The Atmospheric Dynamics of Pulsar Companions

Pulsars emit radiation over an extremely wide frequency range, from radio through gamma. Recently, systems in which this radiation significantly alters the atmospheres of low-mass pulsar companions have been discovered. These systems, ranging from ones with highly anisotropic heating to those with transient X-ray emissions, represent an exciting opportunity to investigate pulsars through the changes they induce in their companions. In this work, we present both analytic and numerical work investigating these phenomena, with a particular focus on atmospheric heat transport, transient phenomena, and the possibility of deep heating via gamma rays. We find that certain classes of binary systems may explain decadal-timescale X-ray transient phenomena, as well as the formation of so-called redback companion systems. We also posit an explanation for the formation of high-eccentricity millisecond pulsars with white dwarf companions. In addition, we examine the temperature anisotropy induced by the Pulsar in its companion, and demonstrate that this may be used to infer properties of both the companion and the Pulsar wind. Finally, we explore the possibility of spontaneously generated banded winds in rapidly rotating convecting objects.

Electrocatalytic reduction of dioxygen at chemically modified electrodes

The kinetics of the reduction of O₂ by Ru(NH₃)₆⁺² as catalyzed by cobalt(II) tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphyrin are described both in homogeneous solution and when the reactants are confined to Nafion coatings on graphite electrodes. The catalytic mechanism is determined and the factors that can control the total reduction currents at Nafion-coated electrodes are specified. A kinetic zone diagram for analyzing the behavior of catalyst-mediator-substrate systems at polymer coated electrodes is presented and utilized in identifying the current-limiting processes. Good agreement is demonstrated between calculated and measured reduction currents at rotating disk electrodes. The experimental conditions that will yield the optimum performance of coated electrodes are discussed, and a relationship is derived for the optimal coating thickness.

The relation between the reduction potentials of adsorbed and unadsorbed cobalt(III) tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphyrin and those where it catalyzes the electroreduction of dioxygen is described. There is an unusually large change in the formal potential of the Co(III) couple upon the adsorption of the porphyrin on the graphite electrode surface. The mechanism in which the (inevitably) adsorbed porphyrin catalyzes the reduction of O₂ is in accord with a general mechanistic scheme proposed for most monomeric cobalt porphyrins.

Four new dimeric metalloporphyrins (prepared in the laboratory of Professor C. K. Chang) have the two porphyrin rings linked by an anthracene bridge attached to meso positions. The electrocatalytic behavior of the diporphyrins towards the reduction of O₂ at graphite electrodes has been examined for the following combination of metal centers: Co-Cu, Co-Fe, Fe-Fe, Fe-H₂. The Co-Cu diporphyrin catalyzes the reduction of O₂ to H₂O₂ but no further. The other three catalysts all exhibit mixed reduction pathways leading to both H₂O₂ and H₂O. However, the pathways that lead to H₂O do not involve H₂O₂ as an intermediate. A possible mechanistic scheme is offered to account for the observed behavior.

入射光偏振方向对LiNbO3晶体近光轴电光调制的影响

分析了在垂直LiNbO3晶体光轴方向加电压，光沿近光轴方向传播时，入射光偏振方向对电光调制器的影响。通过计算加电场后双折射光程差的变化和偏光振动方向的转动，画出在正交偏振镜下不同起偏方向的锥光干涉图，得到干涉图随起偏方向变化的规律：由偏光振动方向转动引起的消光区域随起偏方向的转动而转动，在起偏和检偏方向上始终消光，在与起偏方向成±45°角方向始终全透光，并且消光线的交点即感应双光轴头不随起偏方向的转动而变化，始终在折射率变大的感应主轴上。

I. Studies on bacteriophage DNA's and minicircular DNA's in M. lysodeikticus and E. coli 15. II. Flow dichroism of DNA solutions

Part I

Chapter 1.....A physicochemical study of the DNA molecules from the three bacteriophages, N1, N5, and N6, which infect the bacterium, M. lysodeikticus, has been made. The molecular weights, as measured by both electron microscopy and sedimentation velocity, are 23 x 10⁶ for N5 DNA and 31 x 10⁶ for N1 and N6 DNA's. All three DNA's are capable of thermally reversible cyclization. N1 and N6 DNA's have identical or very similar base sequences as judged by membrane filter hybridization and by electron microscope heteroduplex studies. They have identical or similar cohesive ends. These results are in accord with the close biological relation between N1 and N6 phages. N5 DNA is not closely related to N1 or N6 DNA. The denaturation T_m of all three DNA's is the same and corresponds to a (GC) content of 70%. However, the buoyant densities in CsCl of Nl and N6 DNA's are lower than expected, corresponding to predicted GC contents of 64 and 67%. The buoyant densities in Cs₂SO₄ are also somewhat anomalous. The buoyant density anomalies are probably due to the presence of odd bases. However, direct base composition analysis of N1 DNA by anion exchange chromatography confirms a GC content of 70%, and, in the elution system used, no peaks due to odd bases are present.

Chapter 2.....A covalently closed circular DNA form has been observed as an intracellular form during both productive and abortive infection processes in M. lysodeikticus. This species has been isolated by the method of CsC1-ethidium bromide centrifugation and examined with an electron microscope.

Chapter 3.....A minute circular DNA has been discovered as a homogeneous population in M. lysodeikticus. Its length and molecular weight as determined by electron microscopy are 0.445 μ and 0.88 x 10⁶ daltons respectively. There is about one minicircle per bacterium.

Chapter 4.....Several strains of E. coli 15 harbor a prophage. Viral growth can be induced by exposing the host to mitomycin C or to uv irradiation. The coliphage 15 particles from E. coli 15 and E, coli 15 T^- appear as normal phage with head and tail structure; the particles from E. coli 15 TAU are tailless. The complete particles exert a colicinogenic activity on E.coli 15 and 15 T^-, the tailless particles do not. No host for a productive viral infection has been found and the phage may be defective. The properties of the DNA of the virus have been studied, mainly by electron microscopy. After induction but before lysis, a closed circular DNA with a contour length of about 11.9 μ is found in the bacterium; the mature phage DNA is a linear duplex and 7.5% longer than the intracellular circular form. This suggests the hypothesis that the mature phage DNA is terminally repetitious and circularly permuted. The hypothesis was confirmed by observing that denaturation and renaturation of the mature phage DNA produce circular duplexes with two single-stranded branches corresponding to the terminal repetition. The contour length of the mature phage DNA was measured relative to φX RFII DNA and λ DNA; the calculated molecular weight is 27 x 10⁶. The length of the single-stranded terminal repetition was compared to the length of φX 174 DNA under conditions where single-stranded DNA is seen in an extended form in electron micrographs. The length of the terminal repetition is found to be 7.4% of the length of the nonrepetitious part of the coliphage 15 DNA. The number of base pairs in the terminal repetition is variable in different molecules, with a fractional standard deviation of 0.18 of the average number in the terminal repetition. A new phenomenon termed "branch migration" has been discovered in renatured circular molecules; it results in forked branches, with two emerging single strands, at the position of the terminal repetition. The distribution of branch separations between the two terminal repetitions in the population of renatured circular molecules was studied. The observed distribution suggests that there is an excluded volume effect in the renaturation of a population of circularly permuted molecules such that strands with close beginning points preferentially renature with each other. This selective renaturation and the phenomenon of branch migration both affect the distribution of branch separations; the observed distribution does not contradict the hypothesis of a random distribution of beginning points around the chromosome.

Chapter 5....Some physicochemical studies on the minicircular DNA species in E. coli 15 (0.670 μ, 1.47 x 10⁶ daltons) have been made. Electron microscopic observations showed multimeric forms of the minicircle which amount to 5% of total DNA species and also showed presumably replicating forms of the minicircle. A renaturation kinetic study showed that the minicircle is a unique DNA species in its size and base sequence. A study on the minicircle replication has been made under condition in which host DNA synthesis is synchronized. Despite experimental uncertainties involved, it seems that the minicircle replication is random and the number of the minicircles increases continuously throughout a generation of the host, regardless of host DNA synchronization.

Part II

The flow dichroism of dilute DNA solutions (A₂₆₀≈0.1) has been studied in a Couette-type apparatus with the outer cylinder rotating and with the light path parallel to the cylinder axis. Shear gradients in the range of 5-160 sec.^-1 were studied. The DNA samples were whole, "half," and "quarter" molecules of T4 bacteriophage DNA, and linear and circular λb₂b₅c DNA. For the linear molecules, the fractional flow dichroism is a linear function of molecular weight. The dichroism for linear A DNA is about 1.8 that of the circular molecule. For a given DNA, the dichroism is an approximately linear function of shear gradient, but with a slight upward curvature at low values of G, and some trend toward saturation at larger values of G. The fractional dichroism increases as the supporting electrolyte concentration decreases.

Dynamic Stall on Vertical Axis Wind Turbines

In this study the dynamics of flow over the blades of vertical axis wind turbines was investigated using a simplified periodic motion to uncover the fundamental flow physics and provide insight into the design of more efficient turbines. Time-resolved, two-dimensional velocity measurements were made with particle image velocimetry on a wing undergoing pitching and surging motion to mimic the flow on a turbine blade in a non-rotating frame. Dynamic stall prior to maximum angle of attack and a leading edge vortex development were identified in the phase-averaged flow field and captured by a simple model with five modes, including the first two harmonics of the pitch/surge frequency identified using the dynamic mode decomposition. Analysis of these modes identified vortical structures corresponding to both frequencies that led the separation and reattachment processes, while their phase relationship determined the evolution of the flow.

Detailed analysis of the leading edge vortex found multiple regimes of vortex development coupled to the time-varying flow field on the airfoil. The vortex was shown to grow on the airfoil for four convection times, before shedding and causing dynamic stall in agreement with 'optimal' vortex formation theory. Vortex shedding from the trailing edge was identified from instantaneous velocity fields prior to separation. This shedding was found to be in agreement with classical Strouhal frequency scaling and was removed by phase averaging, which indicates that it is not exactly coupled to the phase of the airfoil motion.

The flow field over an airfoil undergoing solely pitch motion was shown to develop similarly to the pitch/surge motion; however, flow separation took place earlier, corresponding to the earlier formation of the leading edge vortex. A similar reduced-order model to the pitch/surge case was developed, with similar vortical structures leading separation and reattachment; however, the relative phase lead of the separation mode, corresponding to earlier separation, necessitated that a third frequency to be incorporated into the reattachment mode to provide a relative lag in reattachment.

Finally, the results are returned to the rotating frame and the effects of each flow phenomena on the turbine are estimated, suggesting kinematic criteria for the design of improved turbines.

Análise dinâmica de plataformas de aço para produção de petróleo com base na consideração do efeito da interação solo-estrutura

Atualmente, as tendências competitivas do mercado mundial, têm forçado os engenheiros estruturais a desenvolver soluções de projeto que acarretem em menor peso e custo de execução. Uma consequência direta desta nova tendência de projeto é o aumento considerável de problemas relacionados a vibrações de piso indesejadas. Por esta razão, os sistemas estruturais de pisos podem tornar-se vulneráveis a vibrações excessivas, como por exemplo, aquelas induzidas por equipamentos mecânicos (máquinas rotativas). Deste modo, este trabalho objetiva investigar o comportamento dinâmico de uma plataforma de aço para produção de petróleo, localizada na bacia de Santos (campo de Merluza), São Paulo, Brasil. Para tal, investiga-se a influência das ações dinâmicas oriundas dos equipamentos mecânicos localizados sobre os decks metálicos da plataforma. A resposta dinâmica do modelo estrutural foi determinada através de um extenso estudo numérico, a partir da análise de suas frequências naturais, deslocamentos, velocidades e acelerações de pico. Nesta investigação, as cargas dinâmicas provenientes dos equipamentos mecânicos (máquinas rotativas) foram aplicadas sobre o piso metálico do sistema estrutural. Com base obtenção da resposta dinâmica da estrutura (deslocamentos, velocidades e acelerações), foi possível avaliar a performance do modelo estrutural em termos de critérios de conforto humano e das tolerâncias máximas referentes aos equipamentos mecânicos, de acordo com normas e recomendações de projeto.

Tunable transverse superresolution with phase-only pupil filters

A new set of pure phase filters for realizing transverse superresolution is presented in this paper. The filters, whose significant features are their ability to tune and their simplicity, consist of one half-wave plate between two quarter-wave plates; the half-wave plate is made of two zones that can rotate with respect to each other. By rotating any zone of the half-wave plate, the central lobe width of the irradiance point spread function (PSF) in the transverse direction can be tunably reduced. At the same time, the axial intensity distribution is analysed in detail.

Electro-optic modulation of light propagating near the optic axis with any polarization in uniaxial crystals

The electro-optic effect in uniaxial crystals for light propagating near the optic axis with any polarization has been analyzed. The passive and the electrically induced birefringences and the rotation of polarization direction in crystals have been calculated, and the conoscopic interference figures under orthogonal polariscopes for different polarizer directions have been plotted. The extinction areas caused by the rotation of polarization direction in crystals change with the polarizer direction, but the two heads of the induced optical axes do not vary, which are always on the induced principal axis with bigger refractive index. The directions of polariscopes are always extinction, and the +/- 45 degrees directions with polarizer are always complete transmission. The conoscopic interference figures for LiNbO3 crystals have been demonstrated experimentally by rotating polariscopes directions, which accord with the theoretically calculating plots. (c) 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Particle fluid mechanics in shear flows, acoustic waves, and shock waves

Three different categories of flow problems of a fluid containing small particles are being considered here. They are: (i) a fluid containing small, non-reacting particles (Parts I and II); (ii) a fluid containing reacting particles (Parts III and IV); and (iii) a fluid containing particles of two distinct sizes with collisions between two groups of particles (Part V).

Part I

A numerical solution is obtained for a fluid containing small particles flowing over an infinite disc rotating at a constant angular velocity. It is a boundary layer type flow, and the boundary layer thickness for the mixture is estimated. For large Reynolds number, the solution suggests the boundary layer approximation of a fluid-particle mixture by assuming W = W_p. The error introduced is consistent with the Prandtl’s boundary layer approximation. Outside the boundary layer, the flow field has to satisfy the “inviscid equation” in which the viscous stress terms are absent while the drag force between the particle cloud and the fluid is still important. Increase of particle concentration reduces the boundary layer thickness and the amount of mixture being transported outwardly is reduced. A new parameter, β = 1/Ω τ_v, is introduced which is also proportional to μ. The secondary flow of the particle cloud depends very much on β. For small values of β, the particle cloud velocity attains its maximum value on the surface of the disc, and for infinitely large values of β, both the radial and axial particle velocity components vanish on the surface of the disc.

Part II

The “inviscid” equation for a gas-particle mixture is linearized to describe the flow over a wavy wall. Corresponding to the Prandtl-Glauert equation for pure gas, a fourth order partial differential equation in terms of the velocity potential ϕ is obtained for the mixture. The solution is obtained for the flow over a periodic wavy wall. For equilibrium flows where λ_v and λ_T approach zero and frozen flows in which λ_v and λ_T become infinitely large, the flow problem is basically similar to that obtained by Ackeret for a pure gas. For finite values of λ_v and λ_T, all quantities except v are not in phase with the wavy wall. Thus the drag coefficient C_D is present even in the subsonic case, and similarly, all quantities decay exponentially for supersonic flows. The phase shift and the attenuation factor increase for increasing particle concentration.

Part III

Using the boundary layer approximation, the initial development of the combustion zone between the laminar mixing of two parallel streams of oxidizing agent and small, solid, combustible particles suspended in an inert gas is investigated. For the special case when the two streams are moving at the same speed, a Green’s function exists for the differential equations describing first order gas temperature and oxidizer concentration. Solutions in terms of error functions and exponential integrals are obtained. Reactions occur within a relatively thin region of the order of λ_D. Thus, it seems advantageous in the general study of two-dimensional laminar flame problems to introduce a chemical boundary layer of thickness λ_D within which reactions take place. Outside this chemical boundary layer, the flow field corresponds to the ordinary fluid dynamics without chemical reaction.

Part IV

The shock wave structure in a condensing medium of small liquid droplets suspended in a homogeneous gas-vapor mixture consists of the conventional compressive wave followed by a relaxation region in which the particle cloud and gas mixture attain momentum and thermal equilibrium. Immediately following the compressive wave, the partial pressure corresponding to the vapor concentration in the gas mixture is higher than the vapor pressure of the liquid droplets and condensation sets in. Farther downstream of the shock, evaporation appears when the particle temperature is raised by the hot surrounding gas mixture. The thickness of the condensation region depends very much on the latent heat. For relatively high latent heat, the condensation zone is small compared with Ʌ_D.

For solid particles suspended initially in an inert gas, the relaxation zone immediately following the compression wave consists of a region where the particle temperature is first being raised to its melting point. When the particles are totally melted as the particle temperature is further increased, evaporation of the particles also plays a role.

The equilibrium condition downstream of the shock can be calculated and is independent of the model of the particle-gas mixture interaction.

Part V

For a gas containing particles of two distinct sizes and satisfying certain conditions, momentum transfer due to collisions between the two groups of particles can be taken into consideration using the classical elastic spherical ball model. Both in the relatively simple problem of normal shock wave and the perturbation solutions for the nozzle flow, the transfer of momentum due to collisions which decreases the velocity difference between the two groups of particles is clearly demonstrated. The difference in temperature as compared with the collisionless case is quite negligible.

I. Stokes flow past a thin screen. II. Viscous flows past porous bodies of finite size

Part I

The slow, viscous flow past a thin screen is analyzed based on Stokes equations. The problem is reduced to an associated electric potential problem as introduced by Roscoe. Alternatively, the problem is formulated in terms of a Stokeslet distribution, which turns out to be equivalent to the first approach.

Special interest is directed towards the solution of the Stokes flow past a circular annulus. A "Stokeslet" formulation is used in this analysis. The problem is finally reduced to solving a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. Numerical data for the drag coefficient and the mean velocity through the hole of the annulus are obtained.

Stokes flow past a circular screen with numerous holes is also attempted by assuming a set of approximate boundary conditions. An "electric potential" formulation is used, and the problem is also reduced to solving a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. Drag coefficient and mean velocity through the screen are computed.

Part II

The purpose of this investigation is to formulate correctly a set of boundary conditions to be prescribed at the interface between a viscous flow region and a porous medium so that the problem of a viscous flow past a porous body can be solved.

General macroscopic equations of motion for flow through porous media are first derived by averaging Stokes equations over a volume element of the medium. These equations, including viscous stresses for the description, are more general than Darcy's law. They reduce to Darcy's law when the Darcy number becomes extremely small.

The interface boundary conditions of the first kind are then formulated with respect to the general macroscopic equations applied within the porous region. An application of such equations and boundary conditions to a Poiseuille shear flow problem demonstrates that there usually exists a thin interface layer immediately inside the porous medium in which the tangential velocity varies exponentially and Darcy's law does not apply.

With Darcy's law assumed within the porous region, interface boundary conditions of the second kind are established which relate the flow variables across the interface layer. The primary feature is a jump condition on the tangential velocity, which is found to be directly proportional to the normal gradient of the tangential velocity immediately outside the porous medium. This is in agreement with the experimental results of Beavers, et al.

The derived boundary conditions are applied in the solutions of two other problems: (1) Viscous flow between a rotating solid cylinder and a stationary porous cylinder, and (2) Stokes flow past a porous sphere.

A kinetic theory description for external spherical flows with arbitrary Knudsen number by a moment method

The Maxwell integral equations of transfer are applied to a series of problems involving flows of arbitrary density gases about spheres. As suggested by Lees a two sided Maxwellian-like weighting function containing a number of free parameters is utilized and a sufficient number of partial differential moment equations is used to determine these parameters. Maxwell's inverse fifth-power force law is used to simplify the evaluation of the collision integrals appearing in the moment equations. All flow quantities are then determined by integration of the weighting function which results from the solution of the differential moment system. Three problems are treated: the heat-flux from a slightly heated sphere at rest in an infinite gas; the velocity field and drag of a slowly moving sphere in an unbounded space; the velocity field and drag torque on a slowly rotating sphere. Solutions to the third problem are found to both first and second-order in surface Mach number with the secondary centrifugal fan motion being of particular interest. Singular aspects of the moment method are encountered in the last two problems and an asymptotic study of these difficulties leads to a formal criterion for a "well posed" moment system. The previously unanswered question of just how many moments must be used in a specific problem is now clarified to a great extent.

基于同步移相技术的1/4波片快轴方位角的实时测量

提出了一种基于同步移相技术的1/4波片快轴方位角的实时测量方法。由正交光栅、光阑、检偏器组和四象限探测器实现同步移相功能。检偏器组由4个不同方位角的检偏器组成。通过检偏器组的四束光束的光强由四象限探测器同时测量。1/4波片的快轴方位角由这四光束的光强得到。由于该方法不需旋转偏振器件，从而实现的1/4波片的快轴方位角的实时测量。

Relativistic velocity - potential hydrodynamics and stellar stability

The equations of relativistic, perfect-fluid hydrodynamics are cast in Eulerian form using six scalar "velocity-potential" fields, each of which has an equation of evolution. These equations determine the motion of the fluid through the equation

U_ʋ=µ^-1 (ø,_ʋ + αβ,_ʋ + ƟS,_ʋ).

Einstein's equations and the velocity-potential hydrodynamical equations follow from a variational principle whose action is

I = (R + 16π p) (-g)^1/2 d⁴x,

where R is the scalar curvature of spacetime and p is the pressure of the fluid. These equations are also cast into Hamiltonian form, with Hamiltonian density –T₀⁰ (-g^oo)^-1/2.

The second variation of the action is used as the Lagrangian governing the evolution of small perturbations of differentially rotating stellar models. In Newtonian gravity this leads to linear dynamical stability criteria already known. In general relativity it leads to a new sufficient condition for the stability of such models against arbitrary perturbations.

By introducing three scalar fields defined by

ρ ᵴ = ∇λ + ∇x(xi + ∇xɣi)

(where ᵴ is the vector displacement of the perturbed fluid element, ρ is the mass-density, and i, is an arbitrary vector), the Newtonian stability criteria are greatly simplified for the purpose of practical applications. The relativistic stability criterion is not yet in a form that permits practical calculations, but ways to place it in such a form are discussed.

Using Earth Deformation Caused by Surface Mass Loading to Constrain the Elastic Structure of the Crust and Mantle

Surface mass loads come in many different varieties, including the oceans, atmosphere, rivers, lakes, glaciers, ice caps, and snow fields. The loads migrate over Earth's surface on time scales that range from less than a day to many thousand years. The weights of the shifting loads exert normal forces on Earth's surface. Since the Earth is not perfectly rigid, the applied pressure deforms the shape of the solid Earth in a manner controlled by the material properties of Earth's interior. One of the most prominent types of surface mass loading, ocean tidal loading (OTL), comes from the periodic rise and fall in sea-surface height due to the gravitational influence of celestial objects, such as the moon and sun. Depending on geographic location, the surface displacements induced by OTL typically range from millimeters to several centimeters in amplitude, which may be inferred from Global Navigation and Satellite System (GNSS) measurements with sub-millimeter precision. Spatiotemporal characteristics of observed OTL-induced surface displacements may therefore be exploited to probe Earth structure. In this thesis, I present descriptions of contemporary observational and modeling techniques used to explore Earth's deformation response to OTL and other varieties of surface mass loading. With the aim to extract information about Earth's density and elastic structure from observations of the response to OTL, I investigate the sensitivity of OTL-induced surface displacements to perturbations in the material structure. As a case study, I compute and compare the observed and predicted OTL-induced surface displacements for a network of GNSS receivers across South America. The residuals in three distinct and dominant tidal bands are sub-millimeter in amplitude, indicating that modern ocean-tide and elastic-Earth models well predict the observed displacement response in that region. Nevertheless, the sub-millimeter residuals exhibit regional spatial coherency that cannot be explained entirely by random observational uncertainties and that suggests deficiencies in the forward-model assumptions. In particular, the discrepancies may reveal sensitivities to deviations from spherically symmetric, non-rotating, elastic, and isotropic (SNREI) Earth structure due to the presence of the South American craton.

磷酸盐激光玻璃聚（CH3）2Si（OC2H5）2防潮膜

以（CH3）2Si（OC2H5）2为前驱体，采用溶胶-凝胶与有机合成相结合的方法，制得稳定性良好的涂膜液。采用旋转涂膜法在掺钕磷酸盐激光玻璃棒端面涂制防潮膜，膜层固化后透过率达96．5％，获得的膜层表面粗糙度优良，均方根表面粗糙度（RMS）为1．659nm，平均粗糙度（RA）平均为1．321nm；在激光波长1053nm，脉冲宽度1 ns条件下膜层的激光破坏闽值可达10～14 J／cm^2。经过“神光Ⅱ”高功率激光器物理实验运行，膜层使用期为五年，并且已经在我国“神光Ⅲ”原型装置上试用。