927 resultados para drought adaptability


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通过对黄土高原地区雨水集蓄利用技术发展现状的全面分析 ,指出了目前该地区雨水集蓄利用技术推广应用中存在的主要问题 ,最后提出了发展本地区先进、高效、适用雨水集蓄利用技术的具体对策

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通过对渭北黄土高原地区沟坡地土壤理化性质的分析和对当地社会经济状况的调查研究,应用层次分析法对沟坡地上地自然生产力和现实生产力进行了分析和评价。在分析过程中,把当地主要造林树种根系垂直分布特征及其根系抗旱性特性纳入了分析评价体系。结果表明,嘴头村和西坡村不同树种沟坡地上刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)的自然生产力属于中等稍微偏上水平,而山杏(Prunus armeniacia var.ansu)、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)和侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)的自然生产力水平则较低。两地沟坡地上的现实生产力计算结果则证明刺槐和山杏两个树种表现出了较高的水平,具有较好的发展前途;而油松和侧柏的现实生产力水平则较低,其发展推广受到了限制。群众对沟坡开发治理的态度和对开发方案的认可对沟坡开发的成功起到了重要作用。

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分析黄土高原节水农业的必要性 ,总结出黄土高原农业调水技术主要有 7大类 :培肥地力以肥调水 ,轮作倒茬调水 ,间隙休闲调水 ,抗旱育种调水 ,节水灌溉调水 ,径流农业调水 ,化学技术调水 ;指出在干旱、半干旱的黄土高原地区 ,利用农业调水技术是粮食增产增收的有效措施和必然趋势

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2 .5Ma B.P.以来 ,受地球轨道要素周期性变化和青藏高原阶段性强烈隆升的影响 ,黄土高原地区气候存在着干期与湿润交替出现的现象 ,但总的趋势是向干旱化方向演化。黄土高原第四纪以来草本植物一直较为繁茂 ,木本植物仅在少数几个时期处于优势地位。现代黄土高原人工林草植被普遍存在着土壤干层问题。土壤干层的形成是气候干旱化过程中必然出现的现象 ,它是导致植被演替的直接原因之一。人工植被激发并强化了土壤干层的形成。土壤干层的形成是气候干旱化和人工植被选择不当两个方面综合作用的结果 ,但有望通过有关人工措施使其危害得到缓解

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概述了植物气孔对大气干旱和土壤干旱的反应 ,认为植物气孔对大气干旱的反应并不是一种反馈机制 ;并就干旱条件下植物气孔运动的水力学和化学信号调控机制进行了简要论述 ,认为虽然化学信号调控干旱下气孔运动更为广泛 ,但 ABA不是唯一的化学信号 ,水分关系影响了信号的产生、运转和气孔对信号的敏感性 ,干旱条件下水力学和化学信号共同调控着植物的气孔运动

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在详细描述土壤干层现象和类型的基础上 ,分析了土壤干层的成因 ,即低降水高蒸发、水土流失、植被类型选择失当、群落生产力过高和群落密度过大等 ,指出土壤干层的危害主要表现为使局部小气候环境趋于旱化、土地退化、植被生长衰退、天然下种更新不良及加大造林难度等 ,最后提出了缓解土壤干层对黄土高原生态环境的恢复和重建的意义和重要性。

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20 0 0年特旱年 ,燕沟流域通过推广抗旱保苗、调整作物种植结构、品种改良、增施肥料、大垄沟种植等技术措施 ,增产稳产效果显著 ,在全年降水量减少 36 .1%的情况下 ,粮食单产仍稳中有升 ,人均产粮达到了 5 2 5 .1kg。这对于黄土高原中部丘陵区坡改梯后保障食物安全生产、加快退耕还林还草步伐都具有一定的现实意义。

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以 2a生中国沙棘为试验材料 ,研究了土壤干旱胁迫下沙棘苗木水分生理状况 ,内源GA1 3 及ABA水平与萌芽率的关系 ,结果表明 :土壤干旱胁迫导致苗体含水量、水势、自由水含量下降 ,显著提高冬季休眠与春季萌动期的内源ABA水平而降低内源GA1 3 含量 ,GA1 3 ABA降低 ,较晚达到萌动所需的调控阈值 ,萌芽延迟。重度胁迫下苗木延迟达 2 5d且萌芽后生长缓慢。长期土壤中度干旱条件下沙棘苗萌芽期亦略有延迟 ,萌芽后生长略有抑制

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对干旱胁迫所诱导的基因及其产物的功能进行了综述。干旱基因分为 3种类型 :ABA依赖型、ABA非依赖型和不能被 ABA诱导型。这些基因编码的蛋白质在植物适应干旱的过程中发挥着重要的作用。这对揭示植物抗旱机制具有重要意义

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针对黄土高原铁路、公路、大坝及农田地埂边坡长期裸露的水土流失与生态环境问题,选择禾本科植物-芨芨草,进行了为期10年的引种、栽培、生理生态特性与水保等方面的综合开发利用研究。结果表明,芨芨草具有耐旱、耐盐碱、耐瘠薄、抗风沙和极强的固土护坡作用,采用的包衣穴播、分根栽植、基茎扦插3大栽培技术,使芨芨草植株在长期干旱裸露的边坡能快速形成密集的地上部分和发达的根系,固结土壤,防止地表径流冲刷土壤,保护了铁路、公路、大坝及农田地埂边坡的生态安全,为我国西部同类型区的边坡治理,提供了抗逆性较强的优良禾本科植物与配套的栽培技术体系。

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Potted seadlings of Pinus koraiensis , Fraxinus mandshurica,Juglans mandshurica,Tilia amurensis, and Quercus mongolica ,which are five dominant species in the Korean pine broadleaf forest at Changbai mountain,were grown in different soil moistures.We designed three soil moisture scenarios:85%~100%(high water,CK),65%~85% (medium water,MW) and 45%~65% (low water,LW) of field water holding capacity.The results show that characteristics of typical drought resistance on the leaves are significantly developed.The net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency of F. mandshurica were higher compared with CK at MW.The net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency of other 4 tree species at CK were lower than those at MW and LW.The transpiration rate of 5 tree species responses differently to various soil water status.

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In an attempt to explore the effects of structural multiplicity of polymers on the mechanism of radiation crosslinking, the adaptability of the Charlesby-Pinner's equation and its various modified versions are examined. It is recognized that both chemical

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In an attempt to explore the effect of structural multiplicity of polymers on the mechanism of radiation crosslinking, the adaptability of the Charlesby-Pinner's equation and its various modified versions are examined. It is recognized that both chemical and morphological multiplicity of polymer structure results in the multiplicity of crosslinking mechanism, and that any single equation can only be applicable to a certain step of the whole radiation process.

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The chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics of marine red alga Grateloupia turutunt Yamada, green alga Ulva pertusa Kjellm and brown alga Laminaria japonica Aresch during natural sustained dehydration were monitored and investigated. The pulse amplified modulation (PAM) system was used to analyze the distinct fluorescence parameters during thallus dehydration. Results proved that the fluorescence kinetics of different seaweed all showed three patterns of transformation with sustained water loss. These were: 1) peak kinetic pattern (at the early stage of dehydration fluorescence enhanced and quenched subsequently, representing a normal physiological state). 2) plateau kinetic pattern (with sustained water loss fluorescence enhanced continuously but quenching became slower, finally reaching its maximum). 3) Platform kinetic pattern (fluorescence fell and the shape of kinetic curve was similar to plateau kinetic pattern). A critical water content (CWC) could be found and defined as the percentage of water content just prior to the fluorescence drop and to be a significant physiological index for evaluation of plant drought tolerance. Once thallus water content became lower than this value the normal peak pattern can not be recovered even through rehydration, indicating an irreversible damage to the thylakoid membrane. The CWC value corresponding to different marine species were varied and negatively correlated with their desiccation tolerance, for example. Laminaria japonica had the highest CWC value (around 90%) and the lowest dehydration tolerance of the three. In addition, a fluorescence "burst" was found only in red algae during rehydration. The different fluorescence parameters F-o, F-v and F-v, F-m were measured and compared during water loss. Both F-o and F-v increased in the first stage of dehydration but F-v/F-m. kept almost constant. So the immediate response of in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence to dehydration was an enhancement. Later with sustained dehydration F-o increased continuously while F-v decreased and tended to become smaller and smaller. The major changes in fluorescence (including fluorescence drop during dehydration and the burst during rehydration) were all attributed to the change in F-o instead of F-v This significance of F-o indicates that it is necessary to do more research on F-o as well as on its relationship with the state of thylakoid membrane.

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利用ERA40逐日再分析资料、NCEP/NCAR2逐日再分析资料、中国740个测站日降水资料、上海台风研究所提供的西太平洋热带气旋资料、Kaplan等重建的月平均SSTA资料、NOAA逐日长波辐射(OLR)等资料,应用离散功率谱分析、带通滤波、EOF分析等统计方法,研究了东亚夏季风(EASM)的移动特征、东亚地区季节内振荡(ISO)的基本特征、季节内振荡对东亚夏季风活动的影响、季节内振荡对东亚夏季风异常活动的影响机理。主要结论如下: (1)综合动力和热力因素定义了可动态描述东亚夏季风移动和强度的指数,并利用该指数研究了东亚夏季风的爆发和移动的季节内变化及其年际和年代际变化特征。研究发现,气候平均东亚夏季风前沿分别在28候、33候、36候、38候、40候、44候出现了明显的跳跃。东亚夏季风活动具有显著的年际变率,主要由于季风前沿在某些区域异常停滞和突然跨越北跳或南撤引起,造成中国东部旱涝灾害频繁发生。东亚夏季风的活动具有明显的年代际变化,在1965年、1980年、1994年发生了突变,造成中国东部降水由“南旱北涝”向“南涝北旱”的转变。 (2)东亚季风区季节内变化具有10~25d和30~60d两个波段的季节内振荡周期,以30-60d为主。存在三个主要低频模态,第一模态主要表征了EASM在长江中下游和华北地区活动期间的低频形势;第二模态印度洋-菲律宾由低频气旋式环流控制,主要表现了ISO在EASM爆发期间的低频形势;第三模态主要出现在EASM在华南和淮河活动期间的低频形势。第一模态和第三模态是代表东亚夏季风活动异常的主要低频形势。 (3)热带和副热带地区ISO总是沿垂直切变风的垂直方向传播。因此,在南海-菲律宾东北风垂直切变和副热带西太平洋北风垂直切变下,大气热源激发菲律宾附近交替出现的低频气旋和低频反气旋不断向西北传播,副热带西太平洋ISO以向西传播为主。中高纬度地区,乌拉尔山附近ISO以向东、向南移动或局地振荡为主;北太平洋中部ISO在某些情况下向南、向西传播。 (4)季风爆发期,伴随着热带东印度洋到菲律宾一系列低频气旋和低频反气旋, 冷空气向南输送,10~25天和30~60天季节内振荡低频气旋同时传入南海加快了南海夏季风的爆发。在气候态下,ISO活动表现的欧亚- 太平洋(EAP)以及太平洋-北美(PNA)低频波列分布特征(本文提出的EAP和PNA低频波列与传统意义上的二维定点相关得到的波列不同)。这种低频分布形式使得欧亚和太平洋中高纬度的槽、脊及太平洋副热带高压稳定、加强,东亚地区的低频波列则成为热带和中高纬度ISO相互作用影响东亚夏季风活动的纽带。不同的阶段表现不同的低频模态,30~60d低频模态的转变加快了EASM推进过程中跳跃性;30-60d低频模态的维持使得EASM前沿相对停滞。 (5)30-60d滤波场,菲律宾海域交替出现的低频气旋和低频反气旋不断向西北传播到南海-西太平洋一带。当南海-西太平洋地区低频气旋活跃时,季风槽加强、东伸,季风槽内热带气旋(TC)频数增加;当南海-西太平洋低频反气旋活跃时,季风槽减弱、西退,TC处于间歇期,生成位置不集中。 (6)在El Nino态下,大气季节内振荡偏弱,北传特征不明显,但ISO由中高纬度北太平洋中部向南和副热带西太平洋向西的传播特征显著,东亚地区ISO活动以第三模态为主,EASM集中停滞在华南和淮河流域,常伴随着持续性区域暴雨的出现,易造成华南和江淮流域洪涝灾害,长江和华北持续干旱。在La Nina态下,大气季节内振荡活跃,且具有明显的向北传播特征,PNA低频波列显著,东亚地区ISO活动以第一模态单峰为主;EASM主要停滞在长江中下游和华北地区,这些地区出现异常持续强降水,华南和淮河流域多干旱;在El Nino态向La Nina态转换期,ISO活动以第一模态双峰为主,长江中下游常常出现二度梅。