Forced Dissociation of Selectin-ligand Complexes Using Steered Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Selectin-ligand interactions are crucial to such biological processes as inflammatory cascade or tumor metastasis. How transient formation and dissociation of selectin-ligand bonds in blood flow are coupled to molecular conformation at atomic level, however, has not been well understood. In this study, steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations were used to elucidate the intramolecular and intermolecular conformational evolutions involved in forced dissociation of three selectin-ligand systems: the construct consisting of P-selectin lectin (Lec) and epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains (P-LE) interacting with synthesized sulfoglycopeptide or SGP-3, P-LE with sialyl Lewis X (sLeX), and E-LE with sLeX. SMD simulations were based on newly built-up force field parameters including carbohydrate units and sulfated tyrosine(s) using an analogy approach. The simulations demonstrated that the complex dissociation was coupled to the molecular extension. While the intramolecular unraveling in P-LESGP-3 system mainly resulted from the destroy of the two anti-parallel sheets of EGF domain and the breakage of hydrogen-bond cluster at the Lec-EGF interface, the intermolecular dissociation was mainly determined by separation of fucose (FUC) from Ca2+ ion in all three systems. Conformational changes during forced dissociations depended on pulling velocities and forces, as well as on how the force was applied. This work provides an insight into better understanding of conformational changes and adhesive functionality of selectin-ligand interactions under external forces.

Functional analysis of cancer-associated EGFR mutants using a cellular assay with YFP-tagged EGFR intracellular domain

Background: The presence of EGFR kinase domain mutations in a subset of NSCLC patients correlates with the response to treatment with the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors gefitinib and erlotinib. Although most EGFR mutations detected are short deletions in exon 19 or the L858R point mutation in exon 21, more than 75 different EGFR kinase domain residues have been reported to be altered in NSCLC patients. The phenotypical consequences of different EGFR mutations may vary dramatically, but the majority of uncommon EGFR mutations have never been functionally evaluated. Results: We demonstrate that the relative kinase activity and erlotinib sensitivity of different EGFR mutants can be readily evaluated using transfection of an YFP-tagged fragment of the EGFR intracellular domain (YFP-EGFR-ICD), followed by immunofluorescence microscopy analysis. Using this assay, we show that the exon 20 insertions Ins770SVD and Ins774HV confer increased kinase activity, but no erlotinib sensitivity. We also show that, in contrast to the common L858R mutation, the uncommon exon 21 point mutations P848L and A859T appear to behave like functionally silent polymorphisms. Conclusion: The ability to rapidly obtain functional information on EGFR variants of unknown relevance using the YFP-EGFR-ICD assay might prove important in the future for the management of NSCLC patients bearing uncommon EGFR mutations. In addition, our assay may be used to determine the response of resistant EGFR mutants to novel second-generation TKIs.

Soluble Angiopoietin Receptor Tie-2 In Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction And Its Detection By Optical Protein-Chip

The Tie-2 receptor has been shown to play a role in angiogenesis in atherosclerosis. The conventional method assaying the level of soluble Tie-2 (sTie-2) was ELISA. However, this method has some disadvantages. The aims of this research are to establish a more simple detection method, the optical protein-chip based on imaging ellipsomtry (OPC-IE) applying to Tie-2 assay. The sTie-2 biosensor surface on silicon wafer was prepared first, and then serum levels of sTie-2 in 38 patients with AMI were measured on admission (day 1), day 2, day 3 and day 7 after onset of chest pain and 41 healthy controls by ELISA and OPC-IE in parallel. Median level of sTie-2 increased significantly in the AMI patients when compared with the controls. Statistics showed there was a significant correlation in sTie-2 results between the two methods (r=0.923, P0.01). The result of this study showed that the level of sTie-2 increased in AMI, and OPC-IE assay was a fast, reliable, and convenient technique to measure sTie-2 in serum.

