Differential forms on Carnot groups

The main goal of this thesis is to understand and link together some of the early works by Michel Rumin and Pierre Julg. The work is centered around the so-called Rumin complex, which is a construction in subRiemannian geometry. A Carnot manifold is a manifold endowed with a horizontal distribution. If further a metric is given, one gets a subRiemannian manifold. Such data arise in different contexts, such as: - formulation of the second principle of thermodynamics; - optimal control; - propagation of singularities for sums of squares of vector fields; - real hypersurfaces in complex manifolds; - ideal boundaries of rank one symmetric spaces; - asymptotic geometry of nilpotent groups; - modelization of human vision. Differential forms on a Carnot manifold have weights, which produces a filtered complex. In view of applications to nilpotent groups, Rumin has defined a substitute for the de Rham complex, adapted to this filtration. The presence of a filtered complex also suggests the use of the formal machinery of spectral sequences in the study of cohomology. The goal was indeed to understand the link between Rumin's operator and the differentials which appear in the various spectral sequences we have worked with: - the weight spectral sequence; - a special spectral sequence introduced by Julg and called by him Forman's spectral sequence; - Forman's spectral sequence (which turns out to be unrelated to the previous one). We will see that in general Rumin's operator depends on choices. However, in some special cases, it does not because it has an alternative interpretation as a differential in a natural spectral sequence. After defining Carnot groups and analysing their main properties, we will introduce the concept of weights of forms which will produce a splitting on the exterior differential operator d. We shall see how the Rumin complex arises from this splitting and proceed to carry out the complete computations in some key examples. From the third chapter onwards we will focus on Julg's paper, describing his new filtration and its relationship with the weight spectral sequence. We will study the connection between the spectral sequences and Rumin's complex in the n-dimensional Heisenberg group and the 7-dimensional quaternionic Heisenberg group and then generalize the result to Carnot groups using the weight filtration. Finally, we shall explain why Julg required the independence of choices in some special Rumin operators, introducing the Szego map and describing its main properties.

Regularity of solutions of the p-Laplace equation in the Heisenberg group

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Famiglie Normali per Operatori Sub-ellittici e i Teoremi di Montel e Koebe

Scopo della tesi è di estendere un celebre teorema di Montel, sulle famiglie normali di funzioni olomorfe, all'ambiente sub-ellittico delle famiglie di soluzioni u dell'equazione Lu=0, dove L appartiene ad un'ampia classe di operatori differenziali alle derivate parziali reali del secondo ordine in forma di divergenza, comprendente i sub-Laplaciani sui gruppi di Carnot, i Laplaciani sub-ellittici su arbitrari gruppi di Lie, oltre all'operatore di Laplace-Beltrami su varietà di Riemann. A questo scopo, forniremo una versione sub-ellittica di un altro notevole risultato, dovuto a Koebe, che caratterizza le funzioni armoniche come punti fissi di opportuni operatori integrali di media con nuclei non banali. Sarà fornito anche un adeguato sostituto della formula integrale di Cauchy.

Micro-simulation models at neighbourhood scale: the interplay of agents, buildings, activities and transport.

Urban systems consist of several interlinked sub-systems - social, economic, institutional and environmental – each representing a complex system of its own and affecting all the others at various structural and functional levels. An urban system is represented by a number of “human” agents, such as individuals and households, and “non-human” agents, such as buildings, establishments, transports, vehicles and infrastructures. These two categories of agents interact among them and simultaneously produce impact on the system they interact with. Try to understand the type of interactions, their spatial and temporal localisation to allow a very detailed simulation trough models, turn out to be a great effort and is the topic this research deals with. An analysis of urban system complexity is here presented and a state of the art review about the field of urban models is provided. Finally, six international models - MATSim, MobiSim, ANTONIN, TRANSIMS, UrbanSim, ILUTE - are illustrated and then compared.

Influence of microstructure variability on short crack growth behavior

Fatigue life in metals is predicted utilizing regression analysis of large sets of experimental data, thus representing the material’s macroscopic response. Furthermore, a high variability in the short crack growth (SCG) rate has been observed in polycrystalline materials, in which the evolution and distributionof local plasticity is strongly influenced by the microstructure features. The present work serves to (a) identify the relationship between the crack driving force based on the local microstructure in the proximity of the crack-tip and (b) defines the correlation between scatter observed in the SCG rates to variability in the microstructure. A crystal plasticity model based on the fast Fourier transform formulation of the elasto-viscoplastic problem (CP-EVP-FFT) is used, since the ability to account for the both elastic and plastic regime is critical in fatigue. Fatigue is governed by slip irreversibility, resulting in crack growth, which starts to occur during local elasto-plastic transition. To investigate the effects of microstructure variability on the SCG rate, sets of different microstructure realizations are constructed, in which cracks of different length are introduced to mimic quasi-static SCG in engineering alloys. From these results, the behavior of the characteristic variables of different length scale are analyzed: (i) Von Mises stress fields (ii) resolved shear stress/strain in the pertinent slip systems, and (iii) slip accumulation/irreversibilities. Through fatigue indicator parameters (FIP), scatter within the SCG rates is related to variability in the microstructural features; the results demonstrate that this relationship between microstructure variability and uncertainty in fatigue behavior is critical for accurate fatigue life prediction.

Sovratensioni atmosferiche in linee elettriche miste di tipo aerea-cavo affluenti a stazioni di trasformazione

L’obiettivo di questa tesi di laurea è stato la valutazione delle sovratensioni generate da una scarica atmosferica in linee miste di tipo aerea-cavo affluenti a stazioni di trasformazione. Lo studio si è incentrato sul caso della fulminazione diretta su una fase della linea aerea, il cosiddetto shielding failure, nella situazione peggiore ovvero senza innesco degli spinterometri posti a protezione della catena di isolatori. Applicando la teoria dei diagrammi a graticcio, è stata studiata la propagazione di un’onda di tensione (gradino, triangolo rettangolo e triangolo scaleno), generata da una scarica atmosferica, lungo tre particolari configurazioni di una linea mista AT 132 kV. In particolare, è stato implementato un codice di calcolo in Matlab, con il quale sono state determinate le componenti riflesse, che si formano quando l’onda di tensione incidente va ad impattare nei punti di discontinuità d’impedenza d’onda della linea mista. Tale calcolo ha consentito sia la rappresentazione temporale del transitorio, sia la determinazione del valore di cresta raggiunto dalla sovratensione, in particolari punti sensibili della linea, quali le estremità della linea in cavo ed il collegamento con il trasformatore. Il calcolo analitico è stato poi confrontato con i risultati delle simulazioni relative alla fulminazione diretta su una fase della linea aerea, eseguite con il software EMTPWorks. Il lavoro si è incentrato in particolar modo, sulla determinazione del modello che va a simulare la linea mista presa in considerazione, anche mediante il confronto con un noto caso di studio riportato sulle pubblicazioni.