An examination of the Community Fisheries Sub-Decree in Cambodia: changes and developments during the drafting process

This study examines the development of the Community Fisheries Sub-Decree. From its promulgation in late 2000 through its draft form in June 20021, this sub-decree has gone through over 25 drafts. Initially, the writing process involved the public intimately: community meetings were conducted, NGOs contributed their knowledge and expertise, and then, with these consultations in mind, the newly-formed Community Fisheries Development Office (CFDO) in the Department of Fisheries (DoF) drafted the sub-decree. Over the following year and a half, the sub-decree went through numerous changes, some of which fundamentally alter the tenor of the legislation. This includes the deletion of some of the primary issues of rural communities, such as what fishing gears they can use and whether they can participate in patrolling the fishing area. While the final form is still pending, there are many questions as to the positive effects that the sub-decree will ultimately have on people’s livelihoods when it is finally approved. This research was undertaken to track the development of the sub-decree to gain a better understanding of how the Cambodian policy-making system functions. Consultations were undertaken with the DoF and CFDO before the research began, both of which agreed to the study. It is hoped that this report will help not only those interested in community fisheries issues, but also those who want to advocate on other Cambodian development issues as well. Due to the sensitive nature of the subject material, and the fact that the sub-decree is still pending, the author has conducted interviews with the express purpose of keeping them confidential. Therefore, no individual will be quoted directly in this study. In addition, many of the English versions of the drafts examined were unofficial translations. The author has made no effort to correct the English in the drafts. Moreover, there are also questions regarding the drafts and their sequence, as no government records were kept of the process or the changes that were made along the way. These have been compiled after the fact. (33 p.)

Lei nº 8.112/90 : Lei nº 8112, de 11 de dezembro de 1990, que dispõe sobre o regime jurídico dos servidores públicos civis da União, das autarquias e das fundações públicas federais, e legislação correlata

Atualizada até 31/8/2016.

Temporal and spatial changes in milfoil distribution and biomass associated with weevils in Fish Lake, WI

During the course of an eight year monitoring effort, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources documented a significant decline in milfoil biomass and distribution in Fish Lake, Wisconsin. Average milfoil biomass declined by 40- 50% from 374-524 g dw m -2 during 1991-93 to 265 g dw m -2 during both 1994 and 1995. Milfoil recovered fully in 1996- 98 to 446- 564 g dw m -2 . The size of the milfoil bed, as discerned from aerial photographs, shrank from a maximum coverage of 40 ha in 1991 to less than 20 ha during 1995. During the “crash” of 1994-95, milfoil plants exhibited typical signs of weevil-induced damage, including darkened, brittle, hollowed-out growing tips, and the arching and collapse of stems associated with loss of buoyancy. Monitoring of weevils and stem damage during 1995-98 showed highest densities and heaviest damage occurred near shore and subsequently fanned out into deeper water from core infestation sites each spring. The extent of milfoil stem damage was positively correlated with weevil densities (monthly sampling). However, weevil densities and stem damage were lower during 1995 (when milfoil biomass was in decline) than during 1996-98 (when milfoil biomass was fully recovered).

Unlike Physical Exercise, Modified Environment Increases the Lifespan of SOD1(G93A) Mice However Both Conditions Induce Cellular Changes

8 p.

A agenda legislativa do governo Castelo Branco: um regime político em transição

O Golpe Militar de 1964 configurou uma ruptura política geral para o país e uma mudança específica para o Poder Legislativo federal. O governo Castelo Branco, contudo, apresenta características próprias, que o diferem das configurações democráticas anteriores e dos governos posteriores de Costa e Silva e Médici. O artigo utiliza metodologia quantitativa e usa fontes primárias e secundárias. Ele analisa e descreve a agenda legislativa do governo Castelo Branco, categoriza as propostas legislativas do Poder Executivo de acordo com temas, resultados e tempo de apreciação pelo Legislativo. Também é analisado o impacto das novas regras legislativas impostas pelos militares e procede-se a uma comparação dos achados com o período democrático imediatamente anterior. Os resultados mostram que o Poder Executivo teve uma agenda reformista, principalmente nas áreas econômica e de administração pública, e que alcançou uma taxa de sucesso significativa para suas propostas. Ademais, contudo, viu-se que o Poder Legislativo conseguiu ainda atuar de forma relevante em diversas proposições, que foram rejeitadas ou alteradas de modo a ensejar vetos do Poder Executivo. Constatou-se também que as novas regras legislativas impostas pelos militares foram muito importantes para aumentar a taxa de sucesso da agenda do Executivo e influenciaram o tempo de apreciação das propostas pelo Legislativo.

DNA Damage and Transcriptional Changes in the Gills of Mytilus galloprovincialis Exposed to Nanomolar Doses of Combined Metal Salts (Cd, Cu, Hg)

[ENG]Aiming at an integrated and mechanistic view of the early biological effects of selected metals in the marine sentinel organism Mytilus galloprovincialis, we exposed mussels for 48 hours to 50, 100 and 200 nM solutions of equimolar Cd, Cu and Hg salts and measured cytological and molecular biomarkers in parallel. Focusing on the mussel gills, first target of toxic water contaminants and actively proliferating tissue, we detected significant dose-related increases of cells with micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities in the treated mussels, with differences in the bioconcentration of the three metals determined in the mussel flesh by atomic absorption spectrometry. Gene expression profiles, determined in the same individual gills in parallel, revealed some transcriptional changes at the 50 nM dose, and substantial increases of differentially expressed genes at the 100 and 200 nM doses, with roughly similar amounts of up- and down-regulated genes. The functional annotation of gill transcripts with consistent expression trends and significantly altered at least in one dose point disclosed the complexity of the induced cell response. The most evident transcriptional changes concerned protein synthesis and turnover, ion homeostasis, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis, and intracellular trafficking (transcript sequences denoting heat shock proteins, metal binding thioneins, sequestosome 1 and proteasome subunits, and GADD45 exemplify up-regulated genes while transcript sequences denoting actin, tubulins and the apoptosis inhibitor 1 exemplify down-regulated genes). Overall, nanomolar doses of co-occurring free metal ions have induced significant structural and functional changes in the mussel gills: the intensity of response to the stimulus measured in laboratory supports the additional validation of molecular markers of metal exposure to be used in Mussel Watch programs

O calcanhar de aquiles do Regime Diferenciado de Contratações - RDC

Analisa a nova modalidade de contratação de bens, serviços e obras de engenharia pela Administração Pública, denominada Regime Diferenciado de Contratações – RDC, instituído pela Lei nº 12.462, de 2011

Quantitative composition and distribution of the macrobenthic invertebrate fauna of the Continental Shelf ecosystems of the Northeastern United States

From the mid-1950's to the mid-1960's a series of quantitative surveys of the macrobenthic invertebrate fauna were conducted in the offshore New England region (Maine to Long Island, New York). The surveys were designed to 1) obtain measures of macrobenthic standing crop expressed in terms of density and biomass; 2) determine the taxonomic composition of the fauna (ca. 567 species); 3) map the general features of macrobenthic distribution; and 4) evaluate the fauna's relationships to water depth, bottom type, temperature range, and sediment organic carbon content. A total of 1,076 samples, ranging from 3 to 3,974 m in depth, were obtained and analyzed. The aggregate macrobenthic fauna consists of 44 major taxonomic groups (phyla, classes, orders). A striking fact is that only five of those groups (belonging to four phyla) account for over 80% of both total biomass and number of individuals of the macrobenthos. The five dominant groups are Bivalvia, Annelida, Amphipoda, Echninoidea, and Holothuroidea. Other salient features pertaining to the macrobenthos of the region are the following: substantial differences in quantity exist among different geographic subareas within the region, but with a general trend that both density and biomass increase from northeast to southwest; both density and biomass decrease with increasing depth; the composition of the bottom sediments significantly influences both the kind and quantity of macrobenthic invertebrates, the largest quantities of both measures of abundance occurring in the coarser grained sediments and diminishing with decreasing particle size; areas with marked seasonal changes in water temperature support an abundant and diverse fauna, whereas a uniform temperature regime is associated with a sparse, less diverse fauna; and no detectable trends are evident in the quantitative composition of the macrobenthos in relation to sediment organic carbon content. (PDF file contains 246 pages.)

Recent changes in the efficiency of vessels fishing for yellowfin tuna in the eastern Pacific Ocean

ENGLISH: Since the inception of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission in 1950, one of the primary tasks of its scientific staff has been the collection and analysis of the statistics of total catch, effort expended in obtaining this catch, and the apparent abundance of yellowfin tuna (Neothunnus macropterus) and the skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. A concentrated effort by the staff during 1951 and 1952 resulted in the compilation of a series of historical data on the catch and catch-per-effort of tropical tunas for the years 1934-1950, and in the establishment of a detailed logbook system to monitor the current activities of the tuna fleets. Schaefer (1953) and Shimada and Schaefer (1956) have reviewed in detail the methods of collection and analysis of these data. Further studies, based on these and subsequently collected records, are contained in publications by Schaefer (1957), Shimada (1958), Alverson (1959, 1960), Griffiths (1960) and Calkins (1961). SPANISH: Desde que la Comisión Interamericana del Atún Tropical comenzó sus funciones en 1950, entre las más importantes tareas de su personal científico incluyó la recolección y análisis de las estadísticas de la captura total, del esfuerzo empleado en obtener esta captura y de la abundancia aparente de los atunes aleta amarilla (Neothunnus macropterus) y barriletes (Katsutvonus pelamis) en el Océano Pacífico Oriental. El concentrado esfuerzo del personal científico de la Comisión durante 1951 y 1952 dió como resultado la compilación de una serie de datos históricos sobre la captura de atunes tropicales y sobre la captura según el esfuerzo durante los años 1934 a 1950, así como el establecimiento de un sistema detallado de registro de las anotaciones en los cuadernos de bitácora para vigilar las actividades diarias de las flotas atuneras. Schaefer (1953) y Shimada y Schaefer (1956) han expuesto detalladamente los métodos de recolección y análisis de dichos datos. Otros estudios, basados en estos registros y en los recolectados posteriormente, se encuentran en las publicaciones de Schaefer (1957), Shimada (1958), Alverson (1959, 1960), Griffiths (1960) y Calkins (1961).

O Brasil no regime internacional dos direitos humanos de crianças, adolescentes e jovens : comparação de parâmetros de justiça juvenil

Trata do estabelecimento de idade mínima para imputabilidade penal no Brasil, desde o Código Criminal do Império, de 1830, e o primeiro Código dos Menores, em 1927, até a fixação dos dezoito anos no art. 228 da Constituição da República, em 1988. Demonstra a importância da análise comparada sobre Idade Mínima de Responsabilidade Penal - IMRP e Idade de Maioridade Penal - IMP em diversos países. Chega-se à conclusão de que o parâmetro brasileiro de IMRP aos doze anos e IMP aos dezoito anos está em conformidade com os compromissos globais que regulam o direito e o processo em matéria de justiça juvenil, e está equilibrado em relação aos índices aplicados no contexto interamericano e mundial.

Changes in the size structure of the yellowfin tuna population of the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean from 1947 to 1955

ENGLISH: Morphometric studies by Godsil (1948), Godsil and Greenhood (1951), Royce (1953) and Schaefer (1952, 1955) have indicated that the yellowfin tuna of the Eastern Pacific are distinct from those of the Central Pacific. Tagging of yellowfin tuna by the California Department of Fish and Game, and by the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission in the Eastern Pacific, and by the Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations in the Central Pacific, have not yet revealed any migrations between these areas. Shimada and Schaefer (1956) have compared changes in population abundance and fishing intensity, considering the population in the Eastern Pacific as a separate entity. They conclude " ... the amount of fishing has had a real effect upon the stock of Eastern Pacific yellowfin tuna, taken in the aggregate, over the period studied. The evidence suggests also that for this species the intensity of fishing in some recent years has reached and might have even exceeded the level corresponding to the maximum equilibrium yield." Tagging experiments by the California Department of Fish and Game and by the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission have yielded returns in the order of one to five percent (Roedel 1954, and unpublished data of both agencies), a level much lower than that at which fishing intensity would be expected to noticeably affect the population size. These results are probably a reflection of the inadequacies of the present tagging methods, but they could lend doubt to the conclusions of Shimada and Schaefer. It is desirable, therefore, to examine other, independent, evidence as to the effects of fishing on the population. At the high levels of fishing intensity suggested by Shimada and Schaefer, in addition to changes in quantity, measurable changes would be expected to have occurred in the quality of the yellowfin tuna stocks, because the average age and size of the fish would have been reduced by the high mortality rates accompanying high fishing intensities. A continuing regular program of sampling catches and determining their length composition, to assess changes in the size composition of the stocks, was initiated by the Commission in 1954 but direct measurements are not available for the earlier, more dynamic period of growth of the fishery. Consequently, other, more general indications of possible changes in the size composition were sought. SPANISH: Los estudios morfométricos efectudos por Godsil (1948), Godsil y Greenhood (1951), Royce (1953) y Schaefer (1952, 1955), han demostrado que el atún aleta amarilla del Pacífico Oriental es distinto del que habita el PacÍfico Central. Los experimentos del Departamento de Pesca y Caza de California y de la Comisión Interamericana del Atún Tropical en el Pacífico Oriental, así como los de las Investigaciones Pesqueras del Océano Pacífico en el Pacífico Central,consistentes en la marcación de atunes aleta amarilla, aún no han puesto de manifiesto movimientos migratorios entre dichas áreas. Shimada y Schaefer (1956) han hecho estudios comparativos sobre la abundancia de la población y la intensidad de la pesca, considerando a la población del Pacífico Oriental como una entidad separada. Su conclusión es que " ... la intensidad de la pesca ha tenido un definido efecto sobre la población del atún aleta amarilla del Pacífico Oriental, tomada en conjunto, a lo largo del período estudiado. La evidencia de que se dispone sugiere así mismo que, por lo que hace a esta especie, la intensidad de la pesca en los últimos años ha alcanzado y quizás aún sobrepasado el nivel correspondiente a la máxima pesca de equilibrio". Los experimentos de mar•cación del Departamento de Pesca y Caza de California y de la Comisión Interamericana del Atún Tropical han producido recuperaciones ,entre el uno y el cinco por ciento (Roedel 1954 y datos inéditos de ambos organismos), lo que constituye un nivel mucho más bajo de aquél en que la intensidad de la pesca podría considerarse que afectaría notablemente el tamaño de la población. Estos resultados reflejan probablemente lo inadecuados que son aún los métodos de marcación, pero ellos podrían, quizá, poner en tela de juicio las conclusiones de Shimada y Schaefer. Por lo tanto,es deseable examinar otras fuentes de evidencia independientes, relacionadas con el efecto que la pesca tiene sobre la población. En efecto, si los altos índices de pesca sugeridos por Shimada y Schaefer son correctos, es de esperar que, además de los cambios en la magnitud de la población, se hayan producido otros, concomitantes y sensibles, en la calidad de los stocks de atún aleta amarilla, puesto que tanto el promedio de edad como el de tamaño de los individuos habrían disminuído debido a las elevadas tasas de mortalidad inherentes a las altas intensidades de pesca. En 1954 la Comisión inició un programa ininterrumpido para tomar muestras y determinar en ellas las frecuencias de tallas y evaluar de este modo los cambios correlativos que tuvieran lugar en los stocks pero, infortunadamente, este sistema de evaluación directa no fué practicado en el período anterior, que fué precisamente el de rápida expansión de la pesquería. En tal virtud, hubo de ser necesario buscar indicios más generales referentes a los cambios posibles en la composición de tamaños. (PDF contains 20 pages.)

Structure and Historical Changes in the Groundfish Complex of the Eastern Bering Sea

The eastern Bering Sea is a major marine ecosystem containing some of the largest populations of groundfish, crabs, birds, and marine mammals in the world. Commercial catches of groundfish in this region have averaged about 1.6 million tons (t) annually in 1970-86. This report describes the species and relative importance of species in the eastern Bering Sea groundfish complex, the environment in which they live, and the history of the fisheries and management during the years 1954 - 1985. Historical changes in abundance and the condition of the principal species at the end of this first 30 years of exploitation are also examined. Results suggest that the biomass of the groundfish complex is characterized by variability rather than stability. The most reliable data (1979 to 1985) suggests that the biomass of the complex fluctuated between 11.8 and 15.7 million t. Even greater variability is suggested by the less reliable data from earlier years. Because of its dominance in the complex and wide fluctuations in abundance, walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) is primarily responsible for the major variations in abundance of the complex. After 30 years of exploitation, the complex was generally in excellent condition. (PDF file contains 100 pages.)

O regime de orçamento impositivo das Emendas Individuais : disposições da Emenda Constitucional nº 86, de 2015, e da LDO 2015

Descreve as principais alterações promovidas pelas disposições que tratam do orçamento impositivo e suas consequências no modelo orçamentário brasileiro. A PEC 358-B, de 2013, corresponde integralmente à PEC 22-A, aprovada pelo Senado Federal em 2013.