Bulletin de l'Institut océanographique de Monaco.

no.301-313 (1915)

Bulletin de l'Institut océanographique de Monaco.

no.324-336 (1917)

Bulletin de l'Institut océanographique de Monaco.

no.337-349 (1918)

Bulletin de l'Institut océanographique de Monaco.

no.350-362 (1919)

O brix na determinação da riqueza em açúcares do mamão como auxiliar no melhoramento do mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.)

There is in the literature a noteworthy lack of sampling methods to be employed in the selection of papaya fruits for genetical improvement purposes. In the present experiment methods applied to melon and watermelon were extended to papaya with good results. The authors tried to correlate the solids content-as determined by a hand refractometer-with total sugars in the fruit. The correlation does exist being significant and positive. A regression equation was worked out; it permits to calculate the total sugar content provided the Brix value determined by the hand refractometer is known. The equation is as follows: a = 0.57 s where a = total amount of sugar as glucose, and s = total solids.

Alterações morfológicas e citológicas do cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L, var. Bourbon (B. Rodr.) Choussy) cultivado em solução nutritiva decorrentes das deficiências e excessos dos macronutrientes

The present work was carried out in order to study: (1) the symptoms of deficiency and excess of macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, S, Mg) in the coffee plant (Coffea arabica L. var. Mundo novo); (2) the modifications induced by those treatments in the hystological make up of the leaves; (3) the effects of deficiency and excess on the growth and in the chemical composition of the plants. Young coffee plants were grown in nutrient solution, three treatments being used, namely: complete solution (HOAGLAND & ARNON, 1950), deficient solution, in which a giVen element was omitted, and solution with 3 times the concentration of the element under study. The main conclusions can be summaryzed as follows. 1. SYMPTOMS. Clear cut symptoms of malnutrition were observed in the treatments: -N, -P, +P, -Ca, -Mg, -S and +S; the signals - and + stared respectively for deficient and excess level. 2. HISTOLOGICAL EFFECTS. The most definite alterations took place in the treatments +P, -Mg and +S. Usually the characteristics of the chloroplasts were affected: loss of the green color and coalescence into irregular bodies.

Tracer studies in the coffee plant (Coffea arabica L.)

Due to the great importance of coffee to the Brazilian economy, a good deal of the work carried out in the "Laboratório de Isótopos", E. E. A. "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba, S. Paulo, Brazil, was dedicated to the study of some problems involving that plant. The first one was designed to verify a few aspects of the control of zinc deficiency which is common in many types of soils in Brazil. An experiment conducted in nutrient solution showed that the leaf absorption of the radiozinc was eight times as high as the root uptake; the lower surface of the leaves is particularly suited for this kind of absorption. Among the heavy metal micronutrients, only iron did not affect the absorption of the radiozinc; manganese, copper, and molybdenum brought about a decrease of fifty per cent in total uptake. In another pot experiment in which two soils typical of the coffee growing regions were used, namely, a sandy soil called "arenito de Bauru" and a heavy one, "terra roxa", only O.l and 0.2 per cent of the activity supplied to the roots was recovered", respectively. This indicates that under field conditions the farmer should not attempt to correct zinc deficiency by applying zinc salts to the soil: leaf sprays should be used wherever necessary. In order to find out the most suitable way to supply phosphatic fertilizers to the coffee plant, under normal farm conditions, an experiment with tagged superphosphate was carried out with the following methods of distribution of this material: (1) topdressed in a circular area around the trees; (2) placed in the bottom of a 15 cm deep furrow made around the plant; (3) placed in a semicircular furrow, as in the previous treatment; (4) sprayed directly to the leaves. It was verified that in the first case, circa 10 per cent of the phosphorus in the leaves came from the superphosphate; for the other treatments, the results ware, respectively: 2.4, 1.7, and 38.0 per cent. It is interesting to mention that the first and the last methods of distribution were those less used by the farmers; now they are being introduced in many coffee plantations. In a previous trial it was demonstrated that urea sprays were an adequate way to correct nitrogen deficiency under field conditions. An experiment was then set up in which urea-C14 was used to study the metabolism of this fertilizer in coffee leaves. In was verified that in a 9 hours period circa 95 per cent of the urea supplied to the leaves had been absorbed. The distribution of the nitrogen of the urea was followed by standard chemical procedures. On the other hand the fate of the carbonic moiety was studied with the aid of the radiochromatographic technique. Thus, the incorporation of C14 in aminoacids, sugars and organic acids was ascertained. Data obtained in this work gave a definite support to the idea that in coffee leaves, as in a few other higher plants, a mechanism similar to the urea cycle of animals does exist.

Estudos sôbre a alimentação mineral do cafeeiro. II: absorção do superfosfato radioativo pelo cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L., var. Bourbon Amarelo) em condições de campo

In order to find out the best way to supply phosphorus to coffee plants when growing in "terra roxa misturada", a red soil with a high fixing capacity, tagged superphosphate was applied by the following procedures: (1) topdressed in a circular strip around the trees; (2) placed in the bottom of a circular furrow 15 cm deep; (3) placed in a semicircular furrow also 15 cm deep; (4) sprayed directly to the leaves. In each case 150 gms. of ordinary superphosphate tagged with H3 P32 O4 to give 5 X 10(9) c.p.m. were given to the two and half year old coffee plants. It was found that for the several treatments of the total phosphorus in the leaves the following values, on a per cent basis, came from the applied superphosphates: (1) topdressed 10.2 per cent, (2) circular furrow 2.4 per cent, (3) semicircular furrow 1.7 per cent, (4) sprayed 38.0 per cent; one can see, then, that methods (2) and (3) commonly used by the coffee planters are a very inefficient way to supply phosphorus in this type of soil. The remarkable foliar absorption was checked twice: a water culture experiment was carried out, the radiophosphorus being supplied by brushing it in the upper and lower surfaces of a given leaf; radioactivity was detected all over the plant as a result both of absorption and translocation; on the other hand, leaves collected from the sprayed trees were radioautographed; the radioautographs showed the pattern of distribution of the P32 which indicates true absorption rather than a surface contamination. In another locality, an experiment was caried out with 8 year old plants growing in "arenito de Bauru" which is a sandy soil with much less phosphorus fixing capacity. In this experiment the aim was to compare absorption of tagged superphosphate by trees growin under mulch against plants not receiving this treatment, The uptake of phosphorus was the same for both sets of plants. In both field experiments soil samples down to 15 cm in the profile were collected and its 0.2NHC1 soluble phosphorus was counted; rather significant values were observed mainly in the upper 5 cm layers.

Contribuição ao estudo da aplicação do método da diagnose foliar ao algodoeiro (Grossypium hirsutum L., var. I. A. C. 817) II

This paper deal with one experiment carried out in order to study the correlation between petioles analysis and seed cotton yield. A 3X3X3 factorial with respect to N, P2 0(5) and K2 O was installed in a sandy soil with low potash content and medium amounts of total N and easily extractable P. Two kinds of petioles, newly mature were collected for analysis: those attached to fruit hearing branches, and petioles located on the stem; the first group is conventionally named "productive petioles"; The second one is called "not productive petioles". Petioles' sampling was done when the first blossoms appeared. Yield date showed a marked response to potash, both nitrogen and phosphorus having no effect. Very good correlation was found between petioles potash and yield. Both types of petioles samples were equally good indicators of the potash status of the plants. By mathematical treatment of the date it followes that the highed yield which was possible under experimental conditions, 1.562 kg of seed cotton per hectare would be reacher by using 128 kg of K2O per hectare. With this amount of potash supplied to the plants the following K levels would be expected in the petioles: "productive petioles" "not productive petioles" 1,93 % K 1,85 % K

Sintomas externos (morfológicos) e internos (anatômicos), observados em folhas de goiabeira (Psidium guajava L.), de plantas cultivadas em solução nutritiva com carência dos macronutrientes

The present work was carried out in order to study: (1) The symptoms of deficiency of macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) in guava (Psidium guajava L.). (2) The modifications induced by those treatments in the histological make up of the leaves. Young guava plants were grown in nutrient solution two treatments being used, namely: complete solution (HOAGLAND and ARNON, 1950), deficient solution, in which a given element was ommitted. The main conclusions can be summaryzed as follows. a) Symptoms Clear cut symptoms of malnutrition were observed in the treatments: -N, -P, -Ca, -K, -Mg, and -S. The signal - stared respectively for deficient level. b) Histological effects Usually the characteristics of the chloroplasts were affected: loss of the green and coalescence into irregular bodies.

Origem e formação das domácias em Coffea L.

No presente trabalho focalizamos o discutido problema da origem ou formação das domácias, escolhendo, inicialmente, as principais variedades de Coffea arabica L.. Na revisão da literatura, procuramos nos cingir unicamente à bibliografia que trata do assunto em aprêço. Apreciando convenientemente o problema da origem, duas hipóteses foram aventadas pelos autores para explicar a formação das domácias: l.ª) causada por insetos ou por ácaros (LUNDSTRÖEM e outros). 2.ª) caráter hereditário (CHEVALIER). Ambas as hipóteses foram consideradas com o objetivo de aclararmos o problema e concluimos, com CHEVALIER, que se trata de um caráter hereditário. O material constou de sementes, e de ramos com fôlhas de várias idades de cafeeiros que vieram das coleções vivas do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas. As observações morfológicas preliminares foram feitas com o auxílio do microscópio estereoscópico. As estruturas anatômicas foram apreciadas em córtes transversais longitudinais, coloridos com violeta-cristal e eritrosina, com espessura de 18 micra.

Morfologia e anatomia das domácias em Coffea arabica L.

1. A presente contribuição trata do estudo morfológico e anatômico das domácias que ocorrem em 21 variedades e 4 formas da espécie Coffea arabica L. 2. Além da revisão da literatura, que se cingiu unicamente aos trabalhos que focalizam o assunto em aprêço, constam, na introdução, algumas obras que se referem às domácias existentes em outras famílias. 3. A fim de apreciar convenientemente os conceitos que os diferentes autores expediram a respeito das domácias, desde que se tornaram conhecidas, foram registradas, no capítulo correspondente, as funções e as diversas denominações que lhes foram atribuidas. 4. As principais classificações das domácias propostas são de CHEVALIER, LEBRUM e DE WILDEMAN. As domácias das variedades e formas de Coffea arabica L., se enquadram no tipo b, isto é, domácias em fenda, segundo a classificação de CHEVALIER. 5. O material utilizado no presente estudo, constante de ramos com fôlhas de várias idades, proveio do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas e da Secção de Agricultura Especial da E.S.A. "Luiz de Queiroz". As observações morfológicas das domácias foram feitas com o auxílio do microscópio estereoscópico e constam do Quadro I e II. A estrutura anatômica foi apreciada em cortes transversais medianos da domácia, coloridos pelo violeta cristal e eritrosina, com espessura de 18 micra, cujos dados acham-se anotados nos Quadros de n.os III a XI. 6. No capítulo referente à morfologia e à anatomia das domácias, para melhor apreciação do assunto foi introduzida a estrutura anatômica da fôlha adulta da variedade typica. 7. Morfològicamente as domácias foram examinadas nas suas duas faces, isto é, superior e inferior, anotando-se-lhes os aspectos apresentados, bem como a sua localização no limbo, isto é, na axila formada pelas nervuras principal e secundárias. No geral a sua distribuição vai desde a base do limbo até aos 2/3, aproximadamente, do seu comprimento. Na face ventral da fôlha, as domácias exibem uma elevação abaulada e na dorsal situam-se na área da axila, e em um plano um pouco mais elevado que o limbo, mostrando no centro um orifício de forma variável. Em cortes medianos, a domácia revela-se constituida de uma câmara embutida no mesofilo, a qual se comunica com o exterior por um canal; êste por sua vez, termina numa bôca que se abre na epiderme inferior do limbo. Histològicamente a domácia consta de uma epiderme, procedente do limbo e da nervura, e de um tecido parênquimatoso envolvente, composto de algumas camadas de células, o qual confina com os tecidos do mesofilo. Topogràficamente a domácia situa-se entre os seguintes tecidos da estrutura foliar: sistema vascular principal, nervura secundária, parênquima lacunoso lateral e parênquima lacunoso superior. Sua posição com relação às regiões mencionadas fica perfeitamente definida, determinando-se as distâncias que vão do centro da câmara até elas.

CD95-induced apoptosis in health and disease dimers at the DISC and the effect of c-FLIP R on L. Monocytogenes infection

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Naturwiss., Diss., 2013

Estudos sobre a alimentação mineral do cafeeiro: VI Efeitos das deficiências de micronutrientes em Coffea arabica L. var. Mundo Novo cultivado em solução nutritiva

Young coffee plants (Coffea arabica L., var. Mundo Novo) were grown in nutrient solution purified from micronutrients contaminants by the method of MUNNS & JOHNSON (1960). All plants, except those in the control treatment, wer given all macronutrients and all micronutrients except one which was omitted in order to induce its shortage. Symptoms of deficiency were obtained for all known micronutrients but chlorine. Measurements, observations and chemical analysis of leaves allowed the following main conclusions to be drawn. 1. The relative influence of micronutrients in growth-measured by the fresh weight of the entire plant - was as follows: -Fe -Zn -Cu -Mo -Mn complete = -B = -CI. that is: the omission of iron from the nutrient solution caused the severest reduction in growth; lack of B and Cl had no effect. 2. Symptoms of deficiency of B, Fe, Mn, and Zn were found to be in good agreement with those in the literature. Effects of Cu and Mo shortage, however, had not been described so far: In the case of the Cu-deficient plants, the younger leaves were distorted, having an "S" shape, due probably to lack of growth of the veins; they lost their green color and developed rather large, necrotic patches near the margins. When molybdenum was omitted from the nutrient solution yellow spots develop near the margen of subterminal (fully mature) leaves; they became necrotic; there was a characteristic downward curling of the leaf blade along the mid rib so that the opposite edges touched each other underneath. 3. The levels of micronutrients found in normal and deficient leaves are given in Table 4. It is hoped that those values will serve as a basis of judgement of micronutrient contents found in leaves of field grown plants.

Estudo sôbre a distribuição do S35 em cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L, Bourboon)

Com a finalidade de se conhecer a distribuição de S35 em cafeeiro, o presente experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação e em campo. No primeiro caso "plantinhas" de café, de 6 meses de idade foram mantidas em solução nutritiva e receberam: a) S35 na superfície inferior das fôlhas do 3.° par; b) S35 na solução. No ensaio (a), as "plantinhas" foram divididas em suas partes constituintes (raízes, caule, fôlhas novas e fôlhas velhas), sendo que as fôlhas foram subdivididas em pecíolo, limbo e nervuras. O ensaio (b) era formado por 3 grupos de "plantinhas": - 1) estudo da migração, como em (a); 2) autoradiografia; 3) verificação da lavagem de S35 das fôlhas, sob chuva artificial. No experimento conduzido em campo utilizamos cafeeiros de 4 anos de idade e o enxofre radioativo foi fornecido por pulverização foliar. Os resultados demonstram a pouca mobilidade do enxofre pela planta e que: 1) o S35 migra das fôlhas velhas principalmente para as fôlhas novas e muito pouco para as raízes; 2) das raízes o S35 se distribui para os demais órgãos da planta, concentrando-se principalmente nas fôlhas mais velhas; 3) os dados obtidos pela detecção da radioatividade nas várias partes da planta foram corroborados pela autoradiografia; 4) o enxofre é lavado das fôlhas pela água das chuvas.