API documentation with executable examples

The rise of component-based software development has created an urgent need for effective application program interface (API) documentation. Experience has shown that it is hard to create precise and readable documentation. Prose documentation can provide a good overview but lacks precision. Formal methods offer precision but the resulting documentation is expensive to develop. Worse, few developers have the skill or inclination to read formal documentation. We present a pragmatic solution to the problem of API documentation. We augment the prose documentation with executable test cases, including expected outputs, and use the prose plus the test cases as the documentation. With appropriate tool support, the test cases are easy to develop and read. Such test cases constitute a completely formal, albeit partial, specification of input/output behavior. Equally important, consistency between code and documentation is demonstrated by running the test cases. This approach provides an attractive bridge between formal and informal documentation. We also present a tool that supports compact and readable test cases; and generation of test drivers and documentation, and illustrate the approach with detailed case studies. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

Aprender a governar: a aprendizagem de funcion??rios p??blicos para as carreiras de estado

Esta tese investiga como dois grupos de funcion??rios p??blicos seleciona dos para as carreiras de Estado no Brasil aprendem a desempenhar as suas fun????es. Deste m odo, busca compreender os processos de aprendizagem, formais e informais, da e ntrada desses servidores p??blicos como alunos nos espa??os destinados ?? sua forma????o, at?? sua inser ????o nos espa??os de trabalho, como aprendizes. A pesquisa justifica-se porque, sendo as am ostras estudadas consideradas boas refer??ncias no servi??o p??blico, faz-se necess??ri o compreender como se d?? a aprendizagem para o exerc??cio dessas carreiras de Estado. Quatro dimens??es s??o consideradas para investigar a aprendizagem dos funcion??rios p??blicos: primeira, o surgimento e evolu????o da forma????o em administra????o p??bli ca no Pa??s. Segunda, as escolas de governo, lugares prop??cios ?? aprendizagem, influente s para a administra????o p??blica do Pa??s, inclinados ?? discuss??o de novas solu????es e cr??ticos na identifica????o, an??lise e apropria????o das experi??ncias verificadas em outras realidades. Te rceira, os cursos de forma????o inicial, espa??os para o primeiro contato com a fun????o escol hida e os seus desafios, saberes necess??rios e ferramentas dispon??veis. Quarta, a inse r????o no ambiente de trabalho, decisiva para o processo de aprendizagem social dos funcion??rios novatos por interm??dio das comunidades de pr??tica.

Inserção profissional: que caminho(s)?

Dissertação apresentada à Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa para obtenção de grau de mestre em Ciências da Educação - Especialidade em Supervisão em Educação

Impact of europeanization in policy network governance pattrons

Comunicação apresentada na 30th Sunbelt Social Networks Conference, em Riva del Garda, Itália, a 3 de Julho de 2010.

Expectativas de responsabilidade filial e orientação da responsabilidade no cuidado aos idosos

RESUMO: Muitos desenvolvimentos demográficos e estruturais ocorreram nas relações intergeracionais, os quais provocaram um impacto nas ligações familiares, tais como o aumento da longevidade e as alterações da dinâmica estrutural e social da família, tendo sido colocado em causa a vitalidade das obrigações familiares e solidariedade familiar, nomeadamente entre pais e filhos adultos. Assim, com este estudo pretendeu-se verificar a presença de solidariedade entre pais e os seus filhos adultos, assim como as expectativas de responsabilidade filial dos pais e as suas opiniões e preferências no que se refere à orientação da responsabilidade para família/ serviços públicos no cuidado aos idosos. De forma a alcançar os objectivos, foi aplicado um questionário a 97 alunos, da Universidade Sénior da Póvoa de Santa Iria, com 55 ou mais anos e que tivessem pelo menos um filho adulto. Foi possível chegar à conclusão de que existe solidariedade entre pais e filhos adultos, assim como os pais consideram que existe uma responsabilidade mista (família/Estado) no cuidado aos idosos e que preferem os apoios formais em detrimento dos informais (familiares) – contrariando a orientação familística. Contudo, apesar disso continuam a apresentar expectativas elevadas em relação à responsabilidade que os filhos devem ter para com os pais, nomeadamente a nível da dimensão de apoio emocional, sendo a dimensão de apoio instrumental a excepção. Desta forma, é possível concluir que há uma tendência por parte da população inquirida em preferir a complementaridade de apoios formais e informais, com consequente especialização de tarefas: instrumental e emocional, respectivamente-----------ABSTRACT: Intergenerational relations have been affected by demographical and structural changes that had impact on family relationships. The increase in life expectancy and the changes in the families’ structural and social dynamics have put at risk the vitality of family obligations and solidarity, namely between parents and adult children. Therefore, this research aimed at studying the existence of solidarity between parents and adult children as well as the parents’ expectations towards their children’s responsibilities and their views and preferences on family and welfare state responsibility as far as elderly people are concerned. In order to achieve this, a questionnaire was devised and subsequently applied to 97 participants attending the Universidade Sénior in Póvoa de Santa Iria, aged 55 or older, with at least one adult child. The results indicate that there is solidarity between parents and adult children and that parents consider that both the family and the state should share the responsibility towards elderly people. Moreover, the study proves that formal support is preferred to the detriment of an informal one (family), which contradicts the familistic approach. However, parents evince high expectations as far as children responsibility towards them is concerned, specially in terms of emotional support. This does not apply, however, to the instrumental support domain. In conclusion, the study indicates that the participants tend to prefer the complementariness of formal and informal support with subsequent task specialisation: instrumental and emotional, respectively.

A família cuidadora perante a dependência do seu familiar idoso

RESUMO: O envelhecimento demográfico tem vindo a acentuar-se nas últimas décadas. É expectável um aumento mais acentuado no número de pessoas com mais de 80 anos, o que importará maiores custos médicos, mais suporte familiar e comunitário, maior probabilidade de cuidados de longa duração devido à prevalência de doenças crónicas. Conduzindo a uma maior procura de apoios formais e informais. A preocupação com aqueles que atingem idades avançadas tem vindo a suscitar inquietação face à urgência de necessidades de suporte, sentidas por familiares, amigos e vizinhos. A questão central que orientou este estudo diz respeito aos familiares cuidadores ou gestores de cuidados do seu familiar idoso dependente e ao idoso dependente. Procurei identificar quais as dificuldades sentidas e as estratégias desenvolvidas pela família cuidadora ou gestora dos cuidados prestados ao idoso dependente, descrever e caracterizar a dependência destes idosos. É um estudo transversal, exploratório, descritivo, de abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa. Apliquei um questionário a 25 familiares cuidadores ou gestores dos cuidados a idosos dependentes, internados nos serviços de medicina e cirurgia de um hospital privado, Hospital CUF Descobertas, possuindo previamente alguma dependência. Dos dados obtidos ressalta que as principais dificuldades sentidas pelos familiares cuidadores ou gestores dos cuidados são essencialmente na gestão do tempo e a saúde do cuidador. Estratégias mais desenvolvidas foram o recurso a empregada doméstica e a outros familiares. Posso Concluir que há uma tendência preferencial por parte da família, na complementaridade de apoios informais e formais para prestar os cuidados ao idoso dependente no seio da família.------------ ABSTRACT: Demographic aging has risen progressively over the past decades. The number of people over the age of 80 years old is expected to increase considerably and surely result in the rise of medical costs, the growing need for additional community and family support, higher probability of long-term medical care due to the increased risk of chronic disease and the seeking of help regarding formal and informal support. The concern with persons that attain advanced age has brought about a certain degree of uneasiness regarding the urgency of the need of support systems felt by family members, friends, neighbours. The main topic that has steered this study pertains to the family caregivers or the care managers of dependant elderly relatives and dependant elderly persons. I endeavoured to identify encountered difficulties and the strategies undertaken by family caregivers or care managers in regard to the elderly dependant, to describe and characterize the nature of the dependency of these elderly persons. Furthermore, this study could be defined as being wide-reaching, exploratory and descriptive, by means of a qualitative and quantitative approach. I utilized a questionnaire that involved 25 family caregivers and care managers of dependant elderly (hospitalized in medical or surgery wards of private hospital, CUF Descobertas Hospital and suffering from some type of dependency). Conclusions: The main difficulties felt by family caregivers or care managers are primarily related to time management and the health of the caregiver. Let it be mentioned that more developed strategies were adopted such as the employment/recruitment of a housemaid and the help of other relatives. In sum, it can be concluded that there is a preferential tendency by families in seeking the complementarity of informal and formal support in order to provide the necessary care to the dependent elderly in the family environment.

O papel e a participação do terapeuta da fala nas equipas locais de intervenção precoce

Dissertação de mestrado em Educação Especial (área de especialização em Intervenção Precoce)

Intervenção precoce na perturbação do espetro do autismo: preocupações e apoios das famílias

Dissertação de mestrado em Educação Especial (área de especialização em Intervenção Precoce)

Gare aux hybrides : mythes et réalités de la gouvernance de la mondialisation

Hybrid is often used as a default attribute reflecting lack of clear understanding of the influence of new patterns and actors of structural change beyond states, firms and institutions traditionally involved in regulatory practices across nations. The article argues that the notion of hybrid has a distinct relevance for engaging shortcomings of global governance literature. It explores the lessons to be drawn from ancient mythology by highlighting that ontological ambiguity and emotional ambivalence represent core features of hybrid creatures. It then builds upon critical scholarship in global political economy to conceptualise three generic levels of transfers of authority at which situating the hybrid dimension of governance in contemporary capitalism. Following this approach, the concept of hybrid explicates the ambiguity between formal and informal transfers of authority, which in turn provides an insight into the contested nature of the procedures used to reinforce this type of governance practices.

Beyond the Transatlantic Divide: The Multiple Authorities of Standards in the Global Political Economy of Services

This paper explores the plurality of institutional environments in which standards for the service sector are expected to support the rise of a global knowledge-based economy. Despite the careful wording of the World Trade Organization (WTO), a whole range of international bodies still have the capacity to define technical specifications affecting how services are expected to be traded on worldwide basis. The analysis relies on global political economy approaches to extend to the area of service standards the assumption that the process of globalization is not opposing states and markets, but a joint expression of both of them including new patterns and agents of structural change through formal and informal power and regulatory practices. It analyses on a cross-institutional basis patterns of authority in the institutional setting of service standards in the context of the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), the European Union, and the United States. In contrast to conventional views opposing the American system to the ISO/European framework, the paper questions the robustness of this opposition by showing that institutional developments of service standards are likely to face trade-offs and compromises across those systems and between two opposing models of standardisation.

Connecting The Dots: What Is The Current Process ForReintegrating Cape Verdean Immigrants Deported From The United States?

The current issue of deportation is a global concern that is demanding the attention of human rights leaders, activists and global citizens. Small island nations, such as, the Cape Verde Islands, are experiencing difficulties reintegrating deported immigrants arriving from both the United States and Europe. According to the Consulate of Cape Verde’s database, one Cape Verdean immigrant was deported in 1987. Twenty years later, 108 deportation cases are pending—the highest number of pending cases to date. This issue is a reflection of the Western countries’ immigration and human rights policies that are affecting many developing countries. This capstone research focuses primarily on the reintegration program managed by the Cape Verdean government, the reintegration process of the deported immigrants from the United States and the islanders’ experiences throughout this process. This issue is examined through the eyes of a Cape Verdean immigrant living in the United States witnessing first hand the negative impacts these immigration policies have had, and continue to have, in the Cape Verdean community in the United States and in Cape Verde. Research was collected through various formal and informal interviews and published documents on this topic. Analysis of the data has revealed that the government’s reintegration program is experiencing difficulties with implementation and financial sustainability. Moreover, the deportees’ reintegration experience varied based on access to government assistance and their interaction with island residents. Subsequently, it is recommended that the reintegration program be evaluated with the purpose to reorganize under new leadership.

Governor's Task Force on Dependent Adults with Mental Retardation Final Report, 2009

On February 17, 2009, Governor Culver signed Executive Order No. 11 to create a Task Force on Dependent Adults with Mental Retardation. The executive order charges the Task Force with the responsibility of recommending steps to strengthen and improve state laws and regulations on the care and treatment of dependent adults with mental retardation. The Final Report includes recommendations that establish or improve systems of coordination between government entities. The report includes a series of proposals from the Department of Human Services (DHS) that redesign the adult abuse assessment process that are necessary for long-term reform. Included in them is a proposal to enhance a community’s capacity to provide a safety net of services, as well as formal and informal supports for vulnerable adults through partnerships among multiple local stakeholders.

Iowa County Engineers Association Service Bureau, TR-417, 2000

The ICEA Service Bureau, created in 1998 after nearly seven years of prior effort, has now existed for 2% years. Although assisted in starting up by a grant of $300,000 from the Iowa Highway Research Board, it now operates exclusively on the basis of dues paid by 98 member counties. Its three person staff operates out of an office in Des Moines, Iowa, where the 28E agency subleases space from the Iowa State Association of Counties. Services, provided via the Internet, include News & updates, Communications support, Files for download, On-line database driven applications, a reference center, and a business area. Future services are being identified by both formal and informal processes and the Bureau has established itself as a valued member of the county engineering world in Iowa.

Preserving the health of ambulance personnel : some preliminary results from a study of pre-hospital emergency interventions

Little is known about the health of ambulance personnel, especially in Switzerland. This lack of knowledge is particularly striking in the specific field of occupational health. This study aims to identify and better understand protective and risk factors affecting the health of ambulance personnel. Both mental and physical health are considered. The approach used comprised two steps. The first step began in July 2008 and consisted in a qualitative study of real work activities performed by ambulance crews involved in pre-hospital emergency interventions. Researchers shadowed ambulance personnel for the duration of their entire work shift, in average for one week. The paper-pen technique was used to note dialogues, interactions, postural aspects, etc. When the situation allowed it, interventions were filmed. Some selected video sequences were used as a support for selfconfrontation interviews. Observations were performed by three researchers and took place in eleven services, for a total of 416 hours of observations (including 72 interventions + waiting time). Analysis, conducted by a multidisciplinary team (an ergonomist, an occupational therapist and a health psychologist), focused on individual and collective strategies used by ambulance personnel to protect their health. The second step, which is currently ongoing, aims to assess global health of ambulance personnel. A questionnaire is used to gather information about musculoskeletal complaints (Nordic questionnaire), mental health (GHQ-12), stress (Effort-Reward imbalance questionnaire), strategies implemented to cope with stress (Brief COPE), and working conditions. Specific items on strategies were developed based on observational data. It will be sent to all ambulance personnel employed in the French-speaking part of Switzerland. Preliminary analyses show different types of strategies used by ambulance personnel to preserve their health. These strategies involve postural aspects (e.g. use doorframe as a support to ease delicate manipulations), work environment adaptations (e.g. move furniture to avoid awkward postures), coping strategies (e.g. humor), as well as organisational (e.g. formal and informal debriefing) and collective (e.g. cooperation) mechanisms. In-depth analysis is still ongoing. However, patient safety and comfort, work environment and available resources appear to influence the choice of strategies ambulance personnel use. As far as possible, the strategies identified will be transformed into educational materials for professional ambulance personnel.

Extending Learning Objects by Means of Social Networking

Learning objects have been the promise of providing people with high quality learning resources. Initiatives such as MIT Open-CourseWare, MERLOT and others have shown the real possibilities of creating and sharing knowledge through Internet. Thousands of educational resources are available through learning object repositories. We indeed live in an age of content abundance, and content can be considered as infrastructure for building adaptive and personalized learning paths, promoting both formal and informal learning. Nevertheless, although most educational institutions are adopting a more open approach, publishing huge amounts of educational resources, the reality is that these resources are barely used in other educational contexts. This paradox can be partly explained by the dificulties in adapting such resources with respect to language, e-learning standards and specifications and, finally, granularity. Furthermore, if we want our learners to use and take advantage of learning object repositories, we need to provide them with additional services than just browsing and searching for resources. Social networks can be a first step towards creating an open social community of learning around a topic or a subject. In this paper we discuss and analyze the process of using a learning object repository and building a social network on the top of it, with respect to the information architecture needed to capture and store the interaction between learners and resources in form of learning object metadata.