860 resultados para ethylene-propylene terpolymer (EPDM)


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O tema central deste trabalho é a avaliação do valor da opção real de espera do investimento em uma Unidade Separadora de Propeno, em comparação com uma análise estática de Valor Presente Líquido. Para isso, foi exposta a teoria de opções reais, os processos estocásticos para a estimação das suas principais variáveis de incerteza (preço de produto e insumo), bem como a descrição das ferramentas de simulação a serem utilizadas. Com os instrumentos expostos, pretendemos demonstrar aos responsáveis por projetos de investimento que as incertezas podem ser medidas, levando a maior flexibilidade na tomada de decisões. Os resultados obtidos apontam para o exercício imediato da opção pela abordagem de ativos contingentes e resultados divergentes na análise de ativos contingentes em função do diferencial de preços, em função da taxa de dividendos adotada. A influência dos valores da volatilidade e da taxa de dividendos nos resultados também foi avaliada, levando à conclusão de que o primeiro gera impactos maiores no valor da opção do que o segundo.

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Neste trabalho, estudaram-se reações de co- e terpolimerização com sistemas metalocênicos, cocatalisadas por metilaluminoxano (MAO). A estrutura destes complexos foi analisada com respeito aos efeitos estéricos e eletrônicos. A otimização da geometria destes complexos foi realizada através de cálculos de campo de força, e os aspectos eletrônicos dos complexos neutros foram analisados por espectroscopia de UV-visível e fotoeletrônica de raios-X (XPS). A performance catalítica destes complexos foi avaliada com relação à atividade, incorporação de propileno, massa molar média e sua distribuição em diferentes condições de polimerização. O sistema catalítico Et(4-Ph-7MeInd)2ZrCl2/MAO foi testado pela primeira vez na literatura aberta para a reação de copolimerização de etileno-propileno obtendo-se altas atividades, alta incorporação de propileno e microestrutura tipo bloco nos copolímeros. A heterogeneização dos sistemas metalocênicos foi avaliada através de três rotas básicas: imobilização diretamente sobre sílica, sobre sílica modificada com MAO e sobre sílica modificada com compostos atuando como espaçadores horizontais. Estes três métodos foram comparados com relação às características finais dos copolímeros. Na etapa de modificação da sílica com MAO, inicialmente estudaram-se as condições de preparação do sistema catalítico, concentração de Zr e Al e temperatura, que poderiam levar a mudanças no produto final. Através de técnicas de análise de superfície como XPS, DRIFTS (Espectroscopia de Infravermelho por refletância difusa) e UV-DRS (Espectroscopia de UV-Visível por refletância difusa) foi possível o estudo das espécies formadas na superfície da sílica modificada com MAO. Os sistemas catalíticos suportados na sílica modificada com espaçadores horizontais mostraram ser mais ativos que o sistema suportado diretamente sobre sílica incorporando distintos teores de propileno. As modificações na superfície da sílica com relação ao teor final de grupos hidroxilas e energia de ligação dos elétrons 3d5/2 do átomo de Zr também foram analisadas. Foi feito o estudo cinético da co- e terpolimerização de etileno-propileno para alguns sistemas metalocênicos estudados. No caso da terpolimerização foi realizado o estudo teórico e experimental da reação de terpolimerização para a síntese de EPDM com o sistema catalítico Et(Ind)2ZrCl2/MAO e 2-etilideno-5-norbornadieno (ENB) como termonômero. Finalmente, este modelo foi adaptado às reações de copolimerização realizadas na primeira etapa do trabalho. As razões de reatividade foram determinadas para os precursores catalíticos Me2Si(2-MeInd)2ZrCl2, Et(IndH4)2ZrCl2, Me2Si(IndH4)2ZrCl2 and Et(4-Ph-7-MeInd)2ZrCl2 e também para os respectivos sistemas suportados em sílica modificada por MAO. Também realizou-se a determinação do coeficiente de transferência de massa convectivo para o etileno e o propileno nas reais condições de polimerização. As razões de reatividade e os parâmetros de transferência de massa foram usados no modelo da reação de copolimerização para sistemas metalocênicos homogêneos e suportado. Este modelo permitiu o discernimento das reações que controlam as características finais dos copolímeros sintetizados.

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O estudo aqui apresentado tem como objetivo mostrar que a competitividade da indústria química brasileira pode ser revista por meio do desenvolvimento da área química a partir dos recursos naturais renováveis e de alto desempenho de produtividade, aqui representado pela cana-de-açúcar. A base deste estudo analisa a competitividade econômica da produção do acetato de etila, utilizando o etanol como única matéria-prima, sendo o Brasil um grande exportador e, ao mesmo tempo, detentor de um mercado interno forte quando comparado a outros países desenvolvidos. O acetato de etila exportado representou 52% da capacidade nominal instalada no Brasil no ano de 2008. No Brasil existem três ofertantes, mas apenas um produtor é exportador. Todos usam a esterificação como tecnologia de produção, via reação do ácido acético e etanol, sendo o ácido acético largamente importado. O estudo tem como premissa que a competitividade do acetato de etila no Brasil seja dada pelo etanol, que aqui é produzido pela fermentação do caldo de cana-de-açúcar. Já a tecnologia de esterificação é conhecida e de domínio público mundial, e o ácido acético é uma commodity petroquímica com preço referenciado globalmente. Argumenta-se neste trabalho que a competitividade do acetato de etila decorre da linkage com a produção de etanol de cana-de-açúcar, o que coloca o Brasil como grande potencial exportador desse produto. Utilizando a tecnologia de desidrogenação do etanol, pode-se obter acetato de etila utilizando-se apenas o etanol como matéria-prima, reduzindo-se assim a necessidade de importação de ácido acético, que representaria redução anual do déficit da balança comercial petroquímica brasileira em aproximadamente meio bilhão de dólares e, ademais, permitindo que o acetato de etila produzido no Brasil seja ainda mais competitivo. A partir deste estudo é possível avaliar, por analogia, a competitividade de outros produtos químicos produzidos a partir da matriz cana-de-açúcar, tais como eteno, lubrificantes, plásticos etc. Tal caminho permite criar um novo marco para a indústria química brasileira, com consequente redução da dependência de petróleo e gás natural.

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Os elastômeros termoplásticos vulcanizados (TPVs) na sua maioria constituídos por borrachas apolares (EPDM, NR) e poliolefinas (PP, PE), apresentam a vantagem de serem processáveis como termoplásticos e serem facilmente reciclados. No entanto, apresentam desvantagens no que se refere à sua baixa resistência a óleos, combustíveis e graxas em relação à borracha termofixa. Este trabalho, teve como objetivo estudar a obtenção de TPVs com propriedades mecânicas adequadas e resistência a óleos e solventes orgânicos, a partir da borracha comercial SBR 1502 parcialmente epoxidada. Esta, por ter a estrutura química de sua cadeia principal modificada pela introdução de grupos epóxidos, deve apresentar melhor resistência a óleos e solventes. Os TPVs foram obtidos em misturador fechado acoplado a um reômetro Haake, na temperatura de 1800C e velocidade de rotor de 75 rpm, vulcanizados dinamicamente com o sistema Bismaleimida/peróxido de dicumila. Foram caracterizados quanto às suas propriedades mecânicas por medidas tensão-deformação, medidas mecânicas dinâmicas, inchamento em ciclohexano, THF e óleo IRM 903, dureza. A morfologia foi determinada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, MEV. Foram analisados os fatores que influenciam as propriedades dos TPVs, tais como composição (relação PP/SBR), teor de BMI, grau de epoxidação da borracha, uso de agente compatibilizante. O TPV na composição PP/SBR 40/60, esta epoxidada em 40 mol % e contendo o agente compatibilizante Vestenamer adicionado na forma de blenda (borracha/agente compatibilizante) apresentou a melhor resposta em termos de tensão-deformação na ruptura. Os TPVs com a SBR epoxidada em 70% apresentaram melhor resistência a óleo e solventes. Os fatores, potencialmente, capazes de influenciar a dureza dos TPVs também foram avaliados. Neste particular, verificou-se que o tipo de poliolefina, bem como o uso de plastificante são os fatores que mais influenciam a dureza dos TPVs.

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ALVES, Ana Paula de Melo et al. Synthesis and characterization of hybrids derived from vermiculite chloropropyl and aliphatic diamines. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, v.87, n. 3, p.771â774, 2007.

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This study proposes to do a study on the mathematical modeling of permeation of films based on chitosan. To conduct the study were obtained membranes with various compositions: a virtually pure membrane-based chitosan; one of chitosan associated with poly (ethylene oxide (PEO). The membranes of pure chitosan were treated with plasma in atmospheres of oxygen, argon and methane. The various types of films were characterized as to its permeation regarding sufamerazina sodium. In the process of mathematical modeling were compared the standard method of obtaining the coefficient of permeation recital straight down the slope of the plot obtained by extinction / time with a the integration process of numerical permeability rate will be calculated from the spectroscopy UV

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Among the options for plastics modification more convenient, both from a technical-scientific and economic, is the development of polymer blends by processing in the molten state. This work was divide into two stages, with the aim to study the phase morphology of binary blend PMMA / PET blend and this compatibilized by the addition of the poly(methyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethyl acrylate) copolymer (MMA-GMA-EA). In the first stage is analyzed the morphology of the blend at a preliminary stage where we used the bottle-grade PET in a Haake torque rheometer and the effect of compatibilizer in this blend was evaluated. In the second stage the blend was processed using the recycled PET in a single screw extruder and subsequently injection molding in the shape of specimens for mechanical tests. In both stages we used a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to observe the morphologies of the samples and an image analyzer to characterize them. In the second stage, as well as analysis by TEM, tensile test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) was performed to correlate the morphology with the mechanical properties. The samples used in morphological analyzes were sliced by cryo-ultramicrotomy technique for the analysis by TEM and the analysis by SEM and AFM, we used the flat face of the block after cut cryogenic. It was found that the size of the dispersed phase decreased with the addition of MMA-GMA-EA in blends prepared in a Haake. In the tensile test, the values of maximum tensile strength and modulus of elasticity is maintained in a range between the value of pure PMMA the pure PET, while the elongation at break was influenced by the composition by weight of the PMMA mixture. The coupling agent corroborated the results presented in the blend PMMA / PETrec / MMA-GMA-EA (80/15/5 %w/w), obtained by TEM, AFM and SEM. It was concluded that the techniques used had a good morphologic correlation, and can be confirmed for final analysis of the morphological characteristics of the blends PMMA / PET

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The present work has as objective the development of ceramic pigments based in iron oxides and cobalt through the polymeric precursor method, as well as study their characteristics and properties using methods of physical, chemical, morphological and optical characterizations.In this work was used iron nitrate, and cobalt citrate as precursor and nanometer silica as a matrix. The synthesis was based on dissolving the citric acid as complexing agent, addition of metal oxides, such as chromophores ions and polymerization with ethylene glycol. The powder obtained has undergone pre-ignition, breakdown and thermal treatments at different calcination temperatures (700 °C, 800 °C, 900 °C, 1000 °C and 1100 °C). Thermogravimetric analyzes were performed (BT) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), in order to evaluate the term decomposition of samples, beyond characterization by techniques such as BET, which classified as microporous materials samples calcined at 700 ° C, 800 º C and 900 º C and non-porous when annealed at 1000 ° C and 1100 º C, X-ray diffraction (XRD), which identified the formation of two crystalline phases, the Cobalt Ferrite (CoFe2O4) and Cristobalite (SiO2), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed the formation of agglomerates of particles slightly rounded;and Analysis of Colorimetry, temperature of 700 °C, 800 °C and 900 °C showed a brown color and 1000 °C and 1100 °C violet

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This work reports the influence of the poly (ethylene terephthalate) textile and films surface modification by plasmas of O2 and mixtures (N2 + O2), on their physical and chemical properties. The plasma surface polymeric modification has been used for many researchs, because it does not affect the environment with toxic agents, the alterations remains only at nanometric layers and this technique shows expressive results. Then, due to its good acceptance, the treatment was carried out in a vacuum chamber. Some parameters remained constant during all treatment, such as: Voltage 470 V; Pressure 1,250 Mbar; Current: 0, 10 A and gas flow: 10 cm3/min, using oxygen plasma alternating the treatment time 10 to 60 min with an increase of 10 min to each subsequent treatment. Also, the samples were treated with a gas mixture (nitrogen + oxygen) which was varied only the gas composition from 0 to 100% leaving the treatment time remaining constant to all treatment (10 min). The plasma treatment was characterized in-situ with Optics Emission Spectroscopy (OES), and the samples was characterized by contact angle, surface tension, Through Capillary tests, Raman spectroscopy, Infrared attenuated total reflection (IR-ATR) and atomic force microscopy, scanning electronic Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that oxygen treated fabrics presented high wettability, due to the hydrophilic groups incorporation onto the surface formed through spputering of carbon atoms. For the nitrogen atmosphere, there is the a film deposition of amine groups. Treatment with small oxygen concentration in the mixture with nitrogen has a higher spputered species of the samples

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The growing concern with the solid residues management, observed in the last decade, due to its huge amount and impact, has motivated the search for recycling processes, where these residues can be reprocessed to generate new products, enlarging the cycle of materials and energy which are present. Among the polymeric residues, there is poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET). PET is used in food packaging, preferably in the bottling of carbonated beverages. The reintegration of post-consumer PET in half can be considered a productive action mitigation of environmental impacts caused by these wastes and it is done through the preparation of several different products at the origin, i.e. food packaging, with recycling rates increasing to each year. This work focused on the development and characterization mechanical, thermal, thermo-mechanical, dynamic mechanical thermal and morphology of the pure recycled PET and recycled PET composites with glass flakes in the weight fraction of 5%, 10% and 20% processed in a single screw extruder, using the following analytical techniques: thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), tensile, Izod impact, Rockwell hardness, Vicat softening temperature, melt flow rate, burn rate, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of thermal analysis and mechanical properties leading to a positive evaluation, because in the thermograms the addition of glass flakes showed increasing behavior in the initial temperatures of thermal decomposition and melting crystalline, Furthermore was observed growing behavior in the mechanical performance of polymer composites, whose morphological structure was observed by SEM, verifying a good distribution of glass flakes, showing difference orientation in the center and in the surface layer of test body of composites with 10 and 20% of glass flakes. The results of DMTA Tg values of the composites obtained from the peak of tan ä showed little reductions due to poor interfacial adhesion between PET and recycled glass flakes.

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The present work deals with the synthesis of materials with perovskite structure with the intention of using them as cathodes in fuel cells SOFC type. The perovskite type materials were obtained by chemical synthesis method, using gelatin as the substituent of citric acid and ethylene glycol, and polymerizing acting as chelating agent. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, spectroscopy Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy with EDS, surface area determination by the BET method and Term Reduction Program, TPR. The compounds were also characterized by electrical conductivity for the purpose of observing the possible application of this material as a cathode for fuel cells, solid oxide SOFC. The method using gelatin and polymerizing chelating agent for the preparation of materials with the perovskite structure allows the synthesis of crystalline materials and homogeneous. The results demonstrate that the route adopted to obtain materials were effective. The distorted perovskite structure have obtained the type orthorhombic and rhombohedral; important for fuel cell cathodes. The presentation material properties required of a candidate cathode materials for fuel cells. XRD analysis contacted by the distortion of the structures of the synthesized materials. The analyzes show that the electrical conductivity obtained materials have the potential to act as a cell to the cathode of solid oxide fuel, allowing to infer an order of values for the electrical conductivities of perovskites where LaFeO3 < LaNiO3 < LaNi0,5Fe0,5O3. It can be concluded that the activity of these perovskites is due to the presence of structural defects generated that depend on the method of synthesis and the subsequent heat treatment

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Studies indicate that a variation in the degree of crystallinity of the components of a polymer blend influences the mechanical properties. This variation can be obtained by subjecting the blend to heat treatments that lead to changes in the spherulitic structure. The aim of this work is to analyze the influence of different heat treatments on the variation of the degree of crystallinity and to establish a relationship between this variation and the mechanical behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(ethylene terephthalate) recycled (PMMA / PETrec) with and without the use of compatibilizer agent poly(methyl methacrylate-al-glycidyl methacrylate-al-ethyl acrylate) (MMAGMA- EA). All compositions were subjected to two heat treatments. T1 heat treatment the samples were treated at 130 ° C for 30 minutes and cooled in air. In T2, the samples were treated at 230 ° C for 5 minutes and cooled to approximately -10 ° C. The variation of the degree of crystallinity was determined by the proportional relationship between crystallinity and density, with the density measured by pycnometry. The mechanical behavior was verified by tensile tests with and without the presence of notches and pre-cracks, and by method of fracture toughness in plane strain (KIC). We used the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze the fracture surface of the samples. The compositions subjected to heat treatment T1, in general, showed an increase in the degree of crystallinity in tensile strength and a tendency to decrease in toughness, while compositions undergoing treatment T2 showed that the opposite behavior. Therefore, this work showed that heat treatment can give a polymer blend further diversity of its properties, this being caused by changes in the crystal structure

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This work studied the immiscible blend of elastomeric poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottle grade with and without the use of compatibilizer agent, poly(methyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate - co-ethyl acrylate) (MGE). The characterizations of torque rheometry, melt flow index measurement (MFI), measuring the density and the degree of cristallinity by pycnometry, tensile testing, method of work essential fracture (EWF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed in pure polymer and blends PMMA/PET. The rheological results showed evidence of signs of chemical reaction between the epoxy group MGE with the end groups of the PET chains and also to the elastomeric phase of PMMA. The increase in the concentration of PET reduced torque and adding MGE increased the torque of the blend of PMMA/PET. The results of the MFI also show that elastomeric PMMA showed lower flow and thus higher viscosity than PET. In the results of picnometry observed that increasing the percentage of PET resulted in an increase in density and degree crystallinity of the blends PMMA/PET. The tensile test showed that increasing the percentage of PET resulted in an increase in ultimate strength and elastic modulus and decrease in elongation at break. However, in the phase inversion, where the blend showed evidence of a co-continuous morphology and also, with 30% PET dispersed phase and compatibilized with 5% MGE, there were significant results elongation at break compared to elastomeric PMMA. The applicability of the method of essential work of fracture was shown to be possible for most formulations. And it was observed that with increasing elastomeric PMMA in the formulations of the blends there was an improvement in specific amounts of essential work of fracture (We) and a decrease in the values of specific non-essential work of fracture (&#946;Wp)

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This work reports the influence of the poly (ethylene terephthalate) textile surface modification by plasmas of O2 and mixtures (N2 + O2), on their physical and chemical properties. The treatment was carried out in a vacuum chamber. Some parameters remained constant during all treatment, such as: Voltage 470 V; Pressure 1,250 Mbar; Current: 0, 10 A and gas flow: 10 cm3/min. Other parameters, such as working gas composition and treatment time, were modified as the following: to the O2 plasma modified samples only the treatment time was changed (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes). To the plasma with O2 and N2 only the chemical concentrations were changed. Through Capillary tests (vertical) an increase in textile wettability was observed as well as its influence on aging time and its consequence on wettability. The surface functional groups created after plasma treatments were investigated using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The surface topography was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM)