Effects of nutrition on digestión efficicency and gaseous emissions from slurry in growing-finishing pigs. I. Influence of the inclusión of two levels of orange pulp and carb meal in isofibrous diets

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of increasing the level of two sources of fibrous by-products, orange pulp (OP) and carob meal (CM), in iso-NDF growing-finishing pig diets on nutrient balance, slurry composition and potential ammonia (NH3) and methane (CH4) emissions. Thirty pigs (85.4 ± 12.3 kg) were fed five iso-nutritive diets: a commercial control wheat/barley (C) and four experimental diets including two sources of fibrous by-products (OP and CM) and two dietary levels (75 and 150 g/kg) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. After a 14-day adaptation period, faeces and urine were collected separately for 7 days to measure nutrient digestibility and the excretory patterns of N from pigs (6 replicates per diet) housed individually in metabolic pens. For each animal, the derived NH3 and CH4 emissions were measured in samples of slurry over an 11- and 100-day storage periods, respectively. Source and level of the fibrous by-products affected digestion efficiency in a different way as the coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), fibre fractions and gross energy increased with OP but decreased with CM (P < 0.05). Crude protein CTTAD decreased with the inclusion of both sources of fibre, being lower at the highest dietary level. Faecal concentration of fibre fractions increased (P < 0.05) with the level of inclusion of CM but decreased with that of OP (P < 0.01). High dietary level for both sources of fibre increased (P < 0.02) CP faecal content but urine N content decreased (from 205 to 168 g/kg DM, P < 0.05) in all the fibre-supplemented compared to C diet. Additionally, the proportions of undigested dietary, water soluble, and bacterial and endogenous debris of faecal N excretion were not affected by treatments. The initial slurry characteristics did not differ among different fibre sources and dietary levels, except pH, which decreased at the highest by-product inclusion levels. Ammonia emission per kg of slurry was lower in all the fibre-supplemented diets than in C diet (from 2.44 to 1.81 g, P < 0.05). Additionally, slurries from the highest dietary level of by-products tended (P < 0.06) to emit less NH3 per kg of initial total Kjeldahl N and showed a lower B0, independently of the fibre source. Thus, the fibre sources and their dietary levels affected pig nutrient digestion and composition of urine and faeces, showing potential to decrease NH3 and CH4 emissions at high levels of inclusion, independently of type of fibre.

Efecto sobre el rendimiento productivo y calidad de la canal de la inclusión de guisantes (Pisum sativum) y alberjón (Vicia narbonensis) en el pienso de lechones y cerdos de cebo

Las leguminosas grano presentan un perfil nutricional de gran interés para alimentación de ganado porcino, debido principalmente a su elevado contenido proteico. Sin embargo, la presencia de factores antinutritivos (FAN), que según el género difieren en calidad y cantidad, condiciona la absorción de la proteína, el nutriente más valorado. El objetivo de esta Tesis Doctoral ha sido el estudio del efecto de los principales FAN de guisante y alberjón sobre el rendimiento productivo, de canal y de piezas nobles, cuando sustituyen a la soja, parcial o totalmente, durante la fase estárter y el periodo de engorde de cerdos grasos. Con este motivo se llevaron a cabo 4 ensayos con machos castrados y la misma línea genética: híbrido Duroc x (Landrace x Large white). En el ensayo 1, se estudió la influencia de distintos niveles de inhibidores de proteasas (IP) en el pienso sobre la productividad de lechones durante la fase estárter (40 a 61 días de edad). Para ello, se utilizaron tres variedades de guisantes de invierno que contenían diferentes cantidades de IP, tanto de tripsina (IT) como de quimotripsina (IQ) [unidades de tripsina inhibida/mg (UTI), unidades de quimotripsina inhibida/mg (UQI): 9,87- 10,16, 5,75-8,62 y 12,55-15,75, para guisantes Cartouche, Iceberg y Luna, respectivamente] más elevadas que en la harina de soja 47 (HnaS) y en la soja extrusionada (SE) (UTI/mg - UQI/mg: 0,61-3,56 y 2,36-4,65, para HnaS y SE, respectivamente). El diseño experimental fue al azar, con cuatro tratamientos dietéticos que diferían en las fuentes proteicas y en la cantidad de IP, enfrentando un pienso control de soja a otros tres piensos con guisantes de invierno de las variedades indicadas, que sustituían parcialmente a la soja. Cada tratamiento se replicó cuatro veces, siendo la celda con 6 lechones la unidad experimental. Los animales que consumieron el pienso con guisante Cartouche tuvieron más ganancia media diaria (GMD) que el resto (P < 0,001) con el mismo consumo medio diario (CMD) e índice de conversión (IC). No hubo diferencias significativas entre los animales del pienso control y los que consumieron piensos con guisantes Iceberg y Luna. En el ensayo 2 la leguminosa objeto de estudio fue el alberjón y su FAN el dipéptido _Glutamyl-S-Ethenyl-Cysteine (GEC). El diseño y el periodo experimental fueron los mismos que en el ensayo 1, con cuatro dietas que variaban en el porcentaje de alberjones: 0%, 5%, 15% y 25%, y de GEC (1,54% del grano). Los lechones que consumieron el pienso con 5% tuvieron un CMD y GMD más elevado (P < 0,001), con el mismo IC que los animales pertenecientes al tratamiento 0%. Los índices productivos empeoraron significativamente y de manera progresiva al aumentar el porcentaje de alberjones (15 y 25%). Se obtuvieron ecuaciones de regresión con estructura polinomial que fueron significativas tanto para el nivel de alberjón como para la cantidad de GEC presente en el pienso. El ensayo 3 se efectuó durante el periodo de engorde, sustituyendo por completo la soja a partir de los 84 días de edad con las tres variedades de guisantes de invierno, observando el efecto sobre el rendimiento productivo, de canal y piezas nobles. El diseño, en bloques completos al azar, tuvo cuatro tratamientos según el guisante presente en el pienso y, por lo tanto, los niveles de IP: Control-soja, Cartouche, Iceberg y Luna, con 12 réplicas de 4 cerdos por tratamiento. De 84 a 108 días de edad los animales que consumieron los piensos Control-soja e Iceberg, tuvieron el mismo CMD y GMD, empeorando en los cerdos alimentados con Luna y Cartouche (P < 0,05). El IC fue igual en los tratamientos Control-soja e Iceberg, ocupando una posición intermedia en Cartouche y peor en los cerdos del pienso Luna (P < 0,001). De 109 a 127 días de edad la GMD y el IC fueron iguales, con un CMD más elevado en Control-soja e Iceberg que en los cerdos que consumieron Cartouche y Luna (P < 0,05). No hubo diferencias significativas durante el acabado (128 a 167 días de edad). Globalmente el CMD y GMD fueron más elevados en los cerdos que comieron los piensos Iceberg y Control-soja, empeorando por igual en los que comieron Cartouche y Luna (P < 0,05); el IC fue el mismo en todos los tratamientos. No se observaron diferencias en los datos relacionados con peso y rendimiento de canal y piezas nobles (jamón, paleta y chuletero), ni del contenido de grasa intramuscular en el lomo y proporción de ácidos grasos principales (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1n-9) en la grasa subcutánea. En el ensayo 4, realizado durante el periodo de engorde (60 a 171 días de edad), se valoró el efecto de dietas con distintos niveles de alberjones, y en consecuencia de su factor antinutritivo el dipéptido GEC, sobre el rendimiento productivo y la calidad de la canal y piezas nobles. El diseño fue en cuatro bloques completos al azar, con cuatro tratamientos según el porcentaje de inclusión de alberjón en el pienso: 0%, 5%, 15% y 25%, con 12 réplicas por tratamiento y cuatro cerdos en cada una de ellas. El tratamiento con 5% mejoró la GMD al final de la fase de cebo (152 días de vida) y, junto con el 0%, presentaron los resultados más favorables de peso e IC al final del ensayo (171 días de vida). Del mismo modo, el peso y rendimiento de canal fueron más elevados en los cerdos alimentados con los tratamientos 0% y 5% (P < 0,001). Piensos con el 15 y 25% de alberjones empeoraron los resultados productivos, así como el rendimiento y peso de canal. Sucedió lo mismo con el peso de las piezas nobles (jamón, paleta y chuletero), significativamente superior en 0% y 5% frente a 15% y 25%, siendo los cerdos que consumieron este último pienso los peores. Por el contrario el rendimiento de jamón y chuletero fue más elevado en los cerdos de los tratamientos 25% y 15% que en los que consumieron los piensos con 5% y 0% (P < 0,001); en el rendimiento de paletas se invirtieron los resultados, siendo mayores en los animales de los tratamientos 0% y 5% (P < 0,001). Se obtuvieron ecuaciones de regresión polinomial, para estimar las cantidades de inclusión de alberjones y de GEC más favorables desde el punto de vista productivo, así como los contrastes ortogonales entre los distintos tratamientos. ABSTRACT The grain legumes have a nutritional profile of great interest to feed pigs, mainly due to high protein content. However, the presence of antinutritional factors (ANF), which differ in quality and quantity according to gender, hinder the absorption of the protein, the most valuable nutrient. The aim of this thesis was to study the effect of the main ANF of pea and narbon vetch (NV) on productive performance, of the carcass and main lean cuts, when replacing soybean, partially or totally, during the starter phase and the fattening period of heavy pigs. For this reason were carried four trials with barrows and the same genetic line: Duroc hybrid x (Landrace x Large white). In trial 1, was studied the influence of different levels of protease inhibitors (PI) in the diet over productivity of piglets during the starter phase (40-61 days of age). For this, were used three varieties of winter peas containing different amounts of PI, both trypsin (TI) and chymotrypsin (CI) [inhibited units/mg trypsin (TIU), inhibited units/mg chymotrypsin (CIU): 9.87 - 10.16, 5.75 - 8.62 and 12.55 - 15.75, for peas Cartouche, Iceberg and Luna, respectively] higher than in soybean meal 47 (SBM) and soybeans extruded (SBE) (TIU/mg - CIU/mg: 0.61 - 3.56 and 2.36 - 4.65 for SBM and SBE, respectively). The design was randomized with four dietary treatments differing in protein sources and the amount of PI, with a control diet of soybean and three with different varieties of winter peas: Cartouche, Iceberg and Luna, which partially replace soybean. Each treatment was replicated four times, being the pen with 6 piglets the experimental unit. Pigs that ate the feed with pea Cartouche had better growth (ADG) than the rest (P < 0.001), with the same average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). There were no significant differences between piglets fed with control diet and those fed Iceberg and Luna diets. In trial 2 the legume under study was the NV and your ANF the dipeptide _Glutamyl FAN-S-Ethenyl-Cysteine (GEC). The experimental period and the design were the same as in trial 1, with four diets with different percentage of NV: 0%, 5%, 15% and 25%, and from GEC (1.52% of the grain). The piglets that consumed the feed containing 5% had higher ADG and ADFI (P < 0.05), with the same FCR that pigs belonging to the 0% treatment. Production rates worsened progressively with increasing percentage of NV (15 and 25%). Were obtained regression equations with polynomial structure that were significant for NV percentage and amount of GEC present in the feed. The test 3 was carried out during the fattening period, completely replace soy from 84 days of age with three varieties of winter peas, observing the effect on the yield, carcass and main lean cuts. The design, randomized complete blocks, had four treatments with different levels of PI: Control-soy, Cartouche, Iceberg and Luna, with 12 replicates of 4 pigs per treatment. From 84 to 108 days of age the pigs fed with Control-soy and Iceberg feed, had the same ADFI and ADG, worsening in pigs fed with Luna and Cartouche (P < 0.05). The FCR was similar in diets Control-soy and Iceberg, occupying an intermediate position in Cartouche and worse in pigs fed with Luna (P < 0.001). From 109-127 days of age the ADG and FCR were equal, with higher ADFI in pigs fed with Control-soy and Iceberg, regarding pigs fed with Cartouche and Luna (P < 0.05). There was no difference in the finishing phase (128-167 days of age). In global period, the ADFI and ADG were higher in pigs that ate Control-soy and Iceberg, and worse in those who ate Cartouche and Luna. The FCR was the same in all treatments. No significant differences were observed in the data related to weight and carcass yield, main lean cuts (ham, shoulder and loin chop) and intramuscular fat loin content and major fatty acids proportion (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1n-9) of subcutaneous fat. In experiment 4, made during the fattening period (60-171 days of age), was assessed the effect of diets with different levels of NV, and consequently of GEC, in the performance and quality of carcass and main lean cuts. There was a completely randomized design with four dietary treatments differing in percentage of NV: 0%, 5%, 15% and 25%, with 12 replicates per treatment and four pigs each. Treatment with 5% improved the ADG at the end of the fattening phase (152 days of age) and, together with 0%, showed the most favorable body weight and FCR at the end of the trial (171 days of age). Similarly, the weight and performance of carcass were higher for pigs fed with diets 0% and 5% (P < 0.05). Diets with 15 and 25% worsened the productive and carcass results. The weight of the main lean cuts (ham, shoulder and loin chop) was significantly higher in 0% and 5% vs 15% and 25%.The diet 25% was the worst of all. By contrast the performance of ham and loin chop was higher in pigs fed with diets 25% and 15%, that those who ate diets with 5% and 0% (P < 0.001); the results of shoulder performance were reversed, being greater in pigs feed with diets 0% and 5% (P < 0.001). Polynomial regression equations were obtained to estimate the percentage of NV and GEC more favorable from the point of view of production, and orthogonal contrasts between treatments.

Influence of source and micronization of soya bean meal on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and ileal mucosal morphology of Iberian piglets

The effects of inclusion in the diet of different sources of soya bean meal (SBM) on growth performance, total tract apparent digestibility (TTAD) and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of major dietary components and mucosal ileum morphology were studied in Iberian pigs weaned at 30 days of age. From 30 to 51 days of age (phase I), there was a control diet based on regular soya bean meal (R-SBM; 44% CP) of Argentina (ARG) origin and five extra diets in which a high-protein soya bean meal (HP-SBM; 49% CP) of the USA or ARG origin, either ground (990 ?m) or micronized (60 ?m), or a soya protein concentrate (SPC; 65% CP) substituted the R-SBM. From 51 to 61 days of age (phase II), all pigs were fed a common commercial diet in mash form.

Influence of glycerin and lecithin inclusion in the diet on liver characteristics and lipid fraction in the serum of brownegg laying hens at 55 week of age

The effects of the inclusion of raw glycerin (GLYC) and raw lecithin, in the diet (23 to 55 wk) on liver characteristics and various serum lipid fractions were studied in brown egg-laying hens at 55 wk of age. The control diets were based on corn, soybean meal, and 4% supplemental fat and contained 2,750 kcal AMEn/kg, 16.5% CP, and 0.73% digestible Lys. The diets were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial with 2 levels of GLYC (0 and 7%) and 3 animal fat to lecithin ratios (4:0, 2:2, and 0:4%). Each treatment was replicated 8 times and the experimental unit was a cage with 10 hens. At 55 wk of age, 2 hens per cage replicate were randomly selected, weighed individually, and slaughtered by CO2 inhalation. Liver was immediately removed and weighed and the color recorded by spectrophotometry. In addition, blood samples from one bird per replicate were collected from the wing vein and the concentration of total cholesterol, low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides were determined. The data were analyzed as a completely randomized design and the main effects of GLYC and lecithin content of the diet and the interactions were determined. No interactions between GLYC and lecithin content of the diets were detected for any of the variables studied. Liver characteristics and serum lipid traits were not affected by the inclusion of GLYC in the diet. The substitution of animal fat by lecithin, however, reduced the redness (a* 14.9 to 13.8) and yellowness (b* 8.60 to 7.20) values of the liver (P < 0.05) but did not affect the content of serum lipid fractions. It is concluded that the inclusion of GLYC and lecithin in the diet did not affect liver size or serum lipid fraction. However, the inclusion of lecithin reduced the a* and b* value of the liver

Production of biodiesel from animal fat using supercritical ethanol

Biodiesel is currently produced from a catalytic transesterification reaction of various types of edible and non-edible oil with methanol. The use of waste animal tallow instead of edible oils opens a route to recycle this waste. This material has the advantage of lower costs but the problem of high content of free fatty acids, becoming necessary a pre-esterification reaction that increases the cost of the catalytic process. The production of biodiesel using supercritical alcohols is appropriate for materials with high acidity and water content, therefore the use of this process with animal fat is a promising alternative. Ethanol has been used because it can be produced from biomass via fermentation resulting in a complete renewable biodiesel, instead of methanol that derives from fossil feedstocks. Two different processes have been studied: first, the direct transesterification of animal fat using supercritical ethanol and second a two-step process where the first step is a hydrolysis of the animal fat and the second step is the esterification of the resulting fatty acids. The temperature, the molar ratio ethanol:fat and the time have been modified in the different reactions to study the effect in the final conversion and the degradation of the unsaturated fatty acid esters, main inconvenient of these high temperature and pressure processes.

Expression of the CD36 homolog (FAT) in fibroblast cells: effects on fatty acid transport.

An adipocyte membrane glycoprotein, (FAT), homologous to human CD36, has been previously implicated in the binding/transport of long-chain fatty acids. It bound reactive derivatives of long-chain fatty acids and binding was specific and associated with significant inhibition of fatty acid uptake. Tissue distribution of the protein and regulation of its expression were also consistent with its postulated role. In this report, we have examined the effects of FAT expression on rates and properties of fatty acid uptake by Ob17PY fibroblasts lacking the protein. Three clones (P21, P22, and P25) were selected based on FAT mRNA and protein levels. Cell surface labeling could be demonstrated with the anti-CD36 antibody FITC-OKM5. In line with this, the major fraction of immunoreactive FAT was associated with the plasma membrane fraction. Assays of oleate and/or palmitate uptake demonstrated higher rates in the three FAT-expressing clones, compared to cells transfected with the empty vector. Clone P21, which had the highest protein levels on Western blots, exhibited the largest increase in transport rates. Fatty acid uptake in FAT-expressing P21 cells reflected two components, a phloretin-sensitive high-affinity saturable component with a Km of 0.004 microM and a basal phloretin-insensitive component that was a linear function of unbound fatty acid. P21 cells incorporated more exogenous fatty acid into phospholipids, indicating that binding of fatty acids was followed by their transfer into the cell and that both processes were increased by FAT expression. The data support the interpretation that FAT/CD36 functions as a high-affinity membrane receptor/transporter for long-chain fatty acids.

Apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in dietary ingredients for broiler chickens

The apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of amino acids in 107 samples representing 22 food ingredients were determined using 6-week-old broiler chickens. The ingredients assayed included five cereals ( barley, maize, sorghum, triticale and wheat), two cereal by-products ( rice polishings and wheat middlings), four oilseed meals ( canola, cottonseed, soyabean and sunflower meals), full-fat canola, maize gluten meal, four grain legumes ( chickpeas, faba beans,field peas and lupins) and five animal protein sources ( blood, feather,fish, meat and meat and bone meals). The mean ileal digestibility coefficients of amino acids in wheat and maize were higher than those in sorghum, triticale and barley. However, variations observed in individual amino acid digestibilities among samples within cereal type were greater than those determined between cereals. Threonine and lysine were the least digestible indispensable amino acids in the five cereals evaluated. The most digestible indispensable amino acid was phenylalanine in wheat and, leucine in maize and sorghum. In the case of the wheat middlings and rice polishings, threonine was the least digestible indispensable amino acid and arginine was the best digested. In the oilseed meals assayed, amino acid digestibility was highest for soya-bean and sunflower meals, intermediate for canola meal and lowest for cottonseed meal. Ileal digestibility coefficients of amino acids in lupins were found to be slightly lower than those in soya-bean meal. The amino acid digestibilities of field peas, faba beans and chickpeas were considerably lower than those of lupins. Digestibility of arginine was the highest and that of threonine was the lowest of the indispensable amino acids in oilseed meals and grain legumes, except in cottonseed meal. Lysine was the least digestible amino acid in cottonseed meal. In the animal protein sources assayed, digestibility coefficients of amino acids in blood meal were high, intermediate in fish meal, and low in meat meal, meat and bone meal and feather meal. Variation in amino acid digestibility coefficients determined for blood meal samples was small. However, wide variations in amino acid digestibilities were observed for other animal protein sources, highlighting significant batch-to-batch differences. In particular, marked variations were determined for meat meal and meat and bone meal samples. Cystine was the least digested amino acid in animal protein meals, with the exception of blood meal in which isoleucine had the lowest digestibility. The limitations of using apparent digestibility values in diet formulations and the concept of the standardized digestibility system to overcome these limitations are discussed.

Significance of frictional heating for effects of high pressure homogenisation on milk

High pressure homogenisation (HPH) is a novel dairy processing tool, which has many effects on enzymes, microbes, fat globules and proteins in milk. The effects of HPH on milk are due to a combination of shear forces and frictional heating of the milk during processing; the relative importance of these different factors is unclear, and was the focus of this study. The effect of milk inlet temperature (in the range 10-50 degrees C) on residual plasmin, alkaline phosphatase, lactoperoxidase and lipase activities in raw whole bovine milk homogenised at 200 MPa was investigated. HPH caused significant heating of the milk; outlet temperature increased in a linear fashion (0(.)5887 degrees C/degrees C, R-2 =0-9994) with increasing inlet temperature. As milk was held for 20 s at the final temperature before cooling, samples of the same milk were heated isothermally in glass capillary tubes for the same time/temperature combinations. Inactivation profiles of alkaline phosphatase in milk were similar for isothermal heating or HPH, indicating that loss of enzyme activity was due to heating alone. Loss of plasmin and lactoperoxidase activity in HPH milk, however, was greater than that in heated milk. Large differences in residual lipase activities in milks subjected to heating or HPH were observed due to the significant increase in lipase activity in homogenised milk. Denaturation of beta-lactoglobulin was more extensive following HPH than the equivalent heat treatment. Inactivation of plasmin was correlated with increasing fat/serum interfacial area but was not correlated with denaturation of beta-lactoglobulin. Thus, while some effects of HPH on milk are due to thermal effects alone, many are induced by the combination of forces and heating to which the milk is exposed during HPH.

Palm kernel meal in broiler diets: effect on chicken performance and health

An increase in the production of palm kernel meal (PKM) coupled with the concern for continued availability of conventional feedstuffs in some parts of the world has led to research to establish the maximum inclusion level of palm kernel meal in broiler diets. The results suggested that palm kernel meal has no anti-nutritional properties and thus its inclusion is safe up to at least 40% in the diet, provided the diet is balanced in amino acids and metabolisable energy. Although feed digestibility is decreased due to high dietary fibre when PKM is included in the diet, the feed intake is increased. This makes total digestible nutrient intake relatively high. beta-mannan is the main component of palm kernel meal non-starch polysaccharide (NSP). Both mannose and manno-oligosaccharides have been reported to act as prebiotics. The inclusion of palm kernel meal in the diet improves the immune system of birds and reduces pathogenic bacteria and increases the population of nonpathogenic bacteria in the intestine. These two benefits should be considered as strong recommendations for using palm kernel meal in broiler diets, particularly in palm kernel meal producing countries, not only for increasing bird productivity but also to improve chicken health. Selective enzyme addition increases feed efficiency and digestibility as well as decreasing the moisture content of faeces.

Does high intensity resistance training maintain bone mass during moderate weight loss in older overweight adults with type 2 diabetes

The aim was to investigate whether the addition of supervised high intensity progressive resistance training to a moderate weight loss program (RT+WLoss) could maintain bone mineral density (BMD) and lean mass compared to moderate weight loss (WLoss) alone in older overweight adults with type 2 diabetes. We also investigated whether any benefits derived from a supervised RT program could be sustained through an additional home-based program. This was a 12-month trial in which 36 sedentary, overweight adults aged 60 to 80 years with type 2 diabetes were randomized to either a supervised gymnasium-based RT+WLoss or WLoss program for 6 months (phase 1). Thereafter, all participants completed an additional 6-month home-based training without further dietary modification (phase 2). Total body and regional BMD and bone mineral content (BMC), fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LM) were assessed by DXA every 6 months. Diet, muscle strength (1-RM) and serum total testosterone, estradiol, SHBG, insulin and IGF-1 were measured every 3 months. No between group differences were detected for changes in any of the hormonal parameters at any measurement point. In phase 1, after 6 months of gymnasium-based training, weight and FM decreased similarly in both groups (P < 0.01), but LM tended to increase in the RT+WLoss (n=16) relative to the WLoss (n = 13) group [net difference (95% CI), 1.8% (0.2, 3.5), P < 0.05]. Total body BMD and BMC remained unchanged in the RT+WLoss group, but decreased by 0.9 and 1.5%, respectively, in the WLoss group (interaction, P < 0.05). Similar, though non-significant, changes were detected at the femoral neck and lumbar spine (L2-L4). In phase 2, after a further 6 months of home-based training, weight and FM increased significantly in both the RT+WLoss (n = 14) and WLoss (n = 12) group, but there were no significant changes in LM or total body or regional BMD or BMC in either group from 6 to 12 months. These results indicate that in older, overweight adults with type 2 diabetes, dietary modification should be combined with progressive resistance training to optimize the effects on body composition without having a negative effect on bone health.

Quality of life and application of the transtheoretical model to diabetes self -management behaviors in older adults with type 2 diabetes

One in five adults 65 years and older has diabetes. Coping with diabetes is a lifelong task, and much of the responsibility for managing the disease falls upon the individual. Reports of non-adherence to recommended treatments are high. Understanding the additive impact of diabetes on quality of life issues is important. The purpose of this study was to investigate the quality of life and diabetes self-management behaviors in ethnically diverse older adults with type 2 diabetes. The SF-12v2 was used to measure physical and mental health quality of life. Scores were compared to general, age sub-groups, and diabetes-specific norms. The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) was applied to assess perceived versus actual behavior for three diabetes self-management tasks: dietary management, medication management, and blood glucose self-monitoring. Dietary intake and hemoglobin A1c values were measured as outcome variables. Utilizing a cross-sectional research design, participants were recruited from Elderly Nutrition Program congregate meal sites (n = 148, mean age 75). ^ Results showed that mean scores of the SF-12v2 were significantly lower in the study sample than the general norms for physical health (p < .001), mental health (p < .01), age sub-group norms (p < .05), and diabetes-specific norms for physical health (p < .001). A multiple regression analysis found that adherence to an exercise plan was significantly associated with better physical health (p < .001). Transtheoretical Model multiple regression analyses explained 68% of the variance for % Kcal from fat, 41% for fiber, 70% for % Kcal from carbohydrate, and 7% for hemoglobin A 1c values. Significant associations were found between TTM stage of change and dietary fiber intake (p < .01). Other significant associations related to diet included gender (p < .01), ethnicity (p < .05), employment (p < .05), type of insurance (p < .05), adherence to an exercise plan (p < .05), number of doctor visits/year ( p < .01), and physical health (p < .05). Significant associations were found between hemoglobin A1c values and age ( p < .05), being non-Hispanic Black (p < .01), income (p < .01), and eye problems (p < .05). ^ The study highlights the importance of the beneficial effects of exercise on quality of life issues. Furthermore, application of the Transtheoretical Model in conjunction with an assessment of dietary intake may be valuable in helping individuals make lifestyle changes. ^

Inadequacy of Micronutrients, Fat, and Fiber Consumption in the Diets of Haitian-, African- and Cuban-Americans with and without Type 2 Diabetes

Micronutrient insufficiency, low dietary fiber, and high saturated fat intake have been associated with chronic diseases. Micronutrient insufficiencies may exacerbate poor health outcomes for persons with type 2 diabetes and minority status. We examined dietary intakes using the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) of micronutrients, and Adequate Intakes (AIs) of fiber, and Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) for saturated fat in Haitian-, African-, and Cuban- Americans (n = 868), approximately half of each group with type 2 diabetes. Insufficient intakes of vitamins D and E and calcium were found in over 40 % of the participants. Over 50 % of African- and Cuban- Americans consumed over 10 % of calories from saturated fat. Haitian-Americans were more likely to have insufficiencies in iron, B-vitamins, and vitamins D and E, and less likely to have inadequate intake of saturated fat as compared to Cuban-Americans. Vitamin D insufficiency was more likely for Haitian-Americans as compared to African- Americans. Diabetes status alone did not predict micronutrient insufficiencies; however, Haitian-Americans with no diabetes were more likely to be insufficient in calcium. Adjusting for age, gender, energy, smoking, physical activity, access to health care, and education negated the majority of micronutrient insufficiency differences by ethnicity. These findings suggest that policies are needed to ensure that low-cost, quality produce can be accessed regardless of neighborhood and socioeconomic status.

Challenges in the Management of Geriatric Obesity in High Risk Populations.

The global prevalence of obesity in the older adult population is growing, an increasing concern in both the developed and developing countries of the world. The study of geriatric obesity and its management is a relatively new area of research, especially pertaining to those with elevated health risks. This review characterizes the state of science for this "fat and frail" population and identifies the many gaps in knowledge where future study is urgently needed. In community dwelling older adults, opportunities to improve both body weight and nutritional status are hampered by inadequate programs to identify and treat obesity, but where support programs exist, there are proven benefits. Nutritional status of the hospitalized older adult should be optimized to overcome the stressors of chronic disease, acute illness, and/or surgery. The least restrictive diets tailored to individual preferences while meeting each patient's nutritional needs will facilitate the energy required for mobility, respiratory sufficiency, immunocompentence, and wound healing. Complications of care due to obesity in the nursing home setting, especially in those with advanced physical and mental disabilities, are becoming more ubiquitous; in almost all of these situations, weight stability is advocated, as some evidence links weight loss with increased mortality. High quality interdisciplinary studies in a variety of settings are needed to identify standards of care and effective treatments for the most vulnerable obese older adults.

Analytical strategies for the early quality and safety assurance in the global feed chain. Approaches for nitrogen adulterants in soybean meal and mineral and transformer oils in vegetable oils.

In the past decade, several major food safety crises originated from problems with feed. Consequently, there is an urgent need for early detection of fraudulent adulteration and contamination in the feed chain. Strategies are presented for two specific cases, viz. adulterations of (i) soybean meal with melamine and other types of adulterants/contaminants and (ii) vegetable oils with mineral oil, transformer oil or other oils. These strategies comprise screening at the feed mill or port of entry with non-destructive spectroscopic methods (NIRS and Raman), followed by post-screening and confirmation in the laboratory with MS-based methods. The spectroscopic techniques are suitable for on-site and on-line applications. Currently they are suited to detect fraudulent adulteration at relatively high levels but not to detect low level contamination. The potential use of the strategies for non-targeted analysis is demonstrated.

Dimethyl Acetals, an Indirect Marker of the Endogenous Antioxidant Plasmalogen Level, are Reduced in Blood Lipids of Sudanese Pre-eclamptic Subjects whose Background Diet is High in Carbohydrate

In Sudanese women with (n = 60) and without (n = 65) pre-eclampsia, circulating lipids, plasma and red cell saturated and monounsaturated fatty (MUFA) acids and dimethyl acetals (DMAs) were investigated. DMAs are an indirect marker of levels of plasmalogens, endogenous antioxidants, which play a critical role in oxidative protection, and cholesterol homeostasis. The pre-eclamptics had higher C18:1n-9 (p < 0.001) and ΣMUFA (p < 0.01) in plasma free fatty acids, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-9, ΣMUFA; 16:0/16:1n-7 (p < 0.01) in erythrocyte choline phosphoglycerides (ePC) and 16:1n-7, 18:1n-7 and 16:0/16:1n-7 (p < 0.01) in erythrocyte ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (ePE). In contrast, the DMAs 18:0, 18:1 and ΣDMAs in ePE, and 16:0, 18:0 and ΣDMAs in ePC were reduced (p < 0.001) in the pre-eclamptic women. This study of pregnant women with high carbohydrate and low fat background diet suggests pre-eclampsia is associated with oxidative stress and enhanced activity of the microsomal enzyme stearyl-CoA desaturase (delta 9 desaturase), as assessed by palmitic/palmitoleic (C16:0/C16:n-1) and stearic/oleic (C18/C18:1n-9) ratios.