Sound Art and Spatial Practices: Situating Sound Installation Art Since 1958

This dissertation examines the emergence and development of sound installation art, an under-recognized tradition that has developed between music, architecture, and media art practices since the late 1950s. Unlike many musical works, which are concerned with organizing sounds in time, sound installations organize sounds in space; they thus necessitate new theoretical and analytical models that take into consideration the spatial situated-ness of sound. Existing discourses on “spatial sound” privilege technical descriptions of sound localization. By contrast, this dissertation examines the ways in which concepts of space are socially, culturally, and politically construed, and how spatially-organized sound works reflect and resist these different constructions. Using an interdisciplinary methodology of critical spatial analysis and critical studies in music, this dissertation explores such topics as: conceptions of acoustic space in postwar Western art music, architecture, and media theory; the development of sound installation art in relation to philosophies of everyday life and social space; the historical links between musical performance, conceptual art, and sound sculpture; the body as a site for sound installations; and sonicspatial strategies that confront politics of race and gender. Through these different investigations, this dissertation proposes an “ontopological” model for considering sound: a critical model of analysis and reception that privileges an understanding of sound in relation to ontologies of space and place.

Perceptions of high involvement work practices, person-organization fit and burnout: a time lagged study of health care employees

Previous research demonstrates that high-involvement work practices (HIWPs) may be associated with burnout (emotional exhaustion and depersonalization); however, to date, the process through which HIWPs influence burnout is not clear. This article examined the impact of HIWPs on long-term burnout (emotional exhaustion and depersonalization) by considering the mediating role of person-organization fit (P-O fit) in this relationship. The study used a time-lagged design and was conducted in a Canadian general hospital among health care personnel. Findings from structural equation modeling (N = 185) revealed that perceived HIWPs were positively associated with P-O fit. There was no direct effect of HIWPs on burnout; rather, P-O fit fully mediated the relationship between employee perceptions of HIWPs and burnout. This study fills a void in the HR and burnout literature by demonstrating the role that P-O fit has in explaining how HIWPs alleviate emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Perceptions of high-involvement work practices and burnout: the mediating role of job demands

This study examined the impact of perceived high-involvement work practices on job demands (role conflict, role overload and role ambiguity) and burnout (emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation). The study was conducted in a Canadian general hospital. Findings from structural equation modelling (N = 545) revealed that perceived HIWPs were significantly and negatively related to job demands and burnout. Role conflict and role overload have a significant positive association with emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation. Finally, role conflict and role overload partially mediate the relationship between perceived HIWPs and burnout. We discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of these findings for our understanding of how HIWPs influence the job demands and burnout of employees.

Antecedents and outcomes of downstream environmental logistics practices

This paper considers the antecedents and outcomes of downstream environmental logistics practices within green supply chain management amongst a sample of respondents based in the UK food industry. Framed through the conceptual lens of the natural resource-based view (NRBV) this research specifically considers (i) whether environmentally proactive companies implement environmental practices downstream in their supply chains as an extension of internal environmental practices and (ii) whether such downstream environmental practices influence performance, particularly when there has been engagement with key stakeholders in their implementation. The paper begins by developing a theoretical model grounded in the NRBV. This model and associated hypotheses are tested using Multivariate Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression analysis using data from a sample of 149 firms within the UK food industry. The results provide support for a number of the assumptions implicit in the NRBV confirming the link between environmental proactivity and downstream environmental logistics and the important role of internal environmental practices in facilitating this link. The findings also support a direct link between downstream environmental logistics and both environmental and cost performance, which may be enhanced in the presence of high levels of environmental engagement with customers.

Beyond managerial talent: ‘key group’ identification and differential compensation practices in multinational companies

With the maturation of strategic human resource management scholarship, there appears to be a greater call to move from monolithic workforce management to a more strategic and differentiated emphasis on employees with the greatest capacity to enhance competitive advantage. There has been little consideration in the literature as to whether organizations formally identify key groups of employees based on their impact on organizational learning and core competences. Using survey evidence from 260 multinational companies (MNCs), this paper explores the extent to which key groups of employees are formally recognized and whether they are subject to differential compensation practices. The results demonstrate that just in excess of half of these MNCs identify a key group. There was considerable differentiation in the compensation practices between these key groups, managers and the largest occupational group in the workforce. The results give rise to questions worthy of future investigation, namely whether the differentiated approaches used lead to improved performance outcomes.

Development of the Consumer Refrigerator Safety Questionnaire (CRSQ): A Measure of Consumer Perceptions and Practices

Food preparation and storage behaviors in the home deviating from the ‘best practice’ food safety recommendations may result in food borne illnesses. Currently, there are limited tools available to fully evaluate the consumer knowledge, perceptions and behavior in the area of refrigerator safety. The current study aimed to develop a valid and reliable tool in the form of a questionnaire (CFSQCRSQ) for assessing systematically all these aspects. Items relating to refrigerator safety knowledge (n=17), perceptions (n=46), reported behavior (n=30) were developed and pilot tested by an expert reference group and various consumer groups to assess face and content validity (n=20), item difficulty and item consistency (n=55) and construct validity (n=23). The findings showed that the CFSQCRSQ has acceptable face and content validity with acceptable levels of item difficulty. Item consistency was observed for 12 out of 15 refrigerator safety knowledge. Further, all five of the subscales of consumer perceptions of refrigerator safety practices relating to risk of developing foodborne disease food poisoning showed acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach’s α value > 0.8). Construct validity of the CFSQCRSQ was shown to be very good (p=0.022). The CFSQCRSQ exhibited acceptable test-retest reliability at 14 days with majority of knowledge items (93.3%) and reported behavior items (96.4%) having correlation coefficients of greater than 0.70. Overall, the CFSQCRSQ was deemed valid and reliable in assessing refrigerator safety knowledge and behavior and therefore has the potential for future use in identifying groups of individuals at increased risk of deviating from recommended refrigerator safety practices as well as the assessment of refrigerator safety knowledge, behavior for use before and after an intervention.

A systematic review of evidence-based assessment practices by allied health practitioners for children with cerebral palsy

AIM: The routine use of psychometrically robust assessment tools is integral to best practice. This systematic review aims to determine the extent to which evidence-based assessment tools were used by allied health practitioners for children with cerebral palsy (CP).

METHOD: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis protocols 2015 was employed. A search strategy applied the free text terms: 'allied health practitioner', 'assessment', and 'cerebral palsy', and related subject headings to seven databases. Included articles reported assessment practices of occupational therapists, physiotherapists, or speech pathologists working with children with CP aged 0 to 18 years, published from the year 2000.

RESULTS: Fourteen articles met the inclusion criteria. Eighty-eight assessment tools were reported, of which 23 were in high use. Of these, three tools focused on gross motor function and had acceptable validity for use with children with CP: Gross Motor Function Measure, Gross Motor Function Classification System, and goniometry. Validated tools to assess other activity components, participation, quality of life, and pain were used infrequently or not at all.

INTERPRETATION: Allied health practitioners used only a few of the available evidence-based assessment tools. Assessment findings in many areas considered important by children and families were rarely documented using validated assessment tools.

Mercury in feral fish: distribution, accumulation and toxicity

O principal objectivo desta dissertação foi estudar a acumulação de mercúrio em vários tecidos de peixes marinhos, a sua relação com factores biológicos e as respectivas respostas bioquímicas. O trabalho realizado permitiu obter novos conhecimentos sobre a acumulação de mercúrio em peixes, possibilitando avaliar a influência da biodisponibilidade do elemento e as suas possíveis implicações no ambiente. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Ria de Aveiro (Portugal), uma zona costeira onde existe um gradiente ambiental de mercúrio, o que oferece a oportunidade de estudar a sua acumulação e os seus efeitos tóxicos em condições realísticas. As amostragens foram efectuadas em dois locais considerados críticos em termos de contaminação por mercúrio – Largo do Laranjo (L1 e L2) e num local afastado da principal fonte de poluição, usado como termo de comparação (Referência; R); L1 e L2 corresponderam a locais moderadamente e altamente contaminados, respectivamente. Foram escolhidos juvenis de duas espécies ecologicamente diferentes e representativas da comunidade piscícola local, a tainha garrento (Liza aurata) e o robalo (Dicentrarchus labrax). Em cada local foram recolhidas amostras de água e de sedimento para determinação de mercúrio. Foram quantificadas as concentrações de mercúrio total (T-Hg) e orgânico (O-Hg) em vários tecidos dos peixes, escolhidos tendo em conta a sua função relativamente à toxicocinética e toxicodinâmica de metais. As respostas antioxidantes (Catalase- CAT, glutationa peroxidase- GPx, glutationa reductase- GR, glutationa –S-transferase- GST e conteúdo em glutationa total- GSHt), o dano peroxidativo (LPO) e o conteúdo em metalotioninas (MTs) foram também avaliados. A acumulação de T-Hg foi semelhante para as duas espécies de peixes estudadas, embora D. labrax tenha apresentado concentrações tendencialmente maiores. Ambas as espécies demonstraram capacidade de reflectir o grau de contaminação ambiental existente, indicando claramente que a acumulação depende da concentração ambiental. A acumulação revelou-se específica de cada tecido. O padrão da acumulação em L. aurata foi rim > fígado > músculo > cérebro > guelras > sangue e em D. labrax foi fígado > rim > músculo > cérebro ≈ guelras > sangue. Relativamente à acumulação de OHg, verificou-se que D. labrax exibiu concentrações mais elevadas que L. aurata. Todos os tecidos foram capazes de reflectir diferenças entre R e L2. Os níveis de O-Hg no fígado, músculo e nos conteúdos intestinais foram diferentes entre espécies, sendo mais elevados para D. labrax. As guelras e o intestino foram os tecidos onde se obtiveram os valores mais baixos de O-Hg e observaram-se valores idênticos para as duas espécies. Com excepção das guelras, as concentrações de O-Hg variaram em função do valor observado nos conteúdos intestinais, indicando que a alimentação é a via dominante da acumulação. As concentrações de O-Hg nos conteúdos intestinais revelaram ser uma informação relevante para prever a acumulação de O-Hg nos tecidos, pois verificou-se uma razão praticamente constante entre o teor de mercúrio no fígado, no músculo e nos conteúdos intestinais. A percentagem de O-Hg no músculo e no fígado variou de acordo com o grau de contaminação ambiental e com o tipo de assimilação preferencial do elemento (alimentação vs. água), sugerindo que o fígado exerce um papel protector em relação à acumulação de mercúrio nos outros órgãos. Ambas as espécies de peixes demonstraram ser boas sentinelas da contaminação ambiental com mercúrio (T-Hg e O-Hg), sendo o cérebro e o músculo os tecidos que melhor reflectiram o grau de acumulação com o elemento. A análise conjunta dos dados de bioacumulação e de respostas ao stress oxidativo permitiram estabelecer uma relação entre as concentrações de mercúrio nas guelras, fígado, rim e cérebro e a sua toxicidade. As respostas do cérebro aos efeitos tóxicos do mercúrio revelaram ser específicas de cada espécie. Enquanto que para o cérebro de L. aurata se verificou um decréscimo de todos os parâmetros antioxidantes estudados nos locais contaminados, sem haver evidência de qualquer mecanismo compensatório, no D. labrax observaram-se respostas ambivalentes, que indicam por um lado a activação de mecanismos adaptativos e, por outro, o decréscimo das respostas antioxidantes, ou seja, sinais de toxicidade. Embora em ambas as espécies de peixe fosse evidente uma condição pró-oxidante, o cérebro parece possuir mecanismos compensatórios eficientes, uma vez que não se verificou peroxidação lipídica. As respostas antioxidantes do cérebro de D. labrax foram comparadas em diferentes períodos do ano - quente vs. frio. O período quente mostrou ser mais crítico, uma vez que no período frio não se verificaram diferenças nas respostas entre locais, ou seja, a capacidade antioxidante do cérebro parece ser influenciada pelos factores ambientais. As guelras revelaram susceptibilidade à contaminação por mercúrio, uma vez que se verificou uma tendência para o decréscimo da actividade de CAT em L2 e ausência de indução em L1. O fígado e o rim demonstraram mecanismos adaptativos face ao grau de contaminação moderada (L1), evidenciados pelo aumento de CAT. O rim também demonstrou adaptabilidade face ao grau elevado de contaminação (L2), uma vez que se verificou um aumento GST. Embora o grau de susceptibilidade tenha sido diferente entre os órgãos, não se verificou peroxidação lipídica em nenhum. A determinação do conteúdo em MTs em D. labrax e em L. aurata revelou que este parâmetro depende não só da espécie, mas também do tecido em causa. Assim, em D. labrax foi observado um decréscimo de MTs no cérebro, bem como a incapacidade de síntese de MTs no sangue, guelras, fígado, rim e músculo. Em L. aurata observou-se um aumento do conteúdo em MTs no fígado e no músculo. Estes resultados indicam que a aplicabilidade das MTs como biomarcador de exposição ao mercúrio parece ser incerta, revelando limitações na capacidade de reflectir os níveis de exposição ao metal e por consequência o grau de acumulação. Este trabalho comprova a necessidade de se integrarem estudos de bioacumulação com biomarcadores de efeitos, de modo a reduzir os riscos de interpretações erróneas, uma vez que as respostas nem sempre ocorrem para os níveis mais altos de contaminação ambiental com mercúrio.

‘Racialised’ pedagogic practices influencing young Muslims' physical culture

Background: There is growing concern surrounding the ‘racialised’ body and the way young people develop dispositions towards physical activity (PA) and sports, and more broadly to physical culture. This paper draws on Bourdieu's social theory in an effort to explore the ways in which the intersectionality of various fields (family, religion and school) and their dimensions (culture and social class) influence young Muslims' physical culture. Purpose: More specifically the paper examines the ‘racialised’ pedagogic practices in various fields that influence young Muslims' dispositions to physical culture. Method: The study reports on the voices of 40 participants identifying as young Muslims (12–15 years old; 20 girls and 20 boys) from one secondary school in the South of England, UK. A case study approach was used to explore participants’ understanding, meaning, structural conditions and personal agency with regard to physical culture and ‘racialised’ body pedagogies. Data include semi-structured paired interviews with participants. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. More specifically, thematic analysis based on the notion of ‘fields' informed deductive and inductive procedures. Findings: Results suggested that religion had limited influence on the participants' agency when intersecting with schooling and social class with regard to embodiment of active physical culture. Economic capital, on the other hand, had a considerable influence on participants’ physical culture as it contributed to young people's access to PA opportunities, agency and body pedagogies. In addition, the study concludes that fields outside the school play a significant role in influencing and enabling young Muslims’ physical culture. Conclusions: One of the most significant implications of this study is emphasising that young Muslims should not be viewed as a homogenous group as various fields intersect to influence their participation in physical education and their embodiment of physical culture. Identified fields and their markers make dispositions unique, dependent upon characteristics and their relative influence.

Nutrition and farming practices as modulators of quality in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)

Gilthead seabream is the most important farmed species in the Mediterranean, and knowledge on how common farming practices impact its quality is limited. As such, this Thesis aimed to evaluate how gilthead seabream flesh quality is affected by some of these practices. In Chapter 2, the influence of nutritional factors was evaluated, specifically the high replacement of traditional marine-derived ingredients, both fishmeal and fish oil, with vegetable sources. We have seen that the vegetable-based diets tested did not greatly impact seabream flesh quality, although some alterations were seen in the fatty acid profile of the muscle. However, and despite having caused no alterations in flesh texture, vegetable ingredients reduced the amount of sulphated glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular matrix, affected muscle pH and reduced the activity of proteolytic enzymes. Throughout this Thesis, we measured for the first time the activity of proteolytic enzymes in seabream muscle, and cathepsin B was found to play a pivotal role in post-mortem muscle degradation. In Chapter 3, we evaluated the effect of harvesting and slaughter stress on seabream quality, and contrary to what is seen in most farmed species, our results show that gilthead seabream muscle structure is highly resistant to changes caused by stressful events. Nonetheless, considering that welfare is an increasingly important quality criterion, the use of a zero-withdrawal anaesthetic as a rested harvest technique or even slaughter method could prove valuable to the industry. In Chapter 4, we used maslinic acid as a dietary supplement, to modulate the muscle’s energetic status pre-mortem. As a finishing strategy, maslinic acid failed to increase levels of glycogen and ATP in the muscle. However, supplementation resulted in higher muscle fibre diameter and lower cathepsin B activity, and maslinic acid is likely to be useful to promote growth in this species. In general our Thesis has generated new knowledge to a major challenge facing the aquaculture industry, which is to find a compromise between the trends towards intensive rearing and consumer demand for healthy, high quality seafood being ethically acceptable and having a low impact on the environment.

Governing through community? A comparative study of changing management practices in mixed tenure housing development

An important feature of UK housing policy has been the promotion of consortia between local authorities, private developers and housing associations in order to develop mixed tenure estates to meet a wide range of housing needs. Central to this approach has been a focus on the management of neighbourhoods, based on the assumption that high densities and the inter-mixing of tenure exacerbates the potential for incivility and anti-social behaviour and exerts a disproportionate impact on residents' quality of life. Landlord strategies are therefore based on a need to address such issues at an early stage in the development. In some cases community-based, third sector organisations are established in order to manage community assets and to provide a community development service to residents. In others, a common response is to appoint caretakers and wardens to tackle social and environmental problems before they escalate and undermine residents’ quality of life. A number of innovative developments have promoted such neighbourhood governance approaches to housing practice by applying community development methods to address potential management problems. In the process, there is an increasing trend towards strategies that shape behaviour, govern ethical conduct, promote aesthetic standards and determine resident and landlord expectations. These processes can be related to the wider concept of governmentality whereby residents are encouraged to become actively engaged in managing their own environments, based on the assumption that this produces more cohesive, integrated communities and projects positive images. Evidence is emerging from a number of countries that increasingly integrated and mutually supportive roles and relationships between public, private and third sector agencies are transforming neighbourhood governance in similar ways. This paper will review the evidence for this trend towards community governance in mixed housing developments by drawing on a series of UK case studies prepared for two national agencies in 2007. It will review in particular the contractual arrangements with different tenures, identify codes and guidelines promoting 'good neighbour' behaviour and discuss the role of community development trusts and other neighbourhood organisations in providing facilities and services, designed to generate a well integrated community. The second part of the paper will review evidence from the USA and Australia to see how far there is a convergence in this respect in advanced economies. The paper will conclude by discussing the extent to which housing management practice is changing, particularly in areas of mixed development, whether there is a convergence in practice between different countries and how far these trends are supported by theories of governmentality.