Structural requirements for catalysis: studies on RTEM-1 β-lactamase

β-lactamases are a group of enzymes that confer resistance to penam and cephem antibiotics by hydrolysis of the β-lactam ring, thereby inactivating the antibiotic. Crystallographic and computer modeling studies of RTEM-1 β-lactamase have indicated that Asp 132, a strictly conserved residue among the class A β-lactamases, appears to be involved in substrate binding, catalysis, or both. To study the contribution of residue 132 to β-lactamase function, site saturation mutagenesis was used to generate mutants coding for all 20 amino acids at position 132. Phenotypic screening of all mutants indicated that position 132 is very sensitive to amino acid changes, with only N132C, N132D, N132E, and N132Q showing any appreciable activity. Kinetic analysis of three of these mutants showed increases in K_M, along with substantial decreases in k_(cat). Efforts to trap a stable acyl-enzyme intermediate were unsuccessfuL These results indicate that residue 132 is involved in substrate binding, as well as catalysis, and supports the involvement of this residue in acylation as suggested by Strynadka et al.

Crystallographic and computer modeling studies of RTEM-1 β-lactamase have indicated that Lys 73 and Glu 166, two strictly conserved residues among the class A β-lactamases, appear to be involved in substrate binding, catalysis, or both. To study the contribution of these residues to β-lactamase function, site saturation mutagenesis was used to generate mutants coding for all 20 amino acids at positions 73 and 166. Then all 400 possible combinations of mutants were created by combinatorial mutagenesis. The colonies harboring the mutants were screened for growth in the presence of ampicillin. The competent colonys' DNA were sequenced, and kinetic parameters investigated. It was found that lysine is essential at position 73, and that position 166 only tolerated fairly conservative changes (Aspartic acid, Histidine, and Tyrosine). These functional mutants exhibited decreased kcat's, but K_M was close to wild-type levels. The results of the combinatorial mutagenesis experiments indicate that Lysis absolutely required for activity at position 73; no mutation at residue 166 can compensate for loss of the long side chain amine. The active mutants found--K73K/E166D, K73KIE166H, and K73KIE166Y were studied by kinetic analysis. These results reaffirmed the function of residue 166 as important in catalysis, specifically deacylation.

The identity of the residue responsible for enhancing the active site serine (Ser 70) in RTEM-1 β-lactamase has been disputed for some time. Recently, analysis of a crystal structure of RTEM-1 β-lactamase with covalently bound intermediate was published, and it was suggested that Lys 73, a strictly conserved residue among the class A β-lactamases, was acting as a general base, activating Ser 70. For this to be possible, the pK_a of Lys 73 would have to be depressed significantly. In an attempt to assay the pK_a of Lys 73, the mutation K73C was made. This mutant protein can be reacted with 2-bromoethylamine, and activity is restored to near wild type levels. ^(15)N-2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide and ^(13)C-2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide were synthesized. Reacting these compounds with the K73C mutant gives stable isotopic enrichment at residue 73 in the form of aminoethylcysteine, a lysine homologue. The pK_a of an amine can be determined by NMR titration, following the change in chemical shift of either the ^(15)N-amine nuclei or adjacent Be nuclei as pH is changed. Unfortunately, low protein solubility, along with probable label scrambling in the Be experiment, did not permit direct observation of either the ^(15)N or ^(13)C signals. Indirect detection experiments were used to observe the protons bonded directly to the ^(13)C atoms. Two NMR signals were seen, and their chemical shift change with pH variation was noted. The peak which was determined to correspond to the aminoethylcysteine residue shifted from 3.2 ppm down to 2.8 ppm over a pH range of 6.6 to 12.5. The pK_a of the amine at position 73 was determined to be ~10. This indicates that residue 73 does not function as a general base in the acylation step of the reaction. However the experimental measurement takes place in the absence of substrate. Since the enzyme undergoes conformational changes upon substrate binding, the measured pK_a of the free enzyme may not correspond to the pK_a of the enzyme substrate complex.

Biotechnologies for cancer diagnostics : cell sorting, protein analysis and imaging of cellular metabolism

This thesis presents the development of chip-based technology for informative in vitro cancer diagnostics. In the first part of this thesis, I will present my contribution in the development of a technology called “Nucleic Acid Cell Sorting (NACS)”, based on microarrays composed of nucleic acid encoded peptide major histocompatibility complexes (p/MHC), and the experimental and theoretical methods to detect and analyze secreted proteins from single or few cells.

Secondly, a novel portable platform for imaging of cellular metabolism with radio probes is presented. A microfluidic chip, so called “Radiopharmaceutical Imaging Chip” (RIMChip), combined with a beta-particle imaging camera, is developed to visualize the uptake of radio probes in a small number of cells. Due to its sophisticated design, RIMChip allows robust and user-friendly execution of sensitive and quantitative radio assays. The performance of this platform is validated with adherent and suspension cancer cell lines. This platform is then applied to study the metabolic response of cancer cells under the treatment of drugs. Both cases of mouse lymphoma and human glioblastoma cell lines, the metabolic responses to the drug exposures are observed within a short time (~ 1 hour), and are correlated with the arrest of cell-cycle, or with changes in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling.

The last parts of this thesis present summaries of ongoing projects: development of a new agent as an in vivo imaging probe for c-MET, and quantitative monitoring of glycolytic metabolism of primary glioblastoma cells. To develop a new agent for c-MET imaging, the one-bead-one-compound combinatorial library method is used, coupled with iterative screening. The performance of the agent is quantitatively validated with cell-based fluorescent assays. In the case of monitoring the metabolism of primary glioblastoma cell, by RIMChip, cells were sorting according to their expression levels of oncoprotein, or were treated with different kinds of drugs to study the metabolic heterogeneity of cancer cells or metabolic response of glioblastoma cells to drug treatments, respectively.

Structurally engineered cytochromes c with novel ligand-binding properties

Semisynthesis of horse heart cytochrome c and site-directed mutagenesis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. c.) iso-1-cytochrome c have been utilized to substitute Ala for the cytochrome c heme axial ligand Met80 to yield ligand-binding proteins (horse heart Ala80cyt c and S.c. Ala80cyt c) with spectroscopic properties remarkably similar to those of myoglobin. Both species of Fe(II)Ala80cyt c form exceptionally stable dioxygen complexes with autoxidation rates 10-30x smaller and O₂ binding constants ~ 3x greater than those of myoglobin. The resistance of O₂-Fe(II)Ala80cyt c to autoxidation is attributed in part to protection of the heme site from solvent as exhibited by the exceptionally slow rate of CO binding to the heme as well as the low quantum yield of CO photodissociation.

UV/vis, EPR, and paramagnetic NMR spectroscopy indicate that at pH 7 the Fe(III)Ala80cyt c heme is low-spin with axial His-OH^- coordination and that below pH ~6.5, Fe(III)Ala80cyt cis high-spin with His-H₂O heme ligation. Significant differences in the pH dependence of the ¹H NMR spectra of S.c. Fe(III)Ala80cyt c compared to wild-type demonstrate that the axial ligands influence the conformational energetics of cytochrome c.

¹H NMR spectroscopy has been utilized to determine the solution structure of the cyanide derivative of S.c. Fe(III)Ala80cyt c. 82% of the resonances in the ¹H NMR spectrum of S.c. CN-Fe(III)Ala80cyt c have been assigned through 1D and 2D experiments. The RMSD values after restrained energy minimization of the family of 17 structures obtained from distance geometry calculations are 0.68 ± 0.11 Å for the backbone and 1.32 ± 0.14 Å for all heavy atoms. The solution structure indicates that a tyrosine in the "distal" pocket of CN-Fe(III)Ala80cyt c forms a hydrogen bond with the Fe(III)-CN unit, suggesting that it may play a role analogous to that of the distal histidine in myoglobin in stabilizing the dioxygen adduct.

Protein-protein recognition: The neonatal Fe receptor and immunoglobulin G

The neonatal Fe receptor (FeRn) binds the Fe portion of immunoglobulin G (IgG) at the acidic pH of endosomes or the gut and releases IgG at the alkaline pH of blood. FeRn is responsible for the maternofetal transfer of IgG and for rescuing endocytosed IgG from a default degradative pathway. We investigated how FeRn interacts with IgG by constructing a heterodimeric form of the Fe (hdFc) that contains one FeRn binding site. This molecule was used to characterize the interaction between one FeRn molecule and one Fe and to determine under what conditions FeRn forms a dimer. The hdFc binds one FeRn molecule at pH 6.0 with a K_d of 80 nM. In solution and with FeRn anchored to solid supports, the heterodimeric Fe does not induce a dimer of FeRn molecules. FcRnhdFc complex crystals were obtained and the complex structure was solved to 2.8 Å resolution. Analysis of this structure refined the understanding of the mechanism of the pH-dependent binding, shed light on the role played by carbohydrates in the Fe binding, and provided insights on how to design therapeutic IgG antibodies with longer serum half-lives. The FcRn-hdFc complex in the crystal did not contain the FeRn dimer. To characterize the tendency of FeRn to form a dimer in a membrane we analyzed the tendency of the hdFc to induce cross-phosphorylation of FeRn-tyrosine kinase chimeras. We also constructed FeRn-cyan and FeRn-yellow fluorescent proteins and have analyzed the tendency of these molecules to exhibit fluorescence resonance energy transfer. As of now, neither of these analyses have lead to conclusive results. In the process of acquiring the context to appreciate the structure of the FcRn-hdFc interface, we developed a study of 171 other nonobligate protein-protein interfaces that includes an original principal component analysis of the quantifiable aspects of these interfaces.

Signal transduction, regulation, and developmental logic of EGFR signalling in C. elegans

RTKs-mediated signaling systems and the pathways with which they interact (e.g., those initiated by G protein-mediated signaling) involve a highly cooperative network that sense a large number of cellular inputs and then integrate, amplify, and process this information to orchestrate an appropriate set of cellular responses. The responses include virtually all aspects of cell function, from the most fundamental (proliferation, differentiation) to the most specialized (movement, metabolism, chemosensation). The basic tenets of RTK signaling system seem rather well established. Yet, new pathways and even new molecular players continue to be discovered. Although we believe that many of the essential modules of RTK signaling system are rather well understood, we have relatively little knowledge of the extent of interaction among these modules and their overall quantitative importance.

My research has encompassed the study of both positive and negative signaling by RTKs in C. elegans. I identified the C. elegans S0S-1 gene and showed that it is necessary for multiple RAS-mediated developmental signals. In addition, I demonstrated that there is a SOS-1-independent signaling during RAS-mediated vulval differentiation. By assessing signal outputs from various triple mutants, I have concluded that this SOS-1-independent signaling is not mediated by PTP-2/SHP-2 or the removal of inhibition by GAP-1/ RasGAP and it is not under regulation by SLI-1/Cb1. I speculate that there is either another exchange factor for RASor an as yet unidentified signaling pathway operating during RAS-mediated vulval induction in C. elegans.

In an attempt to uncover the molecular mechanisms of negative regulation of EGFR signaling by SLI-1/Cb1, I and two other colleagues codiscovered that RING finger domain of SLI-1 is partially dispensable for activity. This structure-function analysis shows that there is an ubiquitin protein ligase-independent activity for SLI-1 in regulating EGFR signaling. Further, we identified an inhibitory tyrosine of LET-23/ EGFR requiring sli-1(+)for its effects: removal of this tyrosine closely mimics loss of sli-1 but not loss of other negative regulator function.

By comparative analysis of two RTK pathways with similar signaling mechanisms, I have found that clr-1, a previously identified negative regulator of egl-15 mediated FGFR signaling, is also involved in let-23 EGFR signaling. The success of this approach promises a similar reciprocal test and could potentially extend to the study of other signaling pathways with similar signaling logic.

Finally, by correlating the developmental expression of lin-3 EGF to let-23 EGFR signaling activity, I demonstrated the existence of reciprocal EGF signaling in coordinating the morphogenesis of epithelia. This developmental logic of EGF signaling could provide a basis to understand a universal mechanism for organogenesis.

Functional evaluation of noncovalent interactions in neuroreceptors and progress toward the expansion of unnatural amino acid methodology

This dissertation primarily describes chemical-scale studies of G protein-coupled receptors and Cys-loop ligand-gated ion channels to better understand ligand binding interactions and the mechanism of channel activation using recently published crystal structures as a guide. These studies employ the use of unnatural amino acid mutagenesis and electrophysiology to measure subtle changes in receptor function.

In chapter 2, the role of a conserved aromatic microdomain predicted in the D3 dopamine receptor is probed in the closely related D2 and D4 dopamine receptors. This domain was found to act as a structural unit near the ligand binding site that is important for receptor function. The domain consists of several functionally important noncovalent interactions including hydrogen bond, aromatic-aromatic, and sulfur-π interactions that show strong couplings by mutant cycle analysis. We also assign an alternate interpretation for the linear fluorination plot observed at W6.48, a residue previously thought to participate in a cation-π interaction with dopamine.

Chapter 3 outlines attempts to incorporate chemically synthesized and in vitro acylated unnatural amino acids into mammalian cells. While our attempts were not successful, method optimizations and data for nonsense suppression with an in vivo acylated tRNA are included. This chapter is aimed to aid future researchers attempting unnatural amino acid mutagenesis in mammalian cells.

Chapter 4 identifies a cation-π interaction between glutamate and a tyrosine residue on loop C in the GluClβ receptor. Using the recently published crystal structure of the homologous GluClα receptor, other ligand-binding and protein-protein interactions are probed to determine the similarity between this invertebrate receptor and other more distantly related vertebrate Cys-loop receptors. We find that many of the interactions previously observed are conserved in the GluCl receptors, however care must be taken when extrapolating structural data.

Chapter 5 examines inherent properties of the GluClα receptor that are responsible for the observed glutamate insensitivity of the receptor. Chimera synthesis and mutagenesis reveal the C-terminal portion of the M4 helix and the C-terminus as contributing to formation of the decoupled state, where ligand binding is incapable of triggering channel gating. Receptor mutagenesis was unable to identify single residue mismatches or impaired protein-protein interactions within this domain. We conclude that M4 helix structure and/or membrane dynamics are likely the cause of ligand insensitivity in this receptor and that the M4 helix has an role important in the activation process.

Studies of the serotonin type 3A receptor and the chemical preparation of tRNA

This thesis describes studies surrounding a ligand-gated ion channel (LGIC): the serotonin type 3A receptor (5-HT₃AR). Structure-function experiments using unnatural amino acid mutagenesis are described, as well as experiments on the methodology of unnatural amino acid mutagenesis. Chapter 1 introduces LGICs, experimental methods, and an overview of the unnatural amino acid mutagenesis.

In Chapter 2, the binding orientation of the clinically available drugs ondansetron and granisetron within 5-HT₃A is determined through a combination of unnatural amino acid mutagenesis and an inhibition based assay. A cation-π interaction is found for both ondansetron and granisetron with a specific tryptophan residue (Trp183, TrpB) of the mouse 5-HT₃AR, which establishes a binding orientation for these drugs.

In Chapter 3, further studies were performed with ondansetron and granisetron with 5-HT₃A. The primary determinant of binding for these drugs was determined to not include interactions with a specific tyrosine residue (Tyr234, TyrC2). In completing these studies, evidence supporting a cation-π interaction of a synthetic agonist, meta-chlorophenylbiguanide, was found with TyrC2.

In Chapter 4, a direct chemical acylation strategy was implemented to prepare full-length suppressor tRNA mediated by lanthanum(III) and amino acid phosphate esters. The derived aminoacyl-tRNA is shown to be translationally competent in Xenopus oocytes.

Appendix A.1 gives details of a pharmacological method for determining the equilibrium dissociation constant, K_B, of a competitive antagonist with a receptor, known as Schild analysis. Appendix A.2 describes an examination of the inhibitory activity of new chemical analogs of the 5-HT₃A antagonist ondansetron. Appendix A.3 reports an organic synthesis of an intermediate for a new unnatural amino acid. Appendix A.4 covers an additional methodological examination for the preparation of amino-acyl tRNA.

Influência da ck2 no processo de interação Leishmania donovani-macrófagos

O gênero Leishmania apresenta espécies capazes de desenvolver doenças de grande importância para a saúde pública, as leishmanioses, que apresentam prevalência mundial de 12 milhões de pessoas. Quando os parasitos entram em contato com o hospedeiro humano passam por um processo de metaciclogênese adquirindo capacidade de interagir com os macrófagos. Inúmeras atividades biológicas são desencadeadas pela ativação de sistemas de transdução de sinais, onde as proteínas cinases e fosfatases desempenham papel fundamental. A proteína cinase CK2 parece estar presente em todas as células eucarióticas (núcleo, citoplasma e superfície). É caracterizada como enzima serina/treonina cinase, embora também seja capaz de fosforilar resíduos de tirosina em suas proteínas-alvo. No presente trabalho, demonstramos que o principal inibidor da CK2, TBB, foi capaz de inibir o crescimento de formas promastigotas de L. donovani e mostrou um mecanismo de ação irreversível, entretanto não foi capaz de induzir apoptose nas formas promastigotas de L. donovani. O pré-tratamento dos parasitos e macrófagos, assim como a adição do TBB durante o processo de infecção induziram uma redução significativa no número de amastigotas por macrófagos possivelmente pelo mecanismo de morte celular programada demosntrada pela técnica do TUNEL. O tratamento de macrófagos com TBB não induziram o aumento de óxido nítrico. Ensaios de imunofluorescência demonstraram a presença de CK2α em promastigotas. Macrófagos não infectados demonstraram pouca marcação para CK2α. Após a interação, a enzima mostrou-se distribuída preferencialmente na periferia dos macrófagos. Os dados do trabalho sugerem que a CK2 é uma importante enzima para a atividade biológica da Leishmania donovani, tendo seu estudo importante relevância para a descoberta de novos alvos terapêuticos.

Avaliação de fatores angiogênicos e antiangiogênicos em pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico

O lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) é uma doença autoimune cuja fisiopatologia envolve mecanismos imunológicos, incluindo distúrbios nos processos de morte celular e nos mecanismos de eliminação de autoantígenos e de tolerância, acompanhados da formação de autoanticorpos patogênicos. Ele acomete principalmente mulheres jovens e a gestação nestas pacientes apresenta significativa morbimortalidade. Os achados clínicos e laboratoriais na nefrite lúpica são semelhantes àqueles encontrados em pacientes com pré-eclâmpsia (PE), especificamente hipertensão arterial, proteinúria e edema. Foi proposto o uso de fatores angiogênicos, como o fator de crescimento vascular endotelial (VEGF) e o fator de crescimento placentário (PlGF), e antiangiogênicos, como o receptor Fms-like tirosina quinase 1 solúvel (sFlt-1), para o diagnóstico diferencial entre estas duas condições, no entanto os dados disponíveis na literatura sobre estas citocinas em pacientes não gestantes com LES são inconsistentes. Este estudo foi desenhado para avaliar se existe diferença entre os níveis séricos de VEGF, PlGF e sFlt-1 em pacientes com LES com e sem atividade sistêmica da doença e se existe diferença nesses fatores quando comparamos pacientes com LES e mulheres saudáveis. Foram incluídas 54 mulheres com diagnóstico de LES em acompanhamento no ambulatório de Reumatologia do HUPE-UERJ, sem outra doença autoimune diagnosticada, e divididas de acordo com a atividade da doença. 30 pacientes tinham doença inativa (SLEDAI médio: 0,7) e 24 tinham doença ativa (SLEDAI médio: 11,6). 23 mulheres deste último grupo possuíam nefrite ativa, enquanto 20 das pacientes com doença em remissão já haviam apresentado nefrite ao longo da evolução do LES. O grupo controle foi formado por 34 mulheres hígidas atendidas no ambulatório de ginecologia da Policlínica Piquet Carneiro-UERJ. Considerando as três citocinas estudadas, as pacientes com LES apresentaram valores séricos médios superiores às mulheres do grupo controle (VEGF: 319,0 + 226,0 x 206,2 + 119,4, p=0,02; PlGF: 42,2 + 54,1 x 13,6 + 21,6, p=0,02; sFlt-1: 107,9 + 49,2 x 70,2 + 95,0, p=0,01). O grupo de pacientes com doença ativa também apresentou média superior ao controle nos três fatores (VEGF: 331,0 + 216,8 x 206,2 + 119,4, p=0,02; PlGF: 41,2 + 47,3 x 13,6 + 21,6, p=0,02; sFlt-1: 120,5 + 42,4 x 70,2 + 95,0, p=0,02), enquanto não foi encontrada diferença estatística entre o grupo de LES inativo e o controle. A média do sFlt-1 sérico foi maior nas pacientes com LES ativo do que a média das pacientes com a doença em remissão (120,5 + 54,9 x 97,8 + 42,4, p=0,02), mas não houve diferença significativa da média do VEGF e PlGF séricos entre os dois grupos. O melhor entendimento dos fatores angiogênicos e antiangiogênicos em pacientes com LES proporcionado por este estudo nos permite a análise dessas citocinas em gestantes com LES e, possivelmente, sua posterior aplicação como método diferencial entre nefrite lúpica e PE.

Propriedades adesivas a substratos abióticos e bióticos, invasão e indução de apoptose celular de Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum

A ocorrência de fenótipos multirresistentes de Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum e sua associação a infecções graves, com elevada mortalidade em pacientes imunocomprometidos, aliados ao escasso conhecimento da virulência e patogenia destas infecções, motivou esta pesquisa, que teve como objetivo investigar mecanismos de virulência e resistência microbiana deste agente entre pacientes de um hospital universitário brasileiro. Um total de 113 amostras de C. pseudodiphtheriticum identificadas por métodos bioquímicos convencionais e sistema API-Coryne isoladas de pacientes de diferentes grupos etários. Os micro-organismos eram, em sua maioria, relacionados a infecções no trato respiratório (27,45%), urinário (29,20%) e sitios intravenosos (18,60%) e cerca de 32,70% das amostras foram provenientes de pacientes com pelo menos uma das condições predisponentes: insuficiência renal; transplante renal, tuberculose em paciente HIV+, câncer, cirrose hepática, hemodiálise e uso de cateter. As amostras testadas revelaram-se multirresistentes sendo a maioria resistente à oxacilina, eritromicina e clindamicina. A adesão das cepas ao poliestireno e ao poliuretano indicou o envolvimento de hidrofobicidade da superfície celular na fase inicial da formação de biofilmes. O crescimento subsequente conduziu à formação de microcolônias, agregados bacterianos densos incorporados na matriz exopolimérica rodeada por espaços vazios, típica de biofilmes maduros. Adicionalmente, a interação do micro-organismo com fibrinogênio e fibronectina humana indica o envolvimento destes componentes séricos na formação de biofilme, sugerindo a participação de diferentes adesinas neste processo e a capacidade deste agente formar biofilme in vivo. A afinidade por esses componentes e a formação de biofilme podem contribuir para o estabelecimento e disseminação da infecção no hospedeiro. Adicionalmente, as cepas de C. pseudodiphtheriticum isoladas de pacientes com infecções localizadas (ATCC10700/Pharyngitis) e sistêmicas (HHC1507/Bacteremia) exibiram um padrão de aderência agregativa-like a células HEp-2, caracterizado por aglomerados de bactérias com aparência de um "empilhado de tijolos". Através do teste FAS e ensaios de interação na presença de inibidores de citoesqueleto, demonstramos o envolvimento da polimerização de actina na internalização das cepas testadas. A internalização bacteriana e rearranjo do citoesqueleto pareceu ser parcialmente desencadeado pela ativação da tirosina-quinase. Finalmente, C. pseudodiphtheriticum foi capaz de sobreviver no ambiente intracelular e embora não tenha demonstrado capacidade de replicar intracelularmente, células HEp-2 foram incapazes de eliminar o patógeno completamente no ambiente extracelular no período de 24 horas. Todas as cepas estudadas foram capazes de induzir apoptose em células epiteliais 24 horas pós-infecção evidenciada pelo aumento significativo no número de células mortas e pela ocorrência de alterações nucleares reveladas através dos métodos de coloração pelo azul Trypan, pelo DAPI e microscopia electrônica de transmissão. Alterações morfológicas incluindo a vacuolização, a fragmentação nuclear e a formação de corpos apoptóticos foram observadas neste período. A citometria de fluxo demonstrou ainda uma diminuição significativa no tamanho das células infectadas e a utilização de dupla marcação (iodeto de propídio / anexina V) permitiu a detecção da ocorrência de necrose e apoptose tardia. Em conclusão, o conhecimento de tais características contribuiu para a compreensão de mecanismos envolvidos no aumento da frequência de infecções graves com elevada mortalidade em pacientes no ambiente hospitalar, por C. pseudodiphtheriticum, um patógeno rotineiramente subestimado em países em desenvolvimento.

Efeitos comportamentais e endócrinos do tratamento com a vareniclina em um modelo experimental de exposição à nicotina durante a adolescência

A nicotina é considerada o principal componente psicoativo do tabaco e esta induz seus efeitos farmacológicos centrais atuando em receptores nicotínicos colinérgicos (nAChRs). A maturação dos sistemas colinérgicos é consolidada durante o período da periadolescência, o que sugere que o cérebro do adolescente é vulnerável aos efeitos de estimulantes colinérgicos. Dados os efeitos deletérios do consumo de tabaco, incluindo a dependência, têm sido desenvolvidas estratégias terapêuticas para facilitar a interrupção do uso. A mais recente é o uso da vareniclina, um agonista parcial dos nAChRs α4β2. Pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos da exposição à nicotina na adolescência e menos ainda dos efeitos de curto e longo prazos dos tratamentos disponíveis para a reversão da dependência ainda durante este período. Neste sentido, os objetivos desse trabalho foram o de estudar os comportamentos associados à ansiedade e busca por novos estímulos e a função adrenal em animais expostos à fumaça do cigarro durante a adolescência e subsequentemente tratados com procedimento para reversão de dependência à nicotina. Esse estudo utilizou 150 camