Aerosol and precipitation chemistry measurements in a remote site in Central Amazonia: the role of biogenic contribution

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Serology of paracoccidioidomycosis. II. Correlation between class-specific antibodies and clinical forms of the disease

Untreated and previously treated patients with paracoccidioidomycosis were studied for: (i) serum levels of total IgG, IgM and IgA immunoglobulins, by radial immunodiffusion and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb) antibodies, by indirect immunofluorescence; (ii) correlation between their levels with the clinical forms of the disease; (iii) correlation between the serum titres obtained by tube precipitin with those of anti-Pb IgG, IgM and IgA. In the untreated group, serum IgG levels were significantly increased in patients with the more systemic forms of the disease, especially the acute progressive form. Serum IgA levels were significantly increased in all patients with no statistical difference between clinical forms. Serum IgM levels were normal in all patients. Anti-Pb IgG, IgA and IgM were detected in 97·5%, 32·5% and 45·0% of all cases, respectively. There was a sharp tendency towards higher levels of anti-Pb IgG among those with the acute progressive form (83·4%) in relation to the chronic, more localized forms, mixed form (68·0%) and isolated organic form (55·5%). In the untreated and previously treated group sera, there was positive correlation between the level of anti-Pb IgG and positivity for the tube precipitin test, suggesting that the precipitin-type antibodies are of the IgG class. Broadly, the present data demonstrate a polyclonal activation of the humoral immune system in paracoccidioidomycosis, with a positive relationship between serological results and severity of the disease. © 1984.

Food and feeding habits of the neotropical river otter Lontra longicaudis (Carnivora, Mustelidae)

A study of the feeding habits of the neotropical river otter, Lontra longicaudis, based on focal analysis was carried out from July 1986 to July 1987. The study was conducted at a dam in the 'Duas Bocas' Biological Reserve near the town of Cariacica, Espirito Santo State, Brazil. This reserve spreads over an area of 2 910 ha, the surface being mainly covered by the Atlantic Rain Forest. In order to identify the fish and other animal remains found in otter fecal samples, these were compared to the homologous structures of identical species living in the dam. The results of 288 samples were expressed in numbers and frequency of occurrence. Fishes were the most important food item, being present in 281 samples (97.2 %). A species of the genus Geophagus was frequently found in spraints, eaten during all months studied and present in 88.9 % of the samples. Astyanax, Pimelodella, Hoplias, Leporinus, Rhamdia, Tilapia and two other unidentified genera were found less frequently. In decreasing order of occurrence, crustaceans, amphibia, mammals, insects and birds were also encountered. Seasonal variation was verified in the scats between the dry and rainy seasons, with a higher frequency of food items occurring in the latter. In agreement with other species of otters, fishes also are the most commonly ingested prey. Two characteristics of fishes, greater abundance and easier capture, make them the major prey of otters, implying that otters are opportunistic predators eating whatever is more available.

Physicochemical features of rivers and lakes in pantanal wetland

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

A territorial perspective: towards the consolidation of human settlements in Latin America and the Caribbean

Includes bibliography

Gender, pensions and social citizenship in Latin America

Includes bibliography

Financial crisis and national policy issues: an overview

Includes bibliography

Evaluation of soil management and use in an Ultisol in a guava orchard in comparison with a sugarcane field and native forest area

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Immobilization and stabilization of a bimolecular aggregate of the lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens by multipoint covalent attachment

The soluble lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens (PFL) forms bimolecular aggregates in which the hydrophobic active centers of the enzyme monomers are in close contact. This bimolecular aggregate could be immobilized by multipoint covalent linkages on glyoxyl supports at pH 8.5. The monomer of PFL obtained by incubation of the soluble enzyme in the presence of detergent (0.5% TRITON X-100) could not be immobilized under these conditions. The bimolecular aggregate has two amino terminal residues in the same plane. A further incubation of the immobilized derivative under more alkaline conditions (e.g., pH 10.5) allows a further multipoint attachment of lysine (Lys) residues located in the same plane as the amino terminal residues. Monomeric PFL was immobilized at pH 10.5 in the presence of 0.5% TRITON X-100. The properties of both PFL derivatives were compared. In general, the bimolecular derivatives were more active, more selective and more stable both in water and in organic solvents than the monomolecular ones. The bimolecular derivative showed twice the activity and a much higher selectivity (100 versus 20) for the hydrolysis of R,S-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyric acid ethyl ester (HPBEt) in aqueous media at pH 5.0 compared to the monomeric derivative. In experiments measuring thermal inactivation at 75 °C, the bimolecular derivative was 5-fold more stable than the monomeric derivative (and 50-fold more stable than a one-point covalently immobilized PFL derivative), and it had a half-life greater than 4 h. In organic solvents (cyclohexane and tert-amyl alcohol), the bimolecular derivative was much more stable and more active than the monomeric derivative in catalyzing the transesterification of olive oil with benzyl alcohol. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Soil and crop residue CO2-C emission under tillage systems in sugarcane-producing areas of southern Brazil

Appropriate management of agricultural crop residues could result in increases on soil organic carbon (SOC) and help to mitigate gas effect. To distinguish the contributions of SOC and sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) residues to the short-term CO2-C loss, we studied the infl uence of several tillage systems: heavy offset disk harrow (HO), chisel plow (CP), rotary tiller (RT), and sugarcane mill tiller (SM) in 2008, and CP, RT, SM, moldboard (MP), and subsoiler (SUB) in 2009, with and without sugarcane residues relative to no-till (NT) in the sugarcane producing region of Brazil. Soil CO2-C emissions were measured daily for two weeks after tillage using portable soil respiration systems. Daily CO2-C emissions declined after tillage regardless of tillage system. In 2008, total CO2-C from SOC and/or residue decomposition was greater for RT and lowest for CP. In 2009, emission was greatest for MP and CP with residues, and smallest for NT. SOC and residue contributed 47% and 41%, respectively, to total CO2-C emissions. Regarding the estimated emissions from sugarcane residue and SOC decomposition within the measurement period, CO2-C factor was similar to sugarcane residue and soil organic carbon decomposition, depending on the tillage system applied. Our approach may define new emission factors that are associated to tillage operations on bare or sugarcane-residue-covered soils to estimate the total carbon loss.

A Framework to Optimize Biodiversity Restoration Efforts Based on Habitat Amount and Landscape Connectivity

The effectiveness of ecological restoration actions toward biodiversity conservation depends on both local and landscape constraints. Extensive information on local constraints is already available, but few studies consider the landscape context when planning restoration actions. We propose a multiscale framework based on the landscape attributes of habitat amount and connectivity to infer landscape resilience and to set priority areas for restoration. Landscapes with intermediate habitat amount and where connectivity remains sufficiently high to favor recolonization were considered to be intermediately resilient, with high possibilities of restoration effectiveness and thus were designated as priority areas for restoration actions. The proposed method consists of three steps: (1) quantifying habitat amount and connectivity; (2) using landscape ecology theory to identify intermediate resilience landscapes based on habitat amount, percolation theory, and landscape connectivity; and (3) ranking landscapes according to their importance as corridors or bottlenecks for biological flows on a broader scale, based on a graph theory approach. We present a case study for the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (approximately 150 million hectares) in order to demonstrate the proposed method. For the Atlantic Forest, landscapes that present high restoration effectiveness represent only 10% of the region, but contain approximately 15 million hectares that could be targeted for restoration actions (an area similar to today's remaining forest extent). The proposed method represents a practical way to both plan restoration actions and optimize biodiversity conservation efforts by focusing on landscapes that would result in greater conservation benefits. © 2013 Society for Ecological Restoration.

Building consensus and establishing compacts in social policy: Notes for an analytical framework

Includes bibliography.

Avaliação comparativa entre a estimativa do impacto gerado por efluentes domésticos de assentamentos espontâneos e de ocupação formal na bacia do Tucunduba em Belém - Pará

A presente pesquisa apresenta avaliação comparativa do impacto ambiental gerado por contextos habitacionais diferentes dentro do mesmo espaço urbano, no caso o bairro do Guamá, município de Belém, o contexto formal corresponde à ocupação da Av. José Bonifácio e o contexto de produção informal corresponde à comunidade do Riacho Doce. Na referida avaliação foram levados em consideração para investigação os seguintes aspectos: Consumo per capita de água, consumo per capita de esgoto, universalidade e equidade do fornecimento dos serviços de saneamento (abastecimento de água e esgotamento sanitário), tarifação de abastecimento de água, qualidade e acessibilidade dos serviços, contexto habitacional, aspectos socioambientais, com objetivo de caracterizar a população residente nessas áreas e finalmente estimar a carga orgânica (Kg de DBO/dia) e a vazão (m3/d) de efluentes domésticos gerados de assentamentos espontâneos e em uma área urbana consolidada, com o intuito de identificar qual contexto habitacional apresenta maior potencial de impacto em termos de geração de vazão e carga orgânica sobre a bacia receptora de efluentes, neste caso a Bacia do Tucunduba. Apesar dos resultados serem valores relativamente próximos, na área de Assentamento Espontâneo, a vazão de esgotos estimada 44,38 m3/dia e Carga Orgânica de 13,31 Kg de DBO/dia, e na área de Ocupação Formal a vazão de esgotos estimada 43,06 m3/dia e Carga Orgânica de 12,91 Kg de DBO/dia, foi possível observar neste trabalho que existe diferenciação do impacto ambiental gerado pelas duas áreas na bacia receptora no Igarapé Tucunduba, sendo maior no Riacho Doce onde a população permanece em contato com os efluentes e sob maior vulnerabilidade sanitária, pois, os efluentes da José Bonifácio são encaminhados pela rede de drenagem e sua carga orgânica é diluída pela vazão de águas pluviais ao chegarem ao Igarapé (distanciando a contaminação de sua fonte) e os efluentes do Riacho Doce são lançados in natura diretamente sob as casas e no Igarapé.

Mineralogical and geochemical influences on sediment color of Amazon wetlands analyzed by visible spectrophotometry

Com base em dados sedimentológicos e geoquímicos, este trabalho relaciona medições espectrofotométricas com a composição do sedimento, e sua aplicação em estudos paleoecológicos das áreas alagáveis da Amazônia. Os dados CIELAB estão diretamente relacionados à composição mineralógica e química dos sedimentos, especialmente quartzo, oxihidróxidos e sulfetos de ferro, e carbono orgânico total. Conteúdos de carbono orgânico total entre 0,4-1%, 1-2%, 3-5% e 15-40% foram relacionados a dados de L* (luminosidade) de 27, 26-15, 7-10 e 7 ou menos, respectivamente. Os valores CIELAB de um depósito com turfa em Marabá, Pará, foram proporcionais a variações no conteúdo de quartzo e carbono orgânico total, mas mudanças nas zonas de cores similares, principalmente nos valores de +a* (vermelho) e +b* (amarelo), ao longo de outros depósitos em Calçoene, Amapá e Soure, Pará, indicam uma relação muito próxima entre os conteúdos de carbono orgânico total, oxihidróxidos e sulfetos de ferro. Além disso, o diagrama Q7/4 (razão entre valores percentuais de refletância em 700 nm e 400 nm, juntamente com dados de L*) indicou sedimentos ricos em ferro para a fácies lama bioturbada no depósito do Amapá, fácies lama bioturbada e areia bioturbada do depósito de Soure, e das fácies areia com laminação cruzada e areia maciça do depósito de Marabá. Ainda, sedimentos ricos em carbono orgânico foram encontrados na lama bioturbada no depósito do Amapá, fácies heterolítica lenticular e lama bioturbada do depósito de Soure, e das fácies lama laminado e turfa do depósito de Marabá. Na área de Marabá, os dados sugerem uma influência autóctone com formação de turfa. As áreas de zonas úmidas costeiras no Marajó e Amapá representam o desenvolvimento típico de planícies de maré com formação de sulfetos e oxihidróxidos de ferro durante alternâncias entre inundação e exposição.

Foraminifera, thecamoebians and palynomorphs as hydrodynamic indicators in Araguari Estuary, Amazonian Coast, Amapá State - Brazil

O regime de macromaré e a pororoca controlam a dinâmica estuarina do Araguari, na qual é muito diferente dos modelos tradicionais dos estuários sob este regime de maré. Objetivando estabelecer zonas estuarinas no Araguari com base em assembléias de foraminíferos, tecamebas, palinomorfos e parâmetros físico-químicos, foram estabelecidas dezesseis estações amostrais ao longo do estuário. A turbidez e a temperatura foram os parâmetros ambientais que permitiram determinar gradiente estuarino. Dezoito espécies de foraminíferos, dez espécies de tecamebas e quatorze espécies de palinomorfos foram identificadas. A análise de agrupamento em modo-R mostrou a existência de assembléias de foraminíferos e quatro de palinomorfos. A análise em CCA demonstrou que a turbidez e a matéria orgânica como os parâmetros de maior influência na distribuição dos foraminíferos tecamebas no Araguari. A análise de agrupamento em Modo-Q usando todos os dados formou quarto grupos de estações que sugerem a existência de três zonas estuarinas: Zona I - composta por tecamebas e palinomorfos continentais; Zona II - compostas por foraminíferos de manguezal, acritacos e todas as assembléias de palinomorfos; e Zona III - composta por foraminíferos de manguezal e estuarinos e por todas as assembléias de palinomorfos.