Constituintes químicos de Alchornea glandulosa (Euphorbiaceae)

Chemical investigation of the leaves of Alchornea glandulosa (Euphorbiaceae) afforded a mixture of b-sitosterol and stigmasterol, the terpenoid loliolide, the guanidine alkaloid N-1,N-2,N-3-triisopentenylguanidine and the phenolic compound corilagin. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. The antimicrobial and antiproliferative properties of the crude methanolic extract of the leaves and of fractions from its fractionation, were investigated against a series of bacteria and fungi, as well as against four human cancer cell lines.

Determinação de corantes artificiais por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) em pó para gelatina

Synthetic dyes were determined by high performance liquid chromatography in 76 samples of regular jelly and diet jelly powders, of several flavors produced by seven different manufacturers. Three sample of each product, from different batches, were analyzed. The same qualitative composition was observed for products of the same flavor from different manufacturers, but the quantitative composition varied markedly from one manufacturer to the other. There were no or few significant differences between batches from a given manufacturer, demonstrating good quality control in the use of these additives by the food industry. None of the samples exceeded the limit stipulated by Brazilian legislation.

Materiais híbridos orgânico-inorgânicos: preparação e algumas aplicações

The preparation and application of organic-inorganic hybrid materials are under fast development and constitute an interesting research topic on account of the versatility and wide range of applications offered by these materials. These properties can be achieved due to the mixture of the components at the molecular level. The present review covers the state of the art, the most useful preparation routes and the potential applications of these materials.

Aplicação e modificação química da sílica gel obtida de areia

The silica gel was obtained from sand and its surface was modified with POCl3 to produce Si-Cl bonds on the silica surface. Ethylenediamine was covalently bonded onto the chlorinated silica surface. The adsorption of the chlorides of divalent cobalt, nickel and copper was qualitatively studied to show that the bonding of ethylenediamine onto the silica gel surface produces a solid base capable of chelating metal ions from solution. The experiments illustrate the extraction of silica gel, its reactivity, the development of modified surfaces and its application in removing metal ions from water and are deigned for undergraduate inorganic chemistry laboratories.

Estudo fitoquímico e avaliação da atividade moluscicida do Calophyllum brasiliense Camb (Clusiaceae)

The bioassay-guided fractionation against Biomphalaria glabrata of hydroalcoholic extracts of Calophyllum brasiliense aerial parts led to the isolation of the coumarin, named (-) mammea A/BB. The compound had its structure determined by both spectroscopic techniques (NMR ¹H, NMR 13C, gHSQC, gHMBC and MS) and some literature comparison data. The probit analysis of (-) mammea A/BB showed LD50 = 0.67 ppm and LD90 = 1.47 ppm. In addition, the dichloromethane extract obtained from C. brasiliense leaves with significant molluscicidal activity against Biomphalaria glabrata was analyzed by HPLC-UV.

Constituintes químicos de Luehea divaricata Mart. (Tiliaceae)

Chemical studies of the leaves of L. divaricata afforded 3beta-p-hydroxybenzoyl-tormentic acid, a triterpene with an ursene-type skeleton, a mixture whose main compound was an oleanene derivative, the maslinic acid, a C-glycoside flavone, vitexin and glucopyranosylsitosterol. A flavonoid, characterized as (-)-epicatechin, which belongs to the flavan-3-ol class, was isolated from the stem's bark. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. The antibacterial, antifungal and antiproliferative activities of the crude methanolic extracts of leaves and bark were evaluated and the antibacterial properties of the fractions of the barks were also investigated.

Reações de carbociclização radicalar de orto-iodoaliloxibenzoatos derivados de d-glicose e d-galactose e comparação com as reações de seus análogos benzamidas

Two ortho-iodoallyloxybenzoates, methyl 4-O-allyl-2,3-di-O-benzyl-6-O-(2-iodobenzoyl)- alpha-D-glucopyranoside (3) and methyl 4-O-allyl-2,3-di-O-benzyl-6-O-(2-iodobenzoyl)- alpha-D-galactopyranoside (4) were synthesized in seven conventional steps from methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside and methyl alpha-D-galactopyranoside, respectively. Bu3SnH-mediated aryl radical cyclization of 3 provided exclusively the hydrogenolysis product 12. The reaction of 4 gave the reduced uncyclized product 13 and only traces of 4A, resulting from 11-endo aryl radical cyclization. In previous papers we described that in similar Bu3SnH-mediated radical reaction of ortho-iodoallyloxybenzamides, analogs of 3 and 4, we obtained macrolactams resulting from 11-endo cyclization. An hypothesis to explain the differences is presented. It was assumed that in the aryl radical formed from iodobenzamides there is a suitable conformation to cyclization, which is stabilized by an intramolecular hydrogen bond.

O show da Química: motivando o interesse científico

The aim of this article is to provide the understanding of the chemical world that underlies everything around us by introducing basic chemical concepts and their everyday applications. The specific topics presented were selected according to their relevance and their ability to be presented as an exhibition. This format is based on the visual effects that help the public to see abstract descriptions in a concrete form. In addition, a soundtrack is used to stimulate the affective intelligence and relax the public. According to the results obtained here, we can conclude that chemical demonstrations, combined with music, help the presentation of scientific topics and motivate and facilitate the "chemistry communication".

Estudos Cinéticos da aquação do trans-[Co(en)2Cl2]Cl

The trans-dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) chloride was synthesized in an undergraduate laboratory and its aquation reaction was carried out at different temperatures. This reaction follows pseudo-first-order kinetics and the rate constants, determined at 25, 35, 45, 55 and 70 º C, are 1.44 x 10-3; 5.14 x 10-3; 1.48 x 10-2; 4.21 x 10-2 and 2.21 x 10-1 s-1, respectively. The activation energy is 93.99 ± 2.88 kJ mol-1.

Síntese de aliloxi-orto-iodobenzamida derivada de d-glicose e reação de ciclização radicalar mediada por hidreto de tri-n-butilestanho

Methyl 6-O-allyl-2,3-di-O-benzyl-4-deoxy-4-(2 -iodobenzoylamine)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside was synthesized in nine conventional steps from methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside. Its Bu3SnH-mediated aryl radical cyclization provided a benzomacrolactam, resulting from 11-endo aryl radical cyclization and the reduced uncyclized product methyl 6-O-allyl-4-benzoylamine-2,3-di-O-benzyl-4-deoxy- alpha-D-glucopyranoside. The structures of the three new products were supported by ¹H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and DEPT, COSY and HMQC experiments.

Teores de corantes artificiais em alimentos determinados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência

Synthetic dyes are much used in processed foods. HPLC was applied to different types of snacks, such as colored cereals, chocolate confetti, chewing gums and candies for the determination of those additives. In the case of artificially colored breakfast cereals, 71% of the samples exceeded the allowed limits. Regarding the portions recommended for consumption by the makers of two of the samples, the amounts exceeded those allowed by the Brazilian legislation. In the case of chocolate confetti and candies none of the samples showed higher amounts than those allowed. However 37% of the chewing gum samples presented larger contents than the authorized ones, and one sample contained five times more synthetic dyes than allowed.

Detección de regularidades en taekwondo de alto nivel

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las acciones del combate de taekwondo de alto nivel masculino en las 8 categorías de peso oficiales (Minimosca: <54kg, Mosca: 54-58kg, Gallo: 58-62kg, Pluma: 62-67kg, Ligero: 67-72kg, Superligero: 72-78kg, Medio: 78-84, Pesado: >84kg) en competición. Se diseñó un instrumento de observación ad hoc vinculado a un nuevo instrumento de registro (Drewtina 23), que analizaba las acciones realizadas en los combates. Los criterios de estudio fueron: el tipo de acción ofensiva y acciones defensivas, las acciones técnicas y los asaltos del combate. La observación se realizó en las anales de 6 campeonatos y copas del mundo del 2000 al 2008, con un total de 48 combates de 71 taekwondistas. Para el análisis estadístico descriptivo e inferencial se utilizó el programa PASW Statistics para Windows, y para el análisis de retardos el SDIS-GSEQ. Los resultados revelan que las acciones ofensivas tienen una mayor frecuencia que las defensivas, siendo el contraataque la ofensiva más utilizada. El peso Medio es el que más ofensivas realiza y el Superligero el que más defensivas. La media de acciones por asalto y combate es más alta en el tercer asalto. Más del 95% de las veces los combates se resuelven al analizar el tercer asalto. El análisis secuencial de retardos muestra que las acciones ofensivas actúan como favorecedoras de las acciones e$caces y las defensivas como inhibidoras. La ventaja en el marcador actúa como inhibidora de las acciones ofensivas y excitadora de las defensivas en todas las categorías de peso.

Síntese de amidas e sulfonamidas de beta-D-galactopiranosilamina e beta-lactosilamina e avaliação de suas interações com lectinas de Erythrina cristagalli e de Ricinus communis

We report herein the synthesis of some beta-D-galactopyranosylamine and beta-lactosylamine amides and sulfonamides. The interactions of these compounds with lectins from the seeds of Erythrina cristagalli (LEC) and Ricinus communis (RCA120) were evaluated in a hemagglutination inhibitory activity assay. D-Galactose and lactose were used as reference compounds. The beta-lactosylamine amides and sulfonamides were nearly as active as lactose in inhibiting LEC mediated hemagglutination and were less active against RCA120 agglutinin. The beta-D-galactopyranosylamine amides and sulfonamides were, with one exception, considerably less active than D-galactose in the assay with both lectins.

Síntese de beta-N-acetilglicosaminídeos de arila modificados em C-6 como potenciais agentes antimicrobianos

We report herein the synthesis of aryl beta-N-acetylglucosaminides containing azido, amino and acetamido groups at C-6 as potential antimicrobial agents. It was expected that these compounds could interfere with the biosynthesis and/or biotransformation of N-acetylglucosamine in fungi and bacteria. None of the compounds showed antimicrobial activity against bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), filamentous fungus (Aspergillus niger) and yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisae, Candida albicans and Candida tropicallis), at the concentration of 1 mg/mL in agar diffusion assay.

Determinação de aflatoxina B1 em pimenta (Piper nigrum L.) e orégano (Origanum vulgare L.) por cromatografia em camada delgada e densitometria

An analytical study based on extraction with methanol-water, immunoaffinity cleanup and separation, identification and quantification of aflatoxin B1 by thin-layer chromatography,in ground black and white pepper and oregano was carried out. Validation of the applied methodology was done through accuracy and precision studies. Recoveries of aflatoxin B1 and relative standard deviations, from spice samples spiked at levels from 4.86 to 97.70 µg/kg, were, respectively, higher than 72% and lower than 20%. Application to spice samples available in Minas Gerais state, purchased at popular markets, showed no contamination with aflatoxin B1.