de la enfermedad de Chagas experimental murina. Objetivos específicos: 1) Analizar el compromiso de TLRs en la respuesta anti-apoptótica y de autofagia de cardiomiocitos aislados de ratones salvajes y de ratones deficientes en TLR4, TLR2 y en MyD88, molécula adaptadora de la señalización por TLRs, sometidos a la infección con el parásito. 2) Determinar la importancia de la actividad cisteín proteasa parasitaria en el grado de infectividad y la sobrevida de cultivos primarios de ratones salvajes infectados con parásitos transgénicos que poseen disminuída o nula actividad cisteín proteasa. 3) Establecer la cinética de expresión de TLR2/TLR6, TLR4 y TLR9, factores antiapoptóticos (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, etc.), daño cardíaco y la carga parasitaria en el tejido cardíaco de ratones infectados salvajes y/o deficientes antes mencionados. Materiales y Métodos: Los animales serán infectados i.p. con 5x103 parásitos y se determinará la cinética de expresión de los mediadores mencionados por western blot e inmunofluorescencia, la carga parasitaria será determinada por qRT-PCR. Como controles se procesarán animales inyectados con solución salina. En cultivos primarios de cardiomiocitos de ratones neonatos salvajes y deficientes infectados se estudiará la carga parasitaria, la activación de los mecanismos microbicidas (producción de óxido nítrico, metabolitos reactivos del oxígeno y del nitrógeno, ciclooxigenasa, etc.), producción de citoquinas y expresión de moléculas anti-apoptóticas (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bax, etc.). Se explorará la tasa de apoptosis en cultivos deprivados de suero. La autofagia se analizará por microscopia electrónica. Cultivos controles serán mantenidos en medio o tratados con ligandos de los diferentes TLRs. Resultados preliminares sugieren que tanto TLR2 como Bcl-2 se incrementan en tejido cardíaco infectado. Esto nos lleva a profundizar en los mecanismos observados en cultivos y estudiarlos en un modelo in vivo, analizando la posible importancia que tiene la inmunidad innata cardíaca en el control del establecimiento de la infección. La comprensión de los mecanismos que mantienen la sobrevida de los cardiomiocitos y su respuesta a la infección es importante ya que el conocimiento de las bases moleculares es fundamental para el desarrollo de nuevos agentes quimioterapéuticos. Chagas disease is endemic in Central and South America and causes the most common myocarditis worldwide. We have previously reported that the cardiotrophic parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, its etiological agent, protects cardiomyocytes against apoptosis induced by growth factor deprivation activating the PI3K/Akt and MEK1/ERK signaling pathways. Recent studies have shown that local innate immunity plays a key role in initiating and coordinating homeostatic as well as defense responses in the heart. One of the mechanisms by which the innate immune system senses the presence of foreign antigens is through TLRs. The stimulation of these receptors leads to the activation and nuclear translocation of NF-kB transcription factor and the production of cytokines. Proinflammatory cytokines, in turn, appear to play a central role in the orchestration and timing of the intrinsic cardiac stress response providing, under different situations, instantaneous anti-apoptotic cytoprotective signals, which allow tissue repair and/or remodeling. The aim of the present project is to study the cardiomyocyte innate immune responses to T. cruzi infection and its role in target cell protection from apoptosis. Specific objectives: 1) Study the mechanism triggered by TLR in the anti-apoptotic response and parasite load of infected cardiomyocyte primary cultures from wild type and mice deficient in TLR2, TLR4 or MyD88. 2) Determine the effect of parasite cisteín protease activity on primary cultures from wild type mice. 3) Determine the TLR signaling-involvement in parasite load and survival indicators in deficient mice. Preliminary results showed us that cardiac-TLR2 may be involved in the anti-apoptotic effect elicited by the parasite and prompted us to establish the mechanisms triggered by the innate immunity that mediate parasite persistence within the host cell.
