Morphology and structure of poly(aryl ether ketone ketone) containing isophthaloyl moieties crystallized from dilute solution

Spherulites and lamellar single crystals of poly(aryl ether ketone ketone) containing isophthaloyl moieties (PEKK(I)) were obtained from dilute alpha-chloronaphthalene solution. The morphology and structure of the spherulites and single crystals were studied by electron microscopy and electron diffraction. The spherulites were found to consist of elongated lamellar branches that grow with the b crystallographic axis in the radial direction. Single crystals possess a similar habit, with b parallel to the long axis, a transverse, and c perpendicular to the lamellae plane. High-resolution images of the PEKK(I) crystals which show the perfection of and defects in the crystals, were obtained, and many defects or dislocations a,ere observed. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Axial coordination effects of pyridine on the electrochemistry of (TPP)Co in 1,2-dichloroethane solution

The electrochemistry of (TPP)Co in the presence of pyridine was investigated in dichloroethane solution by cyclic voltammetry. With the addition of pyridine to the solution, the reduction peaks of the axial complex compounds, (TPP)Co(III)(Py) and (TPP)Co(III)(Py)(2) were observed. It was found that the reduction peak of Co(II)/Co(I) shifted to about -1.20V (SCE) with the increase of added pyridine. The new reduction peak may be attributed to the direct reduction of the axially complex (TPP)Co(II)(Py).

Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical study of (OEP)Co in the presence of acrylonitrile, ethanol, N,N-dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide in dichloroethane solution

The ligand effects of acrylonitrile, EtOH, DMF and DMSO on the electrochemical oxidation reactions of (OEP)Co were investigated by CV monitored electrochemical titration and in - situ thin - layer spectroelectrochemical method. The formation constants of (OEP)Co(III) with these molecules were calculated. The magnitude of the values shows the order of acrylonitrile

Enzymatic degradation of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) film in phosphate buffer solution containing lipases

The enzymatic degradation of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) films in phosphate buffer solution containing lipases has been studied by DSC, WAXD and SEM. Three lipases, pseudomonas lipase (PS), porcine pancreatic lipase (PP), and candida cylindracea lipase (AY), were used. The results showed that the degradation of PCL films in phosphate buffer solution containing PP or AY was very slow: no weight loss could be found within 1 week. However, PCL film could degrade rapidly and completely within 4 days in phosphate buffer solution containing PS lipase. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Limited.

Solution properties of doped polyaniline

Solution properties of polyaniline (PAn) doped by camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) were examined. PAn-CSA behaves like a polyelectrolyte to different extents depending on the solvent used. In an m-cresol/chloroform solution, PAn-CSA exhibits an expanded chain conformation because of its polyelectrolytic properties. Dilute and concentrated solution properties of PAn-CSA indicate that PAn-CSA is a semirigid polymer which has strong interchain interactions.

Laser light scattering studies of soluble high-performance polyimides: Solution properties and molar mass distributions

Two soluble high-performance polyimides, poly(BCPOBDA/DMMDA) and poly(ODPA/DMMDA), in CHCl3 at 25 degrees C have been studied using laser light scattering. We found that the z-average radius of gyration ([R(g)]) can be scaled to the weight-average molecular weight (M(w)) as [R(g)] (nm) = 4.95 x 10(-2)M(w)(0.52) and [R(g)] (nm) = 1.25 x 10(-2)M(w)(0.66) respectively for poly(BCPOBDA/DMMDA) and poly(ODPA/DMMDA), indicating that poly(ODPA/DMMDA) in CHCl3 at 25 degrees C has a more extended chain conformation than poly(BCPOBDA/DMMDA). Using the wormlike chain model approach, we found that the Flory characteristic ratios (C*) of poly(BCPOBDA/DMMDA) and poly(ODPA/DMMDA) are similar to 20 and similar to 31, respectively, indicating that both of them have a slightly extended chain conformation in comparison with typical flexible polymer chains, such as polystyrene, whose C-infinity is similar to 10. A combination of the weight-average molar mass (M(w)) with the translational diffusion coefficient distributions (G(D)) has led to D (cm(2)/s) = 3.53 x 10(-4)M(-0.579) and D (cm(2)/s) = 4.30 x 10(-4)M(-0.613) respectively for two soluble high-performance polyimides, poly(BCPOBDA/DMMDA) and poly(ODPA/DMMTA), in CHCl3 at 25 degrees C. Using these two calibrations, we have successfully characterized the molar mass distributions of the two polyimides from their corresponding G(D)s. The exponents of these two calibrations further confirm that both of the polyimides have a slightly extended coil chain conformation in CHCl3. The chain flexibility difference between these two polyimides has also been discussed.

Electrochemical behavior of molybdotungsate heteropoly complex with neodymium K10H3[Nd(SiMo7W4O39)(2)]xH(2)O in aqueous solution

The voltammetric behavior of the titled compound (denoted as Nd (SiMo7W4)(2)(13-)) in aqueous solution had been studied. An unusual pH response was discussed. The adsorption of the anion on the dropping mercury electrode and a self-inhibition influence of the adsorbed anions on the redox process of those anions dissolved in solution were found. The electrocatalytic effects of the anion on the bromate reduction were investigated.

Electrochemical behavior of the molybdotungstate heteropoly complex with neodymium, K10H3[Nd(SiMo7W4O39)(2)]center dot xH(2)O in aqueous solution

The electrochemical behavior of the title compound (denoted Nd(SiMo7W4)(2)(13-)) in aqueous solution has been studied using cyclic voltammetry, sampled d.c. voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and bulk electrolysis with coulometry, The stable pH range of Nd(SiMo7W4)(2)(13-) is determined with UV-visible spectra. In the potential range between 0.70 and -0.45 V vs. SCE, the anion in pH 3.8 aqueous solution undergoes one-, one-, two- and two-electron steps of four redox processes attributed to electron addition and removal from the molybdate-oxo framework. The adsorption of the anion on the dropping mercury electrode and a self-inhibition influence of the adsorbed anions on the redox process of those anions dissolved in solution are found. The unusual dependence of the formal potentials on pH is explained with the competition of the protonation and ion-pair formation due to the high negative charge of Nd(SiMo7W4)(2)(13-) and its reduced forms. The electrocatalytic effects of the anion on the bromate are investigated.

The solution properties of phenolphthalein poly(arylether sulfone) .1. The solubility behavior and determination of M-II equations

A series of narrow molecular weight distribution fractions of phenolphthalein polyarylether sulfone(PES-C) had been prepared, The <(M) over bar (w)> of these fractions were determined by conventional light scattering method. The [eta] and the Huggins slope constant k' in DMF, CHCl3 and 1,2-dichloroethane were also determined. The Huggins constants are greater than 0.5 in all of these solvents showing a special solubility behavior. The Mark-Houwink equations of PES-C in these solvents at 25 degrees C are [eta] = 2.79 x 10(-2) <(M) over bar (0.615)(w)> (DMF); [eta] = 3.96 x 10(-2) <(M) over bar (0.58)(w)> (CHCl3); [eta] = 7.40 x 10(-2) <(M) over bar (0.52)(w)> (CH2ClCH2Cl).

Local chain motions in a dilute solution of phenolphthalein poly(ether sulfone)

C-13 and H-1 relaxation times were measured as a function of temperature in two magnetic fields for dilute solutions of phenolphthalein poly(ether sulfone) (PES-C) in deuterated chloroform. The spin-lattice relaxation times were interpreted in terms of segmental motion characterized by the sharp cutoff model of Jones and Stockmayer (J. S. model). The phenyl group rotation is treated as a stochastic diffusion by the J. S. model. The restricted butterfly motion of the phenyl group attached to the cardo ring in PES-C is mentioned but is not discussed in detail in this work. Correlation times for the segmental motion are in the picosecond range which indicates the high flexibility of PES-C chains. The correlation time for the phenyl group internal rotation is similar to that of the segmental motion. The temperature dependence of these motions is weak. The apparent activation energy of the motions considered is less than 10 kJ/mol. The simulating results for PES are also reasonable considering the differences in structure compared with PES-C. The correlation times and the apparent activation energy obtained using the J. S. model for the main chain motion of PES-C are the same as those obtained using the damped orientational diffusion model and the conformational jump model.

W-183 NMR characterization of rare earth heteropolymetalates in aqueous solution

W-183 NMR spectra were obtained for [La(AsW11O39)(2)](11-), [La(As2W17O61)(2)](17-), [La(SiW9Mo2O39)(2)](13-), [LaSb9W21O86](16-), [LaAs4W40O140](25-) and alpha-, beta-[(CeO)(3) . (SiW9O34)(2)](14-) complexes, Tungsten NMR studies showed that the C-s symmetry of the square antiprism for [La(ASW(11)O(39))(2)](11-) and [La(As2W17O61)(2)](17-) anions keep constant in aqueous solution; the lanthanide accupied the central S-1 site in [LnSb(9)W(21)O(86)](16-) and [LnAs(4)W(40)O(140)](25-) complexes, respectively, and lanthanide metal cations gave [(CeO)(3) . (SiW9O34)(3)](14-) type of complexes with SiW9O3410-.

The rheological properties of polyaniline solution

This paper presents our work on the rheological properties of the solution of polyaniline (PAn) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). The results indicate that the solution's non-Newtonian property becomes more prominent with the increase in solution concentrations exhibiting the behavior of pseudo-plastic fluid. Besides, there is a critical concentration C-v (around 0.06 g/ml), beyond which the viscosity of the PAn/NMP solution takes a sudden increase. with temperature rising, both the viscosity and the thixotropy of the solution decrease, implying that there exist physical cross-linking interactions between the molecular chains in the solution.

EXTENDED SOLUBILITY AND SPIN-GLASS BEHAVIOR IN A AG-GD SOLID-SOLUTION PREPARED BY MECHANICAL ALLOYING

The effects of mechanical alloying on the solubility in a Ag-Gd solid solution have been investigated. The study shows that the solubility of Gd in Ag can be extended to about 5 at. % Gd by mechanical alloying from the equilibrium solubility of less than 0.95 at. % Gd. Ag85Gd15 prepared by mechanical alloying exhibits a spin-glass-type transition at similar to 5 K. A Curie-Weiss behavior at higher temperatures and x-ray patterns of the material indicate that Gd atoms are either dissolved in the Ag matrix or in the form of small clusters of diameters of a few nanometers;

EFFECTS OF ANODIC-OXIDATION ON THE SURFACE-STRUCTURE OF HIGHLY ORIENTED PYROLYTIC-GRAPHITE REVEALED BY IN-SITU ELECTROCHEMICAL SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY IN H2SO4 SOLUTION

Effects of the potential of anodic oxidation and of potential cycling on the surface structure of a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) electrode were observed by in situ electrochemical scanning tunnelling microscopy (ECSTM) in dilute H2SO4 solution with atomic resolution. With potential cycling between -0.1 V and 1.8 V vs. Ag/AgCl (sat. KCI), some atoms on the top layer of HOPG protrude out of the base plane, and the graphite lattice of these protrusions is still intact but is strained and expanded. With further potential cycling, some protrusions coalesced and some grew larger, and an anomalous superperiodic feature was observed (spacing 90 Angstrom with a rotation 30 degrees relative to atomic corrugations) which superimposed on the atomic corrugation of HOPG. On the topmost of these protrusions, some atoms form oxides and others are still resolved by the ECSTM image. With potential cycling between -0.1 V and + 2.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl (sat. KCl), damage to freshly cleaved HOPG surface is more serious and fast, some ridges are observed, the atomic structure of the HOPG surface is partially and then completely damaged due to the formation of oxide. We also found that anodic oxidation occurred nonuniformly on the surface of HOPG near defects during potential cycling.

THE EFFECT OF SOLUTION PH ON SYNCHRONOUS FLUORESCENCE-SPECTRA OF CYTOCHROME-C SOLUTIONS

Synchronous fluorescence spectra of cytochrome c solutions were studied. It was found that synchronous fluorescence spectra of tyrosine and tryptophan residues in cytochrome c molecules can be separated using different wavelength intervals. The changes in synchronous fluorescence spectra of cytochrome c solutions with the solution pH are different from that of free tyrosine and tryptophan and reflect the pH-induced conformational transitions of cytochrome c molecules. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc.