Common variants near MC4R are associated with fat mass, weight and risk of obesity.

To identify common variants influencing body mass index (BMI), we analyzed genome-wide association data from 16,876 individuals of European descent. After previously reported variants in FTO, the strongest association signal (rs17782313, P = 2.9 x 10(-6)) mapped 188 kb downstream of MC4R (melanocortin-4 receptor), mutations of which are the leading cause of monogenic severe childhood-onset obesity. We confirmed the BMI association in 60,352 adults (per-allele effect = 0.05 Z-score units; P = 2.8 x 10(-15)) and 5,988 children aged 7-11 (0.13 Z-score units; P = 1.5 x 10(-8)). In case-control analyses (n = 10,583), the odds for severe childhood obesity reached 1.30 (P = 8.0 x 10(-11)). Furthermore, we observed overtransmission of the risk allele to obese offspring in 660 families (P (pedigree disequilibrium test average; PDT-avg) = 2.4 x 10(-4)). The SNP location and patterns of phenotypic associations are consistent with effects mediated through altered MC4R function. Our findings establish that common variants near MC4R influence fat mass, weight and obesity risk at the population level and reinforce the need for large-scale data integration to identify variants influencing continuous biomedical traits.

Differing trends in the association between obesity and self-reported health in Portugal and Switzerland: data from national health surveys 1992-2007.

BACKGROUND: The escalating prevalence of obesity might prompt obese subjects to consider themselves as normal, as this condition is gradually becoming as frequent as normal weight. In this study, we aimed to assess the trends in the associations between obesity and self-rated health in two countries. METHODS: Data from the Portuguese (years 1995-6, 1998-6 and 2005-6) and Swiss (1992-3, 1997, 2002 and 2007) National Health Surveys were used, corresponding to more than 130,000 adults (64,793 for Portugal and 65,829 for Switzerland). Body mass index and self-rated health were derived from self-reported data. RESULTS: Obesity levels were higher in Portugal (17.5% in 2005-6 vs. 8.9% in 2007 in Switzerland, p < 0.001) and increased in both countries. The prevalence of participants rating their health as "bad" or "very bad" was higher in Portugal than in Switzerland (21.8% in 2005-6 vs 3.9% in 2007, p < 0.001). In both countries, obese participants rated more frequently their health as "bad" or "very bad" than participants with regular weight. In Switzerland, the prevalence of "bad" or "very bad" rates among obese participants, increased from 6.5% in 1992-3 to 9.8% in 2007, while in Portugal it decreased from 41.3% to 32.3%. After multivariate adjustment, the odds ratio (OR) of stating one self's health as "bad" or "very bad" among obese relative to normal weight participants, almost doubled in Switzerland: from 1.38 (95% confidence interval, CI: 1.01-1.87) in 1992-3 to 2.64 (95% CI: 2.14-3.26) in 2007, and similar findings were obtained after sample weighting. Conversely, no such trend was found in Portugal: 1.35 (95% CI: 1.23-1.48) in 1995-6 and 1.52 (95% CI: 1.37-1.70) in 2005-6. CONCLUSION: Obesity is increasing in Switzerland and Portugal. Obesity is increasingly associated with poorer self-health ratings in Switzerland but not in Portugal.

3B.01: Performance of targeted screening for the identification of hypertension in children

OBJECTIVE: As universal screening of hypertension performs poorly in childhood, targeted screening to children at higher risk of hypertension has been proposed. Our goal was to assess the performance of combined parental history of hypertension and overweight/obesity to identify children with hypertension. We estimated the sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values of overweight/obesity and parental history of hypertension for the identification of hypertension in children. DESIGN AND METHOD: We analyzed data from a school-based cross-sectional study including 5207 children aged 10 to 14 years from all public 6th grade classes in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. Blood pressure was measured with a clinically validated oscillometric automated device over up to three visits separated by one week. Children had hypertension if they had sustained elevated blood pressure over the three visits. Parents were interviewed about their history of hypertension. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypertension was 2.2%. 14% of children were overweight or obese and 20% had a positive history of hypertension in either or both parents. 30% of children had either or both conditions. After accounting for several potential confounding factors, parental history of hypertension (odds ratio (OR): 2.6; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.8-4.0), overweight excluding obesity (OR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.5-4.2) and obesity (OR: 10.1; 95% CI: 6.0-17.0) were associated with hypertension in children. Considered in isolation, the sensitivity and positive predictive values of parental history of hypertension (respectively 41% and 5%) or overweight/obesity (respectively 43% and 7%) were relatively low. Nevertheless, considered together, the sensitivity of targeted screening in children with either overweight/obesity or paternal history of hypertension was higher (65%) but the positive predictive value remained low (5%). The negative predictive value was systematically high. CONCLUSIONS: Restricting screening of hypertension to children with either overweight/obesity or with hypertensive parents would substantially limit the proportion of children to screen (30%) and allow the identification of a relatively large proportion (65%) of hypertensive cases. That could be a valuable alternative to universal screening.

The association between body composition and arterial stiffness in peri-pubescent children

The objective of this study was to examine the association between body composition and arterial stiffuess in peri-pubescent boys and girls. Differences in arterial distensibility were measured in 68 children (45 normal weight, 12 overweight, and 11 obese) between the ages of9 to 12 years. Weight classification was based on age and gender-specific body mass index cut-offs, while pubertal maturation was self-reported using Tanner staging. Distensibility was determined using two-dimensional, B-Mode echo Doppler ultrasound to measure changes at the right common carotid artery (CCA) diameter changes, while carotid pulse pressure (cPP) was measured at the left CCA by applanation tonometry. One-way ANOV A analysis revealed significant differences (p<0.001) in all anthropometric measures between the normal weight and overweight children, as well as the normal weight and obese children. Body stature was only higher in obese children compared to normal weight children (p<0.01). No significant differences were found between groups regarding age or Tanner stage. Common carotid artery distensibility showed a significant difference (p<0.01) between normal weight children (0.008 ± 0.002 mmHg-1 ) compared to obese children (0.005 ± 0.002 mmHg-1 ), with a borderline significant difference between the normal and overweight subjects (p=0.06). There was no significant effect for gender between males and females across all independent variables. The strongest determinants of distensibility in children were cPP (r= -0.52, pobese children.

Comprehensive school health, the social determinants of health, and the health status of children

As children are becoming increasingly inactive and obese, there is an urgent need for effective early prevention and intervention programs. One solution is a comprehensive school health (CSH) program, a health promotion initiative aimed at educating students about healthy behaviours and lifestyles, which also provides a link between the school, students, families, and the surrounding community. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between different components of CSH programs, as well as three determinants of health (gender, social support, socio-economic status), and physical activity, on the aerobic fitness and body mass index (BMI) of children. A newly developed and pilot-tested survey derived from Health Canada's fourpart CSH model (instruction, social support, support services, and a healthy physical environment) was sent to elementary school principals. Data on the gender, physical activity, parental education, and social support levels of students from these schools were gathered from a previous study. Multiple regression procedures were conducted to estimate the relationships between CSH components, the social determinants of health, physical activity, and BMI and aerobic fitness. Results showed that three CSH components were significantly associated with both BMI and aerobic fitness values in children, but accounted for less than 5% of the variance in both variables. Physical activity partially mediated the relationship between the significant CSH components, BMI, and particularly aerobic fitness. Furthermore, the social determinant and physical activity variables played independent roles in aerobic fitness values. No moderating effects of the social determinants were discovered.

The influence of physical activity behaviour on the relationship between motor proficiency and body composition in children

There is an emerging awareness that children with poor motor abilities are at particular risk for overweight. This cross-sectional study examined the influence of physical activity behaviour on the relationship between motor proficiency and body composition. Participants were 1287 (646 males, 641 females) Grade 6 students in the Physical Health Activity Study project. Height, weight, waist girth, and motor proficiency (Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Performance BOTMP-SF) were assessed. Physical activity behaviours were also evaluated with a multifaceted approach and reported for school-based, non-school based physical activity, free-time play, and sedentary activities (Participation Questionnaire), and leisure time exercise (Godin-Shephard Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire GS). Overweight was defined by BMI scores: boys :::20.6-21.2 and <25.1-26.0; girls: ::: 20.7-21.7and <25.4-26.7 and obesity was defined as: boys:::: 25.1-26.0; girls: :::25.4-26.7. Children were classified as case group (CG,::; 10% on BOTMP-SF), borderline case group (BC, > 10% to ::; 20% on BOTMP-SF) or non-case group. Analyses of variance (ANOVAs) uncovered a significant difference in overweight and obesity between the case group and non-case group. Normal-weight children reported higher participation in organized school-sports (intra-mural and inter-school teams). The CG reported significantly lower participation in school sports teams and lower GS results, with a trend towards lower participation in all active pursuits. They also reported a significantly higher duration of television watching and book reading. There were no significant differences between motor proficiency groups by gender, age, nonschool sports, or free-time activity. Multivariate ordinal logistic regression analysis showed that the case group was 10.9 times more likely to be overweight/obese than their peers. No single aspect of physical activity was able to explain the difference in odds ratios for the motor proficiency groups. However, for the entire cohort, children who participated in more organized school sports were less likely to be overweight/obese. These findings confirm that children with low motor proficiency are at significant risk of developing overweight. It is evident that these children have generally attenuated activity levels and heightened levels of sedentary pursuits. School-based activities appear particularly limited, and are the one area where children have near autonomy in their decision to pursue active opportunities. The promotion of school-based programs, specifically intramural sports may be an important aspect in increasing children's overall activity levels. It is also essential to consider the needs of those children with low motor proficiency when designing activity promotion programs. Future research should further explore motor proficiency and overweight/obesity.

Social comparison and body image in non or infrequent exercisers and exercisers

Body image refers to an individual's internal representation ofhis/her outer self (Cash, 1994; Thompson, Heinberg, Altabe, & Tantleff-Dunn, 1999). It is a multidimensional construct which includes an individual's attitudes towards hislher own physical characteristics (Bane & McAuley, 1998; Cash, 1994; Cash, 2004; Davison & McCabe, 2005; Muth & Cash, 1997; Sabiston, Crocker, & Munroe-Chandler, 2005). Social comparison is the process of thinking about the self in relation to others in order to determine if one's opinions and abilities are adequate and to assess one's social status (Festinger, 1954; Wood, 1996). Research investigating the role of social comparisons on body image has provided some information on the types and nature of the comparisons that are made. The act of making social comparisons may have a negative impact on body image (van den Berg et ai., 2007). Although exercise may improve body image, the impact of social comparisons in exercise settings may be less positive, and there may be differences in the social comparison tendencies between non or infrequent exercisers and exercisers. The present study examined the nature of social comparisons that female collegeaged non or infrequent exercisers and exercisers made with respect to their bodies, and the relationship of these social comparisons to body image attitudes. Specifically, the frequency and direction of comparisons on specific tal-gets and body dimensions were examined in both non or infrequent exercisers and exercisers. Finally, the relationship between body-image attitudes and the frequency and direction with which body-related social comparisons were made for non or infrequent exercisers and exercisers were examined. One hundred and fifty-two participants completed the study (n = 70 non or ill infrequent exercisers; n = 82 exercisers). Participants completed measures of social physique anxiety (SPA), body dissatisfaction, body esteem, body image cognitions, leisure time physical activity, and social comparisons. Results suggested that both groups (non or infrequent exercisers and exercisers) generally made social comparisons and most frequently made comparisons with same-sex friends, and least frequently with same-sex parents. Also, both groups made more appearance-related comparisons than non-appearance-related comparisons. Further, both groups made more negative comparisons with almost all targets. However, non or infrequent exercisers generally made more negative comparisons on all body dimensions, while exercisers made negative comparisons only on weight and body shape dimensions. MANOV As were conducted to examine if any differences on social comparisons between the two groups existed. Results of the MANOVAs indicated that frequency of comparisons with targets, the frequency of comparisons on body dimensions, and direction of comparisons with targets did not differ based on exercise status. However, the direction of comparison of specific body dimensions revealed a significant (F (7, 144) = 3.26,p < .05; 1]2 = .132) difference based on exercise status. Follow-up ANOVAs showed significant differences on five variables: physical attractiveness (F (1, 150) = 6.33,p < .05; 1]2 = .041); fitness (F(l, 150) = 11.89,p < .05; 1]2 = .073); co-ordination (F(I, 150) = 5.61,p < .05; 1]2 = .036); strength (F(I, dO) = 12.83,p < .05; 1]2 = .079); muscle mass or tone (F(l, 150) = 17.34,p < .05; 1]2 = 1.04), with exercisers making more positive comparisons than non or infrequent exercisers. The results from the regression analyses for non or infrequent exercisers showed appearance orientation was a significant predictor of the frequency of social comparisons N (B = .429, SEB = .154, /3 = .312,p < .01). Also, trait body image measures accounted for significant variance in the direction of social comparisons (F(9, 57) = 13.43,p < .001, R2adj = .68). Specifically, SPA (B = -.583, SEB = .186, /3 = -.446,p < .01) and body esteem-weight concerns (B = .522, SEB = .207, /3 = .432,p < .01) were significant predictors of the direction of comparisons. For exercisers, regressions revealed that specific trait measures of body image significantly predicted the frequency of comparisons (F(9, 71) = 8.67,p < .001, R2adj = .463). Specifically, SPA (B = .508, SEB = .147, /3 = .497,p < .01) and appearance orientation (B = .457, SEB = .134, /3 = .335,p < .01) were significant predictors of the frequency of social comparisons. Lastly, for exercisers, the results for the regression of body image measures on the direction of social comparisons were also significant (F(9, 70) = 14.65,p < .001, R2adj = .609) with body dissatisfaction (B = .368, SEB = .143, /3 = .362,p < .05), appearan.ce orientation (B = .256, SEB = .123, /3 = .175,p < .05), and fitness orientation (B = .423, SEB = .194, /3 = .266,p < .05) significant predictors of the direction of social comparison. The results indicated that young women made frequent social comparisons regardless of exercise status. However, exercisers m,a de more positive comparisons on all the body dimensions than non or infrequent exercisers. Also, certain trait body image measures may be good predictors of one's body comp~son tendencies. However, the measures which predict comparison tendencies may be different for non or infrequent exercisers and exercisers. Future research should examine the effects of social comparisons in different populations (i.e., males, the obese, older adults, etc.). Implications for practice and research were discussed.

Bone speed of sound in overweight and normal-weight girls and adolescents

Over the last two decades, the prevalence of obesity in the general population has been steadily increasing. Obesity is a major issue in scientific research because it is associated with many health problems, one of which is bone quality. In adult females, adiposity is associated with increased bone mineral density, suggesting that there is a protective effect of fat on bone. However, the association between adiposity and bone strength during childhood is not clear. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare bone strength, as reflected by speed of sound (SOS), of overweight and obese girls and adolescents with normal-weight age-matched controls. Data from 75 females included normal-weight girls (G-NW; body fat:::; 25%; n = 21), overweight and obese girls (GOW; body fat ~ 28%; n = 19), normal-weight adolescents (A-NW, body fat:::; 25%; n = 13) and overweight and obese adolescents (A-OW; body fat ~ 28%; n = 22). Nutrition was assessed with a 24-hour recall questionnaire and habitual physical activity was measured for one week using accelerometry. Using quantitative ultrasound (QUS; Sunlight Omnisense™), bone SOS was measured at the distal radius and mid-tibia. No differences were found between groups in daily total energy, calcium or vitamin D intake. However, all groups were below the recommended daily calcium intake of 1300 mg (Osteoporosis Canada, 2008). Adolescents were significantly less active than girls (14.7 ± 0.6 vs. 6.3 ± 0.6% active for G and A, respectively). OW accumulated significantly less minutes of moderate-to-very vigorous physical activity per day (MVPA) than NW in both age groups (114 ± 6 vs. 57 ± 5 min/day for NW and OW, i respectively). Girls had significantly lower radial SOS (3794 ± 87 vs. 3964 ± 64 mls for G-NW and A-NW, respectively), and tibial SOS (3678 ± 86 vs. 3878 ± 52 mls for G-NW and A-NW, respectively) than adolescents. Radial SOS was similar in the two adiposity groups within each age group. However, tibial SOS was lower in the two overweight groups (3601 ± 75 mls vs. 3739 ± 134 mls for G-OW and A-OW, respectively) compared with the age-matched normal-weight controls. Body fat percentage negatively correlated with tibial SOS in the study sample as a whole (r = -0.30). However, when split into groups, percent bo~y fat correlated with tibial SOS only in the A-OW group (r = -0.53). MVPA correlated with tibial SOS (r = 0.40), once age was partialed out. In conclusion, in contrast withthe higher bone strength characteristic of obese adult women, overweight and obese girls and adolescents are characterized by low tibial bone strength, as assessed with QUS. The differences between adiposity groups in tibial SOS may be at least partially due to the reduced weight-bearing physical activity levels in the overweight girls and adolescents. However, other factors, such as hormonal influences associated with high body fat may also playa role in reducing bone strength in overweight girls. Further research is required to reveal the mechanisms causing low bone strength in overweight and obese children and adolescents.

The Association of Sleep Disorder, Obesity Status, and Diabetes Mellitus among US Adults—The NHANES 2009-2010 Survey Results

To examine the association between sleep disorders, obesity status, and the risk of diabetes in adults, a total of 3668 individuals aged 40+ years fromtheNHANES 2009-2010 withoutmissing information on sleep-related questions,measurements related to diabetes, and BMI were included in this analysis. Subjects were categorized into three sleep groups based on two sleep questions: (a) no sleep problems; (b) sleep disturbance; and (c) sleep disorder. Diabetes was defined as having one of a diagnosis from a physician; an overnight fasting glucose > 125 mg/dL; Glycohemoglobin > 6.4%; or an oral glucose tolerance test > 199mg/dL. Overall, 19% of subjects were diabetics, 37% were obese, and 32% had either sleep disturbance or sleep disorder. Using multiple logistic regression models adjusting for covariates without including BMI, the odds ratios (OR, (95% CI)) of diabetes were 1.40 (1.06, 1.84) and 2.04 (1.40, 2.95) for those with sleep disturbance and with sleep disorder, respectively. When further adjusting for BMI, the ORs were similar for those with sleep disturbance 1.36 (1.06, 1.73) but greatly attenuated for those with sleep disorders (1.38 [0.95, 2.00]). In conclusion, the impact of sleep disorders on diabetes may be explained through the individuals’ obesity status.

Effect of increased milk intake combined with endurance exercise training on body composition, blood-lipids and inflammatory markers in overweight young males

Consuming low-fat milk (LFM) after resistance training leads to improvements in body composition. Habitual aerobic exercise and dairy intake are relatively easy lifestyle modifications that could benefit a population at risk for becoming obese. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate combining increased LFM intake with endurance exercise on body composition, blood-lipid profile and metabolic markers. 40 young males were randomized into four groups: one ingesting 750mL LFM immediately post-exercise, the other 6hrs post-exercise; and two isocaloric carbohydrate groups ingesting at the two different times. Participants completed a 12 week endurance-training program (cycling 1 hour/day at ~60%VO2peak, 5 days/week). 23 participants completed the study. Increases in lean mass (p < 0.05), and decreases in anti-inflammatory marker adiponectin (p < 0.05) were seen in all groups. No other significant changes were observed. Future analyses should focus on longer duration exercise and include a larger sample.

Différence dans la qualité de l’alimentation en relation au risque d’excès de poids chez des populations autochtones canadiennes

L‘obésité constitue un problème de santé publique au Canada, particulièrement chez les populations autochtones où les prévalences les plus élevées ont été rapportées. D’après les écrits recensés, plusieurs méthodes ont été essayées pour étudier la relation entre l’alimentation et l’obésité, mais les résultats sont inconstants. Le but de cette thèse est d’identifier, en termes quantitatif et qualitatif, les différences dans l’alimentation des obèses et non-obèses. Pour y parvenir, nous avons développé une nouvelle méthode à l’aide d’une banque de données portant sur les enfants Mohawk de Kahnawake afin d’identifier les différences dans les choix alimentaires. Cette même méthode a été ensuite appliquée à deux autres banques de données (celle des adultes cris de la Baie James et celle des autochtones de l’enquête ESCC 2.2). Globalement, les résultats n’ont pas montré de différences significatives dans l’alimentation des participants selon les catégories d’IMC en considérant les indicateurs reliés à la quantité et à la qualité de l’alimentation comme l’apport énergétique total, l’apport énergétique en provenance des lipides, les fibres alimentaires, la densité énergétique et la diversité alimentaire. Par contre, les résultats de la nouvelle méthode fondée sur la sélection des items alimentaires fréquemment consommés par au moins 10 % des participants ont révélé que les enfants de Kahnawake à risque d’excès de poids consommaient plus fréquemment de croustilles (p=0.001) et moins fréquemment de craquelins que les enfants avec excès de poids ou ceux ayant un poids normal (p=0.015). Ensuite, en prenant la catégorie de poids normal comme référence, le rapport de côte (Odds ratio : OR) d’être à risque d’excès de poids était de 2.16 (95 % IC : 1.14 - 4.09) fois plus élevé chez les enfants de Kahnawake qui consommaient plus fréquemment de croustilles comparativement aux non-consommateurs de croustilles, et ce, après ajustement pour l’âge. Par contre, le rapport de côte d’être à risque d’excès de poids diminuait de 79 % (OR = 0.21; 95 % IC : 0.06 – 0.72) chez les enfants consommateurs de craquelins comparativement à leurs homologues non-consommateurs. Après avoir corrigé les quantités pour l’âge, on note que les enfants avec excès de poids consommaient plus de frites que les enfants à risque d’excès de poids ou ceux ayant un poids normal (p = 0.027). Chez les femmes cries, les résultats de la nouvelle méthode ont montré que le colorant à café était associé à un risque élevé d’obésité (OR = 4.64, 95 % IC : 1.04 - 0.54); alors que le lait faible en matières grasses était associé à un moindre risque d’embonpoint (OR = 0.38, 95 % IC : 0.17 - 0.82), après ajustement pour l’âge. Quant aux hommes cris, le lait entier était associé à un moindre risque d’avoir de l’embonpoint (OR ajusté pour l’âge = 0.38, 95 % IC : 0.20 - 0.71) et, en termes de quantité corrigée pour l’âge, les hommes obèses buvaient plus de boissons sucrées aux fruits comparativement aux hommes de poids normal ou ceux ayant de l’embonpoint (p=0.015). Selon les résultats de cette méthode appliquée aux données de l’enquête ESCC 2.2, les garçons à risque d’excès de poids ou avec excès de poids consommaient moins fréquemment de pain blanc que ceux de poids normal (p=0.048). En termes de quantité toutefois, ils consommaient plus de pain blanc (p=0.040), utilisaient plus de farine de blé (p=0.006) et de levure (p=0.002). Après avoir ajusté les quantités consommées pour l’âge et l’indice d’activité physique, les femmes avec embonpoint ou obèses utilisaient plus de farine de blé (p< 0.001) que leurs homologues de poids normal. Chez les hommes, il n'y avait pas de différences ni dans les fréquences de consommation ni dans les quantités consommées. Concernant les filles, leurs apports alimentaires n'étaient pas valides (facteur d'activité de Goldberg < 1.2 dans la catégorie embonpoint / obèse). Les résultats de cette méthode innovatrice pourraient d’une part, permettre d’axer la sensibilisation sur des aliments particuliers en plus des recommandations générales du Guide Alimentaire Canadien. D’autre part, ils nous renvoient aux données biologiques de laboratoire afin d’identifier les composantes des items susceptibles de contribuer au développement de l’obésité.

Activités antidiabétiques et neuroprotectrices du jus de bleuet biostransformé

Le bleuet démontre un potentiel thérapeutique dans le traitement du cancer et des maladies cardiovasculaires et neurodégénératives. Ces effets bénéfiques sont attribuables aux composés phénoliques abondants dans le bleuet, tels que les anthocyanines et les flavonoïdes. La biotransformation du jus de bleuet avec les bactéries Serratia vaccinii augmente sa teneur en composés phénoliques et son activité anti-oxydante, et modifie ses activités physiologiques. L’objectif de la présente étude est d’évaluer l’activité neuroprotectrice et le potentiel antidiabétique du jus de bleuet biostranformé (BJ). Le BJ est étudié dans différents tests dont : 1) La protection des neurones (N2a) contre le stress oxydatif (SO) induit par le peroxyde d’hydrogène; 2) La stimulation de la prise de glucose par les cellules musculaires (C2C12) et adipeuses (3T3-L1); 3) L’activité anti-hyperglycémique chez les souris obèses diabétiques KKAy. En effet, tandis que le jus de bleuet normal n’a aucun effet, le BJ augmente l’activité des enzymes anti-oxydantes, comme la catalase et la SOD (Superoxide Dimutase) et protège les neurones contre les changements de la signalisation des MAPKs et contre la toxicité induite par le peroxyde d’hydrogène. Le BJ augmente aussi la prise de glucose de 48% dans les cellules C2C12 et de 142% dans les cellules 3T3-L1. Cette augmentation n’est pas expliquée par une augmentation du calcium cytosolique mais plutôt par une stimulation de la phosphorylation de l’AMPK. De plus, le BJ inhibe l’adipogenèse chez les 3T3-L1. Le BJ diminue également l’hyperglycémie chez les souris obèses diabétiques KKAy et protège les jeunes souris pré-diabétiques contre le développement de l’obésité et du diabète. L’activité anti-hyperglycémique du BJ pourrait impliquer les adipokines puisque le BJ augmente le niveau d’adiponectine chez les souris diabétiques. Le BJ représente ainsi une approche prometteuse pour le traitement du diabète et les maladies neurodégénératives et une source de nouveaux agents thérapeutiques contre ces maladies.

Effets de l'entraînement en résistance sur le regain de poids et l'inflammation chez des femmes post-ménopausées en surpoids ou obèses

Objectifs: Évaluer si un programme d’entraînement en résistance d’une durée d’un an prévient le regain de poids et majore l’amélioration du profil inflammatoire. Le second objectif de cette étude était de déterminer si la variation du tissu adipeux viscéral est associée aux changements dans les concentrations sanguines des marqueurs inflammatoires. Méthodes: Soixante-dix femmes post-ménopausées en surpoids ou obèses ont été randomisées dans un des deux groupes suivants : (1) Contrôle ou (2) Entraînement en résistance. La composition corporelle (absorptiométrie double à rayons X et tomographie axiale) et les marqueurs inflammatoires (protéine C-réactive, orosomucoïde, haptoglobine) ont été évalués avant et après la période de suivi d’une durée d’un an. Résultats: Suite à la période de suivi, un regain significatif de poids corporel et de masse grasse était observé dans le groupe contrôle et le groupe entraînement en résistance (p < 0,05). Une réduction des concentrations sériques de l’orosomucoïde et une hausse des niveaux sériques de l’haptoglobine étaient également notées dans les deux groupes (p < 0,05). La variation du tissu adipeux viscéral était seulement associée aux changements dans les concentrations sériques de la protéine C-réactive (r = 0,373, p < 0,05). Conclusion: Nos résultats suggèrent que l’entraînement en résistance ne prévient pas le regain de poids corporel et ne majore pas l’amélioration du profil inflammatoire chez des femmes post-ménopausées en surpoids ou obèses. De plus, nos résultats indiquent que la variation du tissu adipeux viscéral ne semble pas être un facteur clé impliqué dans les changements des concentrations sanguines des marqueurs inflammatoires.

Relations entre les facteurs de risque maternels et l’indice de masse corporelle d’enfants québécois avec surcharge pondérale dans un hôpital de soins tertiaires

L’étiologie de l’obésité infantile est multifactorielle et complexe. Le patrimoine génétique tout comme l’environnement d’un enfant peuvent favoriser l’apparition d’un surplus de poids. C’est pourquoi plusieurs études se sont penchées sur le lien entre l’environnement familial et en particulier le rôle de la mère et le risque d’obésité chez l’enfant. L’objectif est de mieux comprendre quels sont les facteurs de risque maternels spécifiques à chaque population afin de mieux prévenir ce fléau. Ce projet a donc cherché à identifier quelles sont les relations entre les facteurs de risque maternels et l’indice de masse corporelle d’enfants québécois avec surcharge pondérale. Parmi les facteurs de risque étudiés, on note des liens entre le niveau de scolarité de la mère, son statut familial et son niveau d’insécurité alimentaire. Sur le plan cognitif et comportemental, le lien entre l’indice de masse corporelle (IMC) de l’enfant et la perception maternelle du poids de son enfant ainsi que le niveau de restriction alimentaire maternel ont également été analysés. Au total, 47 entrevues ont été complétées par téléphone auprès des mères d’enfants obèses ou en embonpoint grâce à un large questionnaire destiné à décrire le profil des familles consultant les cliniques externes du CHU Ste Justine. Les tests de Fisher pour les variables catégorielles, le test de T de comparaison des moyennes du Z-score de l’IMC des enfants ont permis d’effectuer les analyses statistiques. Les résultats obtenus démontrent qu’un lien existe entre le niveau de scolarité maternel et la présence d’insécurité alimentaire. De même, il a été possible de constater que les enfants avec une mère restrictive des apports alimentaires de leur enfant avaient un Z-score de l’IMC significativement plus élevé. Ces résultats suggèrent qu’il existe des liens entre le profil socio-économique et comportemental de la mère et le surplus de poids de l’enfant. Des tests auprès d’un plus large échantillon seront nécessaires afin de confirmer ces résultats, l’objectif étant, entre autres, de mieux cibler les enfants à risque d’embonpoint ou d’obésité et de mieux outiller les professionnels de la santé en contact avec ces familles.

Étude de la fonction vasculaire et du remodelage cardiaque avant l’établissement de l’obésité et de la dyslipidémie chez les rats femelles Sprague-Dawley recevant une diète riche en gras

Des lacunes existent au niveau des connaissances concernant les modifications cardiovasculaires manifestées avant l’établissement d’obésité et en absence d’hyperlipidémie. Dans cette optique, la présente étude a testé l'hypothèse générale qui stipule que l’administration d’une diète riche en gras pour une période de 8 semaines chez les rats femelles influence négativement la fonction et le remodelage cardiaque, avant le développement de l’obésité et en absence d’hyperlipidémie et d’hyperglycémie. Afin de répondre à cette problématique, des rats femelles Sprague-Dawley ont été assignés à une diète standard (SD; 12,5% lipides, kcal) ou riche en gras (HF; 42% lipides, kcal) pour une période de 8 semaines. Cette durée était insuffisante pour induire le développement d’une dyslipidémie ou une augmentation significative de la masse corporelle chez les animaux HF(329±14g) comparativement aux rates SD (300±10g). Toutefois, une hypertension artérielle s’est développée chez les rates HF (130±4 vs 108±6 mmHg, p<0,05), accompagnée d’une altération des relaxations aortiques dépendantes de l’endothélium (relaxation maximale : 22±5% versus 53±8%, pour les animaux HF et SD respectivement, p<0,05). L’administration orale chronique de l’antioxydant resvératrol (RES; 20 mg·kg-1·jr-1) a prévenu le développement de ces altérations pathologiques, attestant d’une implication du stress oxydant. Au niveau cardiaque, le RES n’a toutefois pas inhibé le développement de fibrose périvasculaire secondaire à l’administration de la diète riche en gras. Suite à une insulte d’ischémie-reperfusion, la taille (SD : 0,29±0,09 versus HF : 0,32±0,13 cm), l’épaisseur (SD : 0,05±0,02 versus HF : 0,06±0,01 cm) et le contenu en collagène α1 type 1 (SD : 0,21±0,04 versus HF : 0,20±0,04 unités arbitraires/mm2) de la cicatrice du coeur infarci des rats HF étaient comparables au coeur infarci des rats SD. Malgré ces similitudes, le taux de décès était significativement (p<0,05) plus élevé chez les rats HF (56%) comparativement aux rats SD (5%). L’approche par électrophysiologie a démontré que l’administration de la diète riche en gras était associée à une augmentation (p<0,05) du nombre d’extrasystoles ventriculaires induites. Cette élévation de l’incidence était associé à une hyperinnervation sympathique fonctionnelle, tel que démontré par une élévation (p<0,05) de la densité des fibres neurofilament-M (HF : 2830±250 versus SD : 2020±260 μm2/mm2) et de la protéine de l’hydroxylase de la tyrosine. La fonctionnalité des jonctions intercellulaires était également atteinte, caractérisée par une latéralisation et internalisation de connexine 43 ainsi qu’une diminution de l’expression de connexine 40 au niveau des disques intercalaires. Ainsi, avant l’établissement de l’obésité et d’une dyslipidémie, les rats femelles modestement hypertendus présentent un phénotype arythmogénique cardiaque en partie dû à une hyperinnervation sympathique et une expression altérée concomitante de la distribution et de l’expression des jonctions intercellulaires. L’absence de symptômes cliniques d’obésité dans la présente étude ne fournit aucun indice au clinicien quant à la susceptibilité accrue aux arythmies ventriculaires. Ainsi, en présence d’une hypertension artérielle modérée chez un patient non-obèse, une mesure de l’activité sympathique par la quantification des niveaux circulants de catécholamines pourrait être bénéfique afin de détecter les patients à risque de mort subite.