Resumo:
El presente proyecto tiene como objetivo estudiar, a nivel celular y molecular, los mecanismos inmuno-endócrinos que participan en la proliferación de células lactotropas normales y tumorales frente a procesos inflamatorios inducidos experimentalmente. Una particular atención se pondrá al evaluar la contribución de IL-6 como citoquina intrahipofisaria durante el desarrollo tumoral y su rol como señal paracrina/autocrina en la senescencia hipofisaria. Debido a que agentes inflamatorios y anti-inflamatorios pueden inducir alteraciones en el crecimiento y la función hipofisaria, no se descartaría que, en el curso de una inflamación, como la inducida por el lipopolisacárido bacteriano LPS, puedan ocurrir modificaciones en el índice proliferativo de las células lactotropas y/o en la secreción de su producto hormonal, la prolactina. Dado el auge en las investigaciones referidas al campo de la modulación inmuno-endócrina, es que planteamos investigar la participación de TLR4, componente crucial del complejo proteico que inicia la señal LPS, en hipófisis normales y tumorales inducidas por estrógeno así como también en la línea celular somatolactotrópica GH3B6. Dentro de las vías de transducción de señales involucradas se determinará la participación de MAPK-ERK1/2 y de PI3K asi como la contribución de NF-kB en la regulación del crecimiento celular inducido por IL-6/LPS mediante el uso de inhibidores específicos. La microscopía electrónica y confocal, resultarán de fundamental importancia para valorar los procesos de translocación nuclear de NF-kB como así también para definir la localización ultraestructural de los mediadores mencionados. Además, se valorará el mecanismo de senescencia celular hipofisaria mediante parámetros morfológicos, bioquímicos y ultraestructurales durante el desarrollo de prolactinomas inducidos experimentalmente. Finalmente dilucidar las posibles vías de transducción de señales que se desencadenan frente a estímulos inflamatorios/proliferativos podría explicar algunos aspectos moleculares sobre la función de control del ciclo celular y las limitaciones de crecimiento en adenomas hipofisarios que subyacen en la falta de progresión de estos tumores a la malignidad. The aim of the present project is to study the immuno-endocrine mechanisms involved in the proliferation of normal and tumoral lactotrophs experimentally induced by inflammatory factors. Also, the contribution of IL-6 as a paracrine / autocrine signal in the pituitary senescence will be assessed along tumor development induced by estrogen treatment. Considering that both, inflammatory and anti-inflammatory agents can modify the pituitary function, it is possible that in the course of inflammation, as induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide LPS, some alteration may occur in the proliferative index of lactotrophs and / or in the PRL secretion. Our main objective is to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved by the activation of TLR4, a crucial component of the protein complex initiated by LPS, in normal and pathological pituitaries induced by estrogen as well as in the GH3B6 cell line. The participation of MAPK-ERK1 / 2 and PI3K signaling pathway and the contribution of NF-kB in the proliferative responses triggered by IL-6/LPS will be analyzed by using specific inhibitors. Confocal microscopy analysis is essential to assess the process of nuclear translocation of NF-kB as well as the use of electron microscopy to define the ultrastructural localization of the above mentioned mediators. In addition, the mechanisms of pituitary cell senescence will be evaluated through morphological, biochemical and ultrastructural approaches during the development of experimental prolactinomas. Finally, the elucidation of possible signal transduction pathways which are triggered by inflammatory / proliferative stimuli, would explain some molecular aspects of cell cycle control and limitations in pituitary tumor growth that underlie the lack of progress in these pituitary tumors to malignancy.
Resumo:
Se pretende aportar al estudio de la estructura, historia biológica y estilos de vida de las poblaciones que habitaron la región central de Argentina durante el Holoceno, desde una perspectiva que combina los aportes teóricos y metodológicos de la Genética del paisaje y la Bioarqueología. Interesa a) identificar barreras de diferenciación morfológica entre poblaciones, b) poner a prueba modelos poblacionales para explicar la variación observada e identificar las variables que contribuyan a dicha diferenciación, c) evaluar la congruencia de los resultados obtenidos, d) reconstruir los patrones de movilidad residencial de las poblaciones, e) estudiar sus patrones dietarios considerando diferencias temporales y espaciales, f) identificar indicadores de diversos tipos de estrés (nutricional, funcional), así como traumas, g) estudiar las historias tafonómicas del registro bioarqueológico regional, y h) proponer un modelo para explicar el poblamiento y la evolución local de las poblaciones que habitaron esta región, a partir de la información arqueológica y bioantropológica. Para el análisis de los patrones espaciales de variación biológica se trabajará a partir del registro de rasgos epigenéticos craneales, medidas lineales y datos obtenidos a partir de morfometría geométrica sobre fotografías en 2D sobre muestras arqueológicas procedentes de esta región y de otras regiones geográficas de la Argentina. Para el análisis de la estructura de la población se trabajará a partir del cálculo de la matriz R para datos morfológicos y sus estimaciones derivadas (distancia D², Fst, coordenadas principales) y la aplicación del modelo de Harpending y Ward. Desde la genética del paisaje, se realizarán análisis de autocorrelación espacial, barreras genéticas y análisis geoestadísticos (kriging). Para el estudio de los modos de vida a partir del registro bioarqueológico se relevarán patologías dento-alveolares y alteraciones vinculadas con la salud bucal tales como desgaste dental –a nivel micro y macroscópico- caries, abscesos, pérdidas dentales antemortem, cálculos, hipoplasias, marcadores esqueletales de salud y lesiones traumáticas. Se analizarán isótopos estables (δ13C, δ15N, 86Sr y 87Sr) en restos óseos humanos de diversos sitios arqueológicos con el objetivo de reconstruir patrones dietarios y analizar la movilidad residencial y migración de las poblaciones. Paralelamente, se establecerán procedimientos de control tafonómico de los restos óseos, y se harán análisis específicos para estudiar las historias tafonómicas y evaluar el grado de integridad de los contextos de depositación y de las colecciones en general. Estimamos que el análisis de los patrones espaciales y temporales de variabilidad morfológica craneofacial, así como el estudio de las dietas a partir de información isotópica y bioarqueológica, de las migraciones y la movilidad residencial de las poblaciones a partir de isótopos de estroncio, la reconstrucción de comportamientos y actividades cotidianas a partir de marcadores de estrés músculo-esqueletal, en un marco cronológico y espacial constituye un aporte novedoso y eficaz que permitirá incrementar de manera substancial la información sobre la evolución de las poblaciones originarias del centro del territorio argentino. The aim of this project is to study the structure, biological history and lifestyles of the people that inhabitated the central region of Argentina during the Holocene, from a perspective that combines theoretical and methodological contributions of Landscape Genetics and Bioarchaeology. To analyze the spatial patterns of biological variation we consider epigenetic cranial traits, linear measurements and data obtained from geometric morphometric on 2D photographs. Morphological variation will be focused on landscape genetics (autocorrelation, genetic barriers and geostatistical analysis –kriging-) and population structure (matrix R, D², Fst, principal coordinates, Harpendig and Ward model). For the study of lifestyles from bioarchaeological record we consider alveolar pathologies and disorders related to oral health such as tooth wear, micro and macroscopic level, caries, abscesses, antemortem tooth loss, hypoplasia, markers skeletal health and traumatic injuries, as well as taphonomic processes. Stable isotopes will be analyzed (δ13C, d15N, 86Sr and 87Sr) in human skeletal remains from various archaeological sites in order to reconstruct and analyze dietary patterns of residential mobility and migration of populations. It will be established procedures of taphonomic control on skeletal remains, analysis to study taphonomic histories and assess the degree of completeness of depositional context and collection, in general terms. We consider that analysis of spatial and temporal patterns of variability in craniofacial morphology and the study of health and diets from isotopic and bioarchaeological data, migration and residential mobility patterns from strontium isotopes, as well as activity patterns from stress markers is a novel and effective contribution that will substantially increase the information about the local evolution of populations that inhabitated the center of Argentina.
Resumo:
A composting Heat Extraction Unit (HEU) was designed to utilise waste heat from decaying organic matter for a variety of heating application The aim was to construct an insulated small scale, sealed, organic matter filled container. In this vessel a process fluid within embedded pipes would absorb thermal energy from the hot compost and transport it to an external heat exchanger. Experiments were conducted on the constituent parts and the final design comprised of a 2046 litre container insulated with polyurethane foam and kingspan with two arrays of qualpex piping embedded in the compost to extract heat. The thermal energy was used in horticultural trials by heating polytunnels using a radiator system during a winter/spring period. The compost derived energy was compared with conventional and renewable energy in the form of an electric fan heater and solar panel. The compost derived energy was able to raise polytunnel temperatures to 2-3°C above the control, with the solar panel contributing no thermal energy during the winter trial and the electric heater the most efficient maintaining temperature at its preset temperature of 10°C. Plants that were cultivated as performance indicators showed no significant difference in growth rates between the heat sources. A follow on experiment conducted using special growing mats for distributing compost thermal energy directly under the plants (Radish, Cabbage, Spinach and Lettuce) displayed more successful growth patterns than those in the control. The compost HEU was also used for more traditional space heating and hot water heating applications. A test space was successfully heated over two trials with varying insulation levels. Maximum internal temperature increases of 7°C and 13°C were recorded for building U-values of 1.6 and 0.53 W/m2K respectively using the HEU. The HEU successfully heated a 60 litre hot water cylinder for 32 days with maximum water temperature increases of 36.5°C recorded. Total energy recovered from the 435 Kg of compost within the HEU during the polytunnel growth trial was 76 kWh which is 3 kWh/day for the 25 days when the HEU was activated. With a mean coefficient of performance level of 6.8 calculated for the HEU the technology is energy efficient. Therefore the compost HEU developed here could be a useful renewable energy technology particularly for small scale rural dwellers and growers with access to significant quantities of organic matter
Resumo:
Mono.13c (Alcyoniden); Livr.35
Resumo:
The study of pod corn seems still of much importance from different points of view. The phylogenetical importance of the tunicate factor as a wild type relic gene has been recently discussed in much detail by MANGELSDORF and REEVES (1939), and by BRIEGER (1943, 1944a e b). Selection experiments have shown that the pleiotropic effect of the Tu factor can be modified very extensively (BRIEGER 1944a) and some of the forms thus obtained permitt comparison of male and female inflorescences in corn and related grasses. A detailed discussion of the botanical aspect shall be given shortly. The genetic apect, finally, is the subject of the present publication. Pod corn has been obtained twice: São Paulo Pod Corn and Bolivia Pod Corn. The former came from one half ear left in our laboratory by a student and belongs to the type of corn cultivated in the State of São Paulo, while the other belongs to the Andean group, and has been received both through Dr. CARDENAS, President of the University at Cochabamba, Bolivia, and through Dr. H. C. CUTLER, Harvard University, who collected material in the Andes. The results of the studies may be summarized as follows: 1) In both cases, pod corn is characterized by the presence of a dominant Tu factor, localized in the fourth chromosome and linked with sul. The crossover value differs somewhat from the mean value of 29% given by EMERSON, BEADLE and FRAZER (1935) and was 25% in 1217 plants for São Paulo Pod Corn and 36,5% in 345 plants for Bolivia Pod Corn. However not much importance should be attributed to the quantitative differences. 2) Segregation was completely normal in Bolivia Pod Corn while São Paulo Pod Corn proved to be heterozygous for a new com uma eliminação forte, funcionam apenas 8% em vez de 50%. Existem cerca de 30% de "jcrossing-over entre o gen doce (Su/su) e o fator gametofítico; è cerca de 5% entre o gen Tu e o fator gametofítico. A ordem dos gens no cromosômio IV é: Ga4 - Tu - Sul. 3) Using BRIEGER'S formulas (1930, 1937a, 1937b) the following determinations were made. a) the elimination of ga4 pollen tubes may be strong or weak. In the former case only about 8% and in the latter 37% of ga4 pollen tubes function, instead of the 50% expected in normal heterozygotes. b) There is about 30,4% crossing-over between sul and ga4 and 5,3% between Tu and ga3, the order of the factors beeing Su 1 - Tu - Ga4. 4) The new gametophyte factor differs from the two others factors in the same chromosome, causing competition between pollen tubes. The factor Gal, ocupies another locus, considerably to the left of Sul (EMERSON, BEADLE AND FRAZSER, 1935). The gen spl ocupies another locus and causes a difference of the size of the pollen grains, besides an elimination of pollen tubes, while no such differences were observed in the case of the new factor Ga4. 5) It may be mentioned, without entering into a detailed discussion, that it seems remarquable that three of the few gametophyte factors, so far studied in detail are localized in chromosome four. Actuality there are a few more known (BRIEGER, TIDBURY AND TSENG 1938), but only one other has been localized so far, Ga2, in chromosome five between btl and prl. (BRIEGER, 1935). 6) The fourth chromosome of corn seems to contain other pecularities still. MANGELSDORF AND REEVES (1939) concluded that it carries two translocations from Tripsacum chromosomes, and BRIEGER (1944b) suggested that the tu allel may have been introduced from a tripsacoid ancestor in substitution of the wild type gene Tu at the beginning of domestication. Serious disturbances in the segregation of fourth chromosome factors have been observed (BRIEGER, unpublished) in the hybrids of Brazilian corn and Mexican teosinte, caused by gametophytic and possibly zygotic elimination. Future studies must show wether there is any relation between the frequency of factors, causing gametophyte elimination and the presence of regions of chromosomes, tranfered either from Tripsacum or a related species, by translocation or crossing-over.
Resumo:
1. Analyses of soluble sulphates in 2 N ammonium chloride extracts of 24 samples of soils of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, S. A., showed a sulphur content varying from 0,0013 g per 100 g (found in the b layer of a genuine "terra roxa") to 0,007 g per 100 g of soil (b layer of a soil of depression without definite characteristics). (The results are expressed as elemental sulphur). Determinations of total sulphur in 56 samples of soils of the same state using the method of fusion with sodium carbonate and sodium nitrate revealed 0.007 g of elemental S per 100 g of soil as the lowest value (found in several soil types) and 0.096 g as the highest one (found in the b layer of an ar-quean soil). Apparently soluble sulphates accumulate in the upper layers and total sulphur does the opposite. It was found a strong correlation between total S and carbon content. 2. Under laboratory conditions, in a compost of fresh soil, powdered sulphur and apatite, it was verified after a three months period of incubation that the pH value lowered from 6.30 to 3.23; the citric acid solubility of apatite increased to 271.1 per cent of the original one. Lupinus sp. grown in soil manured with sulphur and apatite has showed fresh and dry weights higher than the plants in control pots; the results are significant at 5% level of probability; phosphorus content is also higher in the manured plants. It was observed a net influence of the apatite plus sulphur treatment on the weight of root nodosities that was four times greater than in the control plants. 3. Nearly five hundred determinations of S, N and P were carried out in 35 species of plants cultivated in the state of São Paulo. A great variation in the amounts of these elements was observed. As a general rule, the leaves contain more sulphur than the stems and roots show the lowest percentages. The conjunct roots and stem of guar (Cyamopsis psoraloides) revealed only 0.019 per cent sulphur; the leaves of kale showed the highest sulphur content, i. e., 2.114%. Apparently there is no correlation between the amounts of S, N and P. The ratio S/N increases from 0.006 (guar) to 0.485 (kale). The ratio S/P, always higher than the corresponding S/N, increases from 0.082 (guar) to 6.381 (older leaves of tomato plants). It is interesting to mention that several among the most important crops in the state of São Paulo namely, cotton, rice, coffee and sugar cane contain more sulphur than phosphorus. 4. Tomato plants cultivated in nutrient solution lacking sulphur showed the following visual symptons of deficiency : chlorosis first in the younger leaves and afterwards in all the leaves; anthocyanin pigments in the petioles and stems; absence of fruits; primary roots stunted and secondary ones longer than in the control plants; stems slender, hard, woody. The histological study of petioles suffering from sulphur deficiency revealed anthocyanin in the parenchyme layer instead of clo-rophyll pigments observed in normal petioles; in the chlorotic leaves the large chloroplasts present only the stroma but the small ones have a little amount of green pigments. Chemical analysis revealed in the abnormal plants : less sulphur and an increased proportion of phosphorus; older leaves contain more sulphur and less phosphorus than the younger ones probably due to physiological difficulties in translocation of sulphur bearing material; increased amount of total N attributed to accumulation of nitrates; marked decrease in ash, sugars and starch; increased proportion of crude fiber and dry material. In the plants suffering from sulphur deficiency photosyntetic rate decreased 34 per cent. 5. Tomato plants were succesfully cultivated in nutrient solution in absence of mineral sulphur but in presence of cysteine. The plants absorbed sulphur, under that form and were able to grow up quite well; the fruiting was normal. In this way rested cleary demonstrated the possibility of absorption of organic sulphur without previous mineralization and its utilization in the building up of protein molecules.
Resumo:
A generalized comprehensive scheme concerning the movement of materials into living cells and tissues is presented. It is designed for use by investigators and teachers who, is assumed, have a previous knowledge of the subject as well as familiarity with previously published literature on the subject. Footnotes to figure 2 X = a constituent component material, arising from extermal sources or through metabolism, capable of migration under favorable conditions. e, i, ec, ic, mc = subscripts indicating location. oC = oxidized cytoplasmic constituents specifically concerned in unidirectional (here invardly directed), diffetial translocation of a particular material X. rC = reduced cytoplasmic constituents specifically concerned. XF = specific free energy (2) of a constituent component in in external or internal phases or in cytoplasm. D = diffusion (4). EA = exchange adsorption (4). MA= metabolic accumulation (4), CI = differentially characteristic cytoplasmic interaction (4) between oC and X, determined by the genetic constitution of the biological species. ▬▬▬>= migration, where permeability to the material involved is relatively high; and ~~~~->, where relatively low. <▬▬▬>= chemical reactions. ▬▬▬>= energy changes of X; diffusion is characteristically with the direction in which the concentration or activity of the constituent decreases, exchange adsorption may be with or against the direction of concentration or activity decrease.
Resumo:
The present paper relates a few experiments carried out to study the distribution of radiozinc in tomato seedlings as well its translocation in adult plants. 1 Tomato seedlings grown in nutrient solution were given during two weeks ca. 0.2 microcuries of Zn65C112; the seedlings were then harvested, and after careful washing of the roots with distiled water and diluted HC1, a radioautograph was taken (Fig. 1); this shows that the whole seedling, including the first cotyledon leaves are active; the Zn65 is preferentially concentrated, however, in the root system; this fact suggests that finding by ROSSITER (1953) that the roots of plants growing under natural conditions had a very high concentration of zinc is not due to soil contamination being ascribable to the physiology of such micronutrient. 2. The translocation of radiozinc was demonstrated by three different ways. In the first case, Zn65Cl2 was supplied to the nutrient solution during four weeks; three weeks after the addition of the radiozinc was discontinued, the newer leaves were detached and a radioautograph was taken (Fig. 2); the activity therein found shows that translocation occurred from the old leaves to the young ones. In the next experiment, identical procedure was followed but, instead of a radioautograph, different parts of the plant were ashed and counted; it was verified that 66.6 per cent of the activity supplied was absorbed; due to a great fixation within the roots only 5,6 per cent was translocated to the newer organs. In the third trial, Zn65C12 was directly applied to both upper and lower surfaces of medium aged leaves; counting the separated organs revealed that: 24.2 per cent of the activity applied hab been absorbed; however, 13.7 per cent translocated to the rest of the plant including to the roots. The author wishes to express his gratitude to Dr. P. R. Stout, Chairman, Dept. of Plant Nutrition, University of California, Berkeley and to Mr. A. B. Carlton for their help during part of this work. O autor agradece ao Laboratório de Isótopos da Universidade de São Paulo, na pessoa do Dr. T. Eston, o fornecimento do Zn65 usado neste trabalho.
Resumo:
1. The present work was carried out to study the effects of mineral nutrients in the yield as well as in the composition of cassava roots. The variety "Branca de Sta. Catarina" was grown by the sand culture method, the following treatments being used: N0 P0 K0, N0 P1 Kl, N1 P0 K1, N2 P1 K0, N2 P1 K1, N1 P2 K1, and N1 P1 K2, where the figures 0, 1, and 2 denote the relative proportion of a given element. The nutrients were given as follows: N = 35 grams of ammonium nitrate per pot loaded with 120 pounds of washed sand; P1 = 35 grams of monocalcium phosphate; Kl = 28 grams of sulfate of potash. Besides those fertilizers, each pot received 26 grams of magnesium sulfate and weekly doses of micronutrients as indicated by HOAGLAND and ARNON (1939). To apply the macronutrients the total doses were divided in three parts evenly distributed during the life cycle of cassava. 2. As far yield of roots and foliage are concerned, there are a few points to be considered: 2.1. the most striking effect on yield was verified when P was omitted from the fertilization; this treatment gave the poorest yields of the whole experiment; the need of that element for the phosphorylation of the starchy reserves explains such result; 2.2. phosphorus and nitrogen, under the experimental conditions, showed to be the most important nutrients for cassava; the effect of potassium in the weight of the roots produced was much less marked; it is noteworthy to mention, that in absence of potassium, the roots yield decreased whereas the foliage increased; as potassium is essential for the translocation of carbohydrates it is reasonable to admit that sugars produced in the leaves instead of going down and accumulate as starch in the roots were consumed in the production of more green matter. 3. Chemical analyses of roots revealed the following interesting points: 3.1. the lack of phosphorus brought about the most drastic reduction in the starch content of the roots; while the treatment N1 P1 K1 gave 32 per cent of starch, with NI PO Kl the amount found was 25 per cent; this result can be explained by the requirement of P for the enzymatic synthesis of starch; it has to be mentioned that the decrease in the starch content was associated with the remarkable drop in yield observed when P was omitted from the nutrient medium; 3.2. the double dosis of nitrogen in the treatment N2 P1 K1, gave the highest yields; however the increase in yield did not produce any industrial gain: whereas the treatment N1 P1 K1 gave 32 per cent of starch, by raising the N level to N2, the starch content fell to 24 per cent; now, considering the total amount of starch present in the roots, one can see, that the increase in roots yield did not compensate for the marked decrease in the starch content; that is, the amount of starch obtained with N1 P1 K1 does not differ statistically from the quantity obtained with N2 P1 K1; as far we know facts similar to this had been observed in sugar beets and sugar cane, as a result of the interaction between nitrogen and sugar produced; the biochemical aspect of the problem is very interesting: by raising the amount of assimilable nitrogen, instead of the carbohydrates polymerize to starch, they do combine to the amino groups to give proteinaceous materials; actually, it did happen that the protein content increased from 2.91 to 5.14 per cent.
Resumo:
Two water-culture experiments were carried out to study the absorption and the translocation of radiozinc in young coffee plants as influenced by two factors, namely, concentration of heavy metals (iron, manganese, copper and molybdenum) and method of application. Inert zinc was furnished at a uniform rate of 0.05 p.p.m.; the levels of iron supply were 0, 1.0 and 10 p.p.m.; manganese was supplied in three doses 0, 0.5, and 5 p.p.m.; copper - 0, 0.02, and 0.2 p.p.m.; molybdenum - 0, 0.01 and 0.1 p.p.m. When applied to the nutrient solution the activity of the radiozinc was 0.15 microcuries per plant. In the study of the leaf absorption, the radiozinc was supplied at the level of 0.10 microcuries per plant; in this case the material was brushed either on the lower or in the upper surface or both of two pairs of mature leaves. In both experiments the absorption period was 8 weeks. The following conclusions can be drawn: 1. Among the heavy metals herein investigated the iron concentration did not affecc the uptake of the radiozinc; by raising the level of Mn, Cu and Mo ten times, the absorption dropped to 50 per cent and even more whe compared with the control plant; however, when these micronutrients were omitted from the nutrient solution an increase in the uptake of zinc was registered only in the minus - Cu treatment. The effects of high leveds of Mn, Cu and Mo probably indicate an interionic competition for a same site on a common binding substance in the cell surface. 2. The absorption of the radiozinc directly applied to the leaf surface reached levels as high as 8 times that registered when the root uptake took place. Among the three methods of application which have been tried, brushing the lower surface of the leaves proved to be the most effective; this result is easily understood since the stomatal openings of the coffee leaves are preferentially located in the lower surface. In this treatment, about 40 per cent of the activity was absorbed and around 12 per cent were translocated either to the old or to the newer organs. 3. Data herein presented suggest that leaf sprays should be preferred - rather than soil applications - to control zinc deficiency in coffee plants when growing in field conditions.
Resumo:
In order to find out the best way to supply phosphorus to coffee plants when growing in "terra roxa misturada", a red soil with a high fixing capacity, tagged superphosphate was applied by the following procedures: (1) topdressed in a circular strip around the trees; (2) placed in the bottom of a circular furrow 15 cm deep; (3) placed in a semicircular furrow also 15 cm deep; (4) sprayed directly to the leaves. In each case 150 gms. of ordinary superphosphate tagged with H3 P32 O4 to give 5 X 10(9) c.p.m. were given to the two and half year old coffee plants. It was found that for the several treatments of the total phosphorus in the leaves the following values, on a per cent basis, came from the applied superphosphates: (1) topdressed 10.2 per cent, (2) circular furrow 2.4 per cent, (3) semicircular furrow 1.7 per cent, (4) sprayed 38.0 per cent; one can see, then, that methods (2) and (3) commonly used by the coffee planters are a very inefficient way to supply phosphorus in this type of soil. The remarkable foliar absorption was checked twice: a water culture experiment was carried out, the radiophosphorus being supplied by brushing it in the upper and lower surfaces of a given leaf; radioactivity was detected all over the plant as a result both of absorption and translocation; on the other hand, leaves collected from the sprayed trees were radioautographed; the radioautographs showed the pattern of distribution of the P32 which indicates true absorption rather than a surface contamination. In another locality, an experiment was caried out with 8 year old plants growing in "arenito de Bauru" which is a sandy soil with much less phosphorus fixing capacity. In this experiment the aim was to compare absorption of tagged superphosphate by trees growin under mulch against plants not receiving this treatment, The uptake of phosphorus was the same for both sets of plants. In both field experiments soil samples down to 15 cm in the profile were collected and its 0.2NHC1 soluble phosphorus was counted; rather significant values were observed mainly in the upper 5 cm layers.
