防护林防护成熟与更新

近一个多世纪以来，防护林科学的研究和发展，使全世界很多国家都越来越深刻地认识到防护林在人类的生活中有着与人类怎么样息息相关的重大作用（曹新孙等，1981）。随着对防护林这一特殊人工森林的研究和发展，各种功能的防护林相继分门别类地建立起来；诸如农田防护林，牧场防护林，水土保持林，水源涵养林，家畜防护林和住宅防护林等。其中以农田防护林的研究最为详尽。最早从事防护林研究的要属苏联，自1843年苏联就开始了营造干旱草原防护林（曹新孙等，1981），到1931年已建立起专门的研究机构（王广钦等，1987）中国营建防护林的历史也有一个多世纪，然而在我国正式进行科研还是从50年代开始的。在近几十年里，着重于农防林的效益、结构配置、营造技术，各种效应以及经营管理等研究，并取得了很大的成就。到目前为止，防护林具有相当水平的国家除中国外，还有苏联、美国、丹麦等（曹新孙，1983）。在国外苏联防护林的研究力量比较雄厚，从所查有关防护林的文献看（cab 文库，林业文摘）苏联关于防护林的文献占一半。

开发生产长效碳酸氢铵增强小氮肥企业活力

<正>市场经济的发展使碳铵企业陷入了困境首先,从产品本身来讲,碳铵的化学性质不稳定,含氮量只有17%,氮素利用率低(25%左右),肥效期短(35～45天),

离体条件下细辛精油对3种棉花病害致病菌的抑菌活性

采用生长速率法和孢子萌发法测定细辛精油对引起棉花病害的3种病原菌(红腐病菌、褐斑病菌、曲霉病菌)的菌丝生长和孢子萌发的影响。结果表明,细辛精油对两者均有一定的抑制作用:对褐斑病菌菌丝生长的抑制效果最好,EC50为312.70mg/L;对曲霉病菌孢子萌发的抑制效果最好,EC50仅为215.20mg/L。对于同一种病原菌来说,细辛精油对其孢子萌发的抑制效果好于对其菌丝生长的抑制效果。

木材腐朽菌在森林生态系统中的功能

　木材腐朽菌是森林生态系统的重要组成部分 ,在森林生态系统中起着极为重要的降解还原作用 ,主要包括担子菌门非褶菌目、子囊菌门盘菌纲和半知菌类的部分真菌 ,能全部或部分降解木材中的木质素、纤维素和半纤维素 ,其降解机制有 3种 :白色腐朽、褐色腐朽和软腐朽 .木材腐朽菌与生态系统中其它生物关系密切 ,为很多昆虫、鸟类提供营养 ,有些昆虫也能使木腐菌得到传播 .保护木材腐朽菌的生物多样性是保护森林生态系统、维护生态系统健康的重要因素 .

沈阳福陵油松年轮对全球性气温波动的响应

研究了沈阳福陵油松年轮宽度变化与沈阳地区以气温为主的气候因子和1880年以来的全球气温、全球陆地和海洋温度以及北半球气温等温度变化的关系.结果表明:沈阳油松年轮宽度与全球气温变化、全球陆地和海洋温度变化和北半球气温变化有一定的相关性,而且3个大空间尺度的温度波动和沈阳当地气温对油松年轮宽度的影响较一致:冬季12、1月的气温和春季4、5月的气温对油松生长影响显著(P<0.05).油松年轮宽度和3个大尺度温度序列存在3～8年公共准周期变化,其19.3年和23.2年准周期可与3个大尺度温度变化均含有的20.8年的准周期对应.说明沈阳油松年轮宽度与不同尺度的温度波动呈正相关,升温变化在过去大部分时期对沈阳油松年轮生长存在积极的影响.

Alteration mineral mapping using masking and Crosta technique for mineral exploration in mid-vegetated areas: a case study in Areletuobie, Xinjiang (China)

Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM)+ data have been successfully employed in the field of mineral exploration to identify key minerals over arid and semi-arid terrains. However, redundant vegetation and cloud may seriously interfere with the discrimination of the minerals with diagnostic features. Therefore, in this study, we use masking technique to eliminate the negative influence of vegetation and cloud and Crosta technique to identify the diagnostic features of hydroxyl-minerals, carbonate-minerals and iron oxides. Then the anomalies were endowed with special colours and overlapped with the remote-sensing and geochemical data, overlaying images as remote-sensing anomalies. The mineral exploration work was carried through by synthetic analysis of the remote-sensing images, geochemical data and structures. Finally, areas with high correlation between the occurrence of hydrothermal alteration and presence of main faults and geochemical anomalies were considered as mineral exploration targets worthy of further detailed exploration programmes.

Fabrication and characterization of DNA/QPVP-Os redox-active multilayer film

Calf thymus DNA was immobilized on functionalized glassy carbon, gold and quartz substrates, respectively, by the layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly method with a polycation QPVP-Os, a quaternized poly(4-vinylpyridine) partially complexed with osmium bis(2,2'-bipyridine) as counterions. UV-visible absorption and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR) showed that the resulting film was uniform with the average thickness 3.4 nm for one bilayer. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) showed that the total surface coverage of the polycations increases as each QPVP-Os/DNA bilayer added to the electrode surface, but the surface formal potential of Os-centered redox reaction shifts negatively, which is mainly attributed to the intercalation of redox-active complex to DNA chain. The electron transfer kinetics of electroactive QPVP-Os in the multilayer film was investigated by electrochemical impedance experiment for the first time. The permeability of Fe(CN)(6)(3-) in the solution into the multilayer film depends on the number of bilayers in the film. It is worth noting that when the multilayer film is up to 4 bilayers, the CV curves of the multilayer films display the typical characteristic of a microelectrode array.

ZnO-based hollow microspheres: Biopolymer-assisted assemblies from ZnO nanorods

Many efforts have been made in fabricating three-dimensional (3D) ordered zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures due to their growing applications in separations, sensors, catalysis, bioscience, and photonics. Here, we developed a new synthetic route to 3D ZnO-based hollow microspheres by a facile solution-based method through a water-soluble biopolymer (sodium alginate) assisted assembly from ZnO nanorods. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Raman and photoluminescence spectra of the ZnO-based hollow microspheres were obtained at room temperature to investigate their optical properties. The hollow microspheres exhibit exciting emission features with a wide band covering nearly all the visible region. The calculated CIE (Commission Internationale d'Eclairage) coordinates are 0.24 and 0.31, which fall at the edge of the white region (the 1931 CIE diagram). A possible growth mechanism of the 3D ZnO superstructures based on typical biopolymer-crystal interactions in aqueous solution is tentatively proposed, which might be really interesting because of the participation of the biopolymer.

Studies on the coordination of lanthanide with L-hydroxyproline and DL-citrulline

The stability constants of binary and ternary complexes of lanthanide with L-hydroxyproline and DL-citrulline were obtained by using potentiometric titration under the physiological condition(37 degrees C, 0.15 mol/L NaCl). The coordination of lanthanide with the two ligands was discussed.

Asymmetric polymerization of the mixture of TrMA and MMA initiated by chiral complexes

A mixture of triphenylmethyl methacrylate (TrMA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) was polymerized with chiral anionic initiator, such as fluorenyl lithium-(-)-sparteine [FlLi-(-)-Sp] and fluorenyl lithium-(+)-2S,3S-dimethoxy-1,4-bis(dimethylamino) butane [FlLi-(+)-DDB] in toluene at -78 degrees C. The results show that after the stable helix formed, when FlLi-(+)-DDB was used as the initiator, TrMA and MMA could be copolymerized, whereas when FlLi-(-)-Sp was used, the two monomers tended to be selectively polymerized into two polymers. This phenomenon has been explained by the existence of helix-selective polymerization. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.