Performing right: legal constraints and Beckett’s plays on BBC television

Drawing on BBC archival documentation, this article outlines how BBC television versions of Beckett’s plays were affected by copyright. Rights to record and broadcast original drama for the screen differ from those governing adaptations of existing theatre plays. Rights can be assigned for specific territories and periods of time, and are negotiated and traded via complex contractual agreements. Examining how Beckett’s agents and the BBC dealt with rights sheds new light on the history of his work on television.

No asylum for “Infiltrators”: the legal predicament of Eritrean and Sudanese nationals in Israel

This article explores the precarious status of Eritrean and Sudanese nationals in Israel. Having crossed the Israeli-Egyptian border without authorisation and not through an official border crossing, Israeli law defines such individuals as ‘infiltrators’, a charged term which dates back to border-crossings into Israel by Palestinian Fedayeen in the 1950s. Eritreans and Sudanese nationals constitute over 90 percent of ‘infiltrators’ in Israel. Their livelihood is curtailed through hostility, sanctions, and detention, while (at the time of writing) Israel refrains from deporting them to their respective countries of origin, recognising that such forced removal could expose them to risks to their lives and/or freedom. Israel was the 10th state to ratify the 1951 Refugee Convention, and has acceded to its 1967 Protocol which removed the 1951 Convention’s temporal and geographic restrictions, yet it has not incorporated these treaties into its domestic law not has it enacted primary legislation that sets eligibility criteria for ‘refugee’ status and regulates the treatment of asylum-seekers. Israeli law also fails to accord subsidiary protection status to persons that the state considers to be non-removable, whether or not they satisfy the definition of a ‘refugee’ under the 1951 Convention. Absent legal recognition of ‘refugee’, ‘asylum-seeker’, and ‘beneficiary of subsidiary protection’ statuses, Eritreans and Sudanese nationals are left in legal limbo for an indefinite period qua irregular non-removable persons. This article takes stock of their legal predicament.

EU free movement law and the legal recognition of same-sex relationships: the case for mutual recognition

This article seeks to examine the cross-border legal recognition of same-sex relationships in the EU. Although the Member States maintain an exclusive competence in the field of family law and, thus, it is up to them to determine whether they will provide a legal status to same-sex couples within their territory, they need to exercise their powers in that field in a way that does not violate EU law. This, it is suggested, requires that Member States mutually recognize the legal status of same-sex couples and do not treat same-sex couples worse than opposite-sex couples, if the basis of the differentiation is, merely, the (homosexual) sexual orientation of the two spouses/partners. Nonetheless, the current legal framework does not make it clear that Member States are under such an obligation. The main argument of the article, therefore, is that the EU must adopt a more hands-on approach towards this issue.

Legal and regulatory barriers to effective public-private partnership governance in Kazakhstan

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical assessment of legal and regulatory impediments to effective governance of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in Kazakhstan. Design/methodology/approach – The qualitative study develops propositions from the PPP literature and then tests them against findings from in-depth interviews. Interviewees have been selected by a purposeful sampling from PPP projects in Kazakhstan as well as from national and regional PPP centres. Findings – The identified barriers to effective PPP management include irregularities in the PPP legal framework, such as lack of legal definition of a PPP and controversy with the government guarantee’s legal status for its long-term payments to partnerships; bureaucratic tariff setting for partnership services; non-existent opportunity for private asset ownership; and excessive government regulation of PPP workers’ wage rates. Practical implications – The partners’ opposing perspectives on a number of PPP issues show that management needs to identify and carefully reconcile stakeholder values in a partnership in order to achieve more effective PPP governance. Practitioners, particularly those in the public agencies, have to be concerned with ways to reduce the government overregulation of the private operators, which is likely to result in greater PPP flexibility in management and, ultimately, higher efficiency in delivering the public services. Originality/value – By elucidating multiple examples of overregulation and PPPs’ inefficiency, the paper demonstrates that the government dominance in PPP management is conceptually inappropriate. Instead, the government should adopt the concept of co-production and manage its relations with the private sector partner in a collaborative fashion.

The role of big data in governance: a regulatory and legal perspective of analytics in global financial services

This paper discusses how global financial institutions are using big data analytics within their compliance operations. A lot of previous research has focused on the strategic implications of big data, but not much research has considered how such tools are entwined with regulatory breaches and investigations in financial services. Our work covers two in-depth qualitative case studies, each addressing a distinct type of analytics. The first case focuses on analytics which manage everyday compliance breaches and so are expected by managers. The second case focuses on analytics which facilitate investigation and litigation where serious unexpected breaches may have occurred. In doing so, the study focuses on the micro/data to understand how these tools are influencing operational risks and practices. The paper draws from two bodies of literature, the social studies of information systems and finance to guide our analysis and practitioner recommendations. The cases illustrate how technologies are implicated in multijurisdictional challenges and regulatory conflicts at each end of the operational risk spectrum. We find that compliance analytics are both shaping and reporting regulatory matters yet often firms may have difficulties in recruiting individuals with relevant but diverse skill sets. The cases also underscore the increasing need for financial organizations to adopt robust information governance policies and processes to ease future remediation efforts.

Agribusiness Opportunity Costs and Environmental Legal Protection: Investigating Trade-Off on Hotspot Preservation in the State of So Paulo, Brazil

Prior to deforestation, So Paulo State had 79,000 km(2) covered by Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) physiognomies, but today less than 8.5% of this biodiversity hotspot remains, mostly in private lands. The global demand for agricultural goods has imposed strong pressure on natural areas, and the economic decisions of agribusiness managers are crucial to the fate of Cerrado domain remaining areas (CDRA) in Brazil. Our aim was to investigate the effectiveness of Brazilian private protected areas policy, and to propose a feasible alternative to promote CDRA protection. This article assessed the main agribusiness opportunity costs for natural areas preservation: the land use profitability and the arable land price. The CDRA percentage and the opportunity costs were estimated for 349 municipal districts of So Paulo State through secondary spatial data and profitability values of 38 main agricultural products. We found that Brazilian private protected areas policy fails to preserve CDRA, although the values of non-compliance fines were higher than average opportunity costs. The scenario with very restrictive laws on private protected areas and historical high interest rates allowed us to conceive a feasible cross compliance proposal to improve environmental and agricultural policies.

On Qualitative Probabilities for Legal Reasoning about Evidence

A crucial aspect of evidential reasoning in crime investigation involves comparing the support that evidence provides for alternative hypotheses. Recent work in forensic statistics has shown how Bayesian Networks (BNs) can be employed for this purpose. However, the specification of BNs requires conditional probability tables describing the uncertain processes under evaluation. When these processes are poorly understood, it is necessary to rely on subjective probabilities provided by experts. Accurate probabilities of this type are normally hard to acquire from experts. Recent work in qualitative reasoning has developed methods to perform probabilistic reasoning using coarser representations. However, the latter types of approaches are too imprecise to compare the likelihood of alternative hypotheses. This paper examines this shortcoming of the qualitative approaches when applied to the aforementioned problem, and identifies and integrates techniques to refine them.

Legal LEGO: Model based computer assisted teaching in evidence courses

This paper describes the development of a new approach to the use of ICT for the teaching of courses in the interpretation and evaluation of evidence. It is based on ideas developed for the teaching of science to school children, in particular the importance of models and qualitative reasoning skills. In the first part, we make an analysis of the basis of current research into “evidence scholarship” and the demands such a system would have to meet. In the second part, we introduce the details of such a system that we developed initially to assist police in the interpretation of evidence.

A garantia constitucional do devido processo legal na investigação criminal defensiva: contraditório e ampla defesa

A presente monografia tem por finalidade, demonstrar a possibilidade de se adotar a Investigação Criminal Defensiva no Ordenamento Jurídico Brasileiro, tendo em vista as Garantias Constitucionais que a amparam no âmbito do Devido Processo Legal, em especial os Princípios Constitucionais da Ampla Defesa e do Contraditório, tendo em vista os benefícios que esse tipo de investigação poderia trazer à pessoa do indiciado, uma vez que poderia trazer um maior equilíbrio entre as partes, uma celeridade processual, além de uma maior amplitude de elementos que irão formar a convicção do órgão do Ministério Público.

Diretrizes da política de financiamento da educação básica brasileira : continuidades e inflexões no ordenamento constitucional-legal : 1987-1996

O estudo enfoca as diretrizes da política de financiamento da educação básica brasileira, propugnadas ou estabelecidas no ordenamento constitucional-legal, no período compreendido entre os anos de 1987 a 1996, buscando analisar seu movimento textual a partir da articulação com as bases que lhes dão funcionalidade. As diretrizes consideradas são: descentralização, regime de colaboração, responsabilização dos órgãos educacionais e controle público e social da gestão financeira, estabilidade relativa do volume de recursos disponíveis para a educação, hierarquização da alocação de recursos e objetivação de critérios para fixação e distribuição de recursos. Os momentos da produção legislativa analisados são a Assembléia Nacional Constituinte, a Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação, a Emenda Constitucional N.º 14/96 e a Lei N.º 9.424/96, ao que se acrescenta o planejamento da Educação para Todos. O foco de análise recai sobre o teor de proposições e do produto, interpretando a configuração das competências e da colaboração entre as esferas de governo no financiamento da educação básica. Ao longo do período, e em cada fórum, o movimento textual operado nas disposições normativas incidentes sobre a política de financiamento da educação revela dissensos entre os sujeitos, marcadamente no referente à regulação das relações entre o público e o privado, entre a sociedade política e a sociedade civil e entre as esferas de governo no campo educacional. O embate entre “a liberdade de ensinar” e “uma filosofia democrática da educação” foi central na ANC. A longa gestação da LDB passou pela “conciliação aberta”, pelo “sonho demiúrgico” do senador Darcy Ribeiro e pela busca de constituição de um “novo consenso”, a partir do governo FHC. O Plano Decenal de Educação para Todos criou as expectativas de uma “revolução silenciosa” e “uma nova ética de gestão” A Emenda 14/96 e a Lei N.º 9.424 inseriram-se na intenção do Executivo Federal de implantar uma “política esclarecida”, cujo eixo central, o FUNDEF, ou “fundo Robin Hood”, foi questionado pela possibilidade de implantação da “socialização da miséria” no que diz respeito à disponibilidade de recursos financeiros. Na década, foram assumindo maior relevância as deliberações e os conflitos em torno às competências e à colaboração entre as esferas de governo no financiamento da educação, interpondo-se, também, os referentes às relações entre a sociedade política e a sociedade civil na formulação da política educacional, sendo progressivamente secundarizado o conflito entre o público e o privado. O que ficou contemplado, e o que foi excluído ou desconsiderado em cada fase, expressam, também, o campo de possibilidades permitido pela correlação de forças no contexto político mais geral do país e no Parlamento Federal. No final do intervalo, verifica-se que o ordenamento em foco foi enquadrado no programa reformista da administração pública, integrante da estratégia de ajuste estrutural, sendo, portanto, transversalizado por uma lógica pragmática na distribuição de encargos educacionais e dos recursos financeiros para a manutenção e desenvolvimento do ensino público.

Da invisibilidade à regularização fundiária : a trajetória legal da moradia de baixa renda em Porto Alegre-século XX

O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar a evolução da legislação urbanística do município de Porto Alegre, ao longo de todo o século XX, no que diz respeito ao tratamento que a mesma dispensou aos territórios de moradia da população de baixa renda nesta cidade do Sul do Brasil. Através de uma ampla pesquisa na legislação urbanística foi possível identificar seis grandes "Ciclos" históricos na trajetória da política habitacional conduzida pelo Governo municipal: 1. A invisibilização 2. A expulsão . 3. Provisão privada de lotes e moradias na NÃO CIDADE 4. A transição 5. Provisão Estatal de moradias na NÃO CIDADE 6. Direito à cidade: a Regularização Fundiária A investigação permitiu desvendar linhas de continuidade entre diferentes ciclos bem como sinais evidentes de ruptura com estratégias tradicionais de condução da política habitacional, principalmente no último período investigado, coincidente com o período imediatamente posterior à promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988. Utilizando como matéria prima e fonte historiográfica privilegiada a legislação urbanística Municipal, esta investigação tem o mérito de demonstrar a forte relação existente entre a "ordem urbanística", as estratégias governamentais e a História das cidades. Embora se trate de um estudo de caso, o trabalho permite generalizações, e, em boa medida tem capacidade explicativa para a Política habitacional conduzida pelos Governos brasileiros ao longo do século.