898 resultados para hybrid renewable energy systems
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Os mercados de energia elétrica são atualmente uma realidade um pouco por todo o mundo. Contudo, não é consensual o modelo regulatório a utilizar, o que origina a utilização de diferentes modelos nos diversos países que deram início ao processo de liberalização e de reestruturação do sector elétrico. A esses países, dado que a energia elétrica não é um bem armazenável, pelo menos em grandes quantidades, colocam-se questões importantes relacionadas com a gestão propriamente dita do seu sistema elétrico. Essas questões implicam a adoção de regras impostas pelo regulador que permitam ultrapassar essas questões. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo feito aos mercados de energia elétrica existentes um pouco por todo o mundo e que o autor considerou serem os mais importantes. Foi também feito um estudo de ferramentas de otimização essencialmente baseado em meta-heurísticas aplicadas a problemas relacionados com a operação dos mercados e com os sistemas elétricos de energia, como é o exemplo da resolução do problema do Despacho Económico. Foi desenvolvida uma aplicação que simula o funcionamento de um mercado que atua com o modelo Pool Simétrico, em que são transmitidas as ofertas de venda e compra de energia elétrica por parte dos produtores, por um lado, e dos comercializadores, consumidores elegíveis ou intermediários financeiros, por outro, analisando a viabilidade técnica do Despacho Provisório. A análise da viabilidade técnica do Despacho Provisório é verificada através do modelo DC de trânsito de potências. No caso da inviabilidade do Despacho Provisório, por violação de restrições afetas ao problema, são determinadas medidas corretivas a esse despacho, com base nas ofertas realizadas e recorrendo a um Despacho Ótimo. Para a determinação do Despacho Ótimo recorreu-se à meta-heurística Algoritmos Genéticos. A aplicação foi desenvolvida no software MATLAB utilizando a ferramenta Graphical User Interfaces. A rede de teste utilizada foi a rede de 14 barramentos do Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). A aplicação mostra-se competente no que concerne à simulação de um mercado com tipo de funcionamento Pool Simétrico onde são efetuadas ofertas simples e onde as transações ocorrem no mercado diário, porém, não reflete o problema real relacionado a este tipo de mercados. Trata-se, portanto, de um simulador básico de um mercado de energia cujo modelo de funcionamento se baseia no tipo Pool Simétrico.
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Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica Ramo Energia
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Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
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Mestrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica – Sistemas Eléctricos de Energia
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A realização deste trabalho teve como principal objectivo proceder ao projecto e realização de dois sistemas de produção de perfis pultrudidos híbridos a acoplar aos equipamentos de pultrusão já instalados na ALTO – PERFIS PULTRUDIDOS, Lda. A realização de perfis pultrudidos híbridos visa melhorar as características de isolamento térmico e acústico dos tubos habitualmente feitos por pultrusão, incrementando simultaneamente a sua resistência, através da melhoria do momento de inércia do perfil, sem que haja um aumento significativo do peso do conjunto. O projecto teve como base de trabalho dois sistemas de produção completamente distintos: (a) a existência de barras de cortiça e de poliuretano (pré-formas) sobre as quais se vai efectuar a pultrusão de um tubo que abraça as barras e (b) o uso de resíduos de pultrusão como forma de enchimento dos tubos, durante o seu processo produtivo. Estes equipamentos foram projectados e parcialmente fabricados, antevendo-se que os mesmos entrem em funcionamento muito brevemente.
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Trabalho Final de Mestrado para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica /Energia
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Smart grids with an intensive penetration of distributed energy resources will play an important role in future power system scenarios. The intermittent nature of renewable energy sources brings new challenges, requiring an efficient management of those sources. Additional storage resources can be beneficially used to address this problem; the massive use of electric vehicles, particularly of vehicle-to-grid (usually referred as gridable vehicles or V2G), becomes a very relevant issue. This paper addresses the impact of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in system operation costs and in power demand curve for a distribution network with large penetration of Distributed Generation (DG) units. An efficient management methodology for EVs charging and discharging is proposed, considering a multi-objective optimization problem. The main goals of the proposed methodology are: to minimize the system operation costs and to minimize the difference between the minimum and maximum system demand (leveling the power demand curve). The proposed methodology perform the day-ahead scheduling of distributed energy resources in a distribution network with high penetration of DG and a large number of electric vehicles. It is used a 32-bus distribution network in the case study section considering different scenarios of EVs penetration to analyze their impact in the network and in the other energy resources management.
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This paper describes preliminary work on the generation of synthesis gas from water electrolysis using graphite electrodes without the separation of the generated gases. This is an innovative process, that has no similar work been done earlier. Preliminary tests allowed to establish correlations between the applied current to the electrolyser and flow rate and composition of the generated syngas, as well as a characterisation of generated carbon nanoparticles. The obtained syngas can further be used to produce synthetic liquid fuels, for example, methane, methanol or DME (dimethyl ether) in a catalytic reactor, in further stages of a present ongoing project, using the ELECTROFUEL® concept. The main competitive advantage of this project lies in the built-in of an innovative technology product, from RE (renewable energy) power in remote locations, for example, islands, villages in mountains as an alternative for energy storage for mobility constraints.
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The use of a solar photovoltaic (PV) panel simulator can be a valued tool for the design and evaluation of the several components of a photovoltaic system. This simulator is based on power electronic converter controlled in such a way that will behave as a PV panel. Thus, in this paper a PV panel simulator based on a two quadrant DC/DC power converter is proposed. This topology will allow to achieve fast responses, like suddenly changes in the irradiation and temperature. To control the power converter it will be used a fast and robust sliding mode controller. Therefore, with the proposed system I-V curve simulation of a PV panel is obtained. Experimental results from a laboratory prototype are presented in order to confirm the theoretical operation.
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This work presents and analyses the fat and fuel properties and the methyl ester profile of biodiesel from animal fats and fish oil (beef tallow, pork lard, chicken fat and sardine oil). Also, their sustainability is evaluated in comparison with rapeseed biodiesel and fossil diesel, currently the dominant liquid fuels for transportation in Europe. Results show that from a technological point of view it is possible to use animal fats and fish oil as feedstock for biodiesel production. From the sustainability perspective, beef tallow biodiesel seems to be the most sustainable one, as its contribution to global warming has the same value of fossil diesel and in terms of energy efficiency it has the best value of the biodiesels under consideration. Although biodiesel is not so energy efficient as fossil diesel there is room to improve it, for example, by replacing the fossil energy used in the process with renewable energy generated using co-products (e.g. straw, biomass cake, glycerine).
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This paper is about a PV system connected to the electric grid by power electronic converters, using classical PI controller. The modelling for the converters emulates the association of a DC-DC boost with a two-level power inverter (TwLI) or three-level power inverter (ThLI) in order to follow the performance of a testing experimental system. Pulse width modulation (PWMo) by sliding mode control (SMCo) associated with space vector modulation (SVMo) is applied to the boost and the inverter. The PV system is described by the five parameters equivalent circuit. Parameter identification and simulation studies are performed for comparison with the testing experimental system.
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Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica Ramo Energia
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Master Thesis to obtain the Master degree in Chemical Engineering - Branch Chemical Processes
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This paper proposes an implementation, based on a multi-agent system, of a management system for automated negotiation of electricity allocation for charging electric vehicles (EVs) and simulates its performance. The widespread existence of charging infrastructures capable of autonomous operation is recognised as a major driver towards the mass adoption of EVs by mobility consumers. Eventually, conflicting requirements from both power grid and EV owners require automated middleman aggregator agents to intermediate all operations, for example, bidding and negotiation, between these parts. Multi-agent systems are designed to provide distributed, modular, coordinated and collaborative management systems; therefore, they seem suitable to address the management of such complex charging infrastructures. Our solution consists in the implementation of virtual agents to be integrated into the management software of a charging infrastructure. We start by modelling the multi-agent architecture using a federated, hierarchical layers setup and as well as the agents' behaviours and interactions. Each of these layers comprises several components, for example, data bases, decision-making and auction mechanisms. The implementation of multi-agent platform and auctions rules, and of models for battery dynamics, is also addressed. Four scenarios were predefined to assess the management system performance under real usage conditions, considering different types of profiles for EVs owners', different infrastructure configurations and usage and different loads on the utility grid (where real data from the concession holder of the Portuguese electricity transmission grid is used). Simulations carried with the four scenarios validate the performance of the modelled system while complying with all the requirements. Although all of these have been performed for one charging station alone, a multi-agent design may in the future be used for the higher level problem of distributing energy among charging stations. Copyright (c) 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Comunicação apresentada no VIII Congresso de Geografia Portuguesa, na Reitoria da Universidade de Lisboa a 27 de outubro de 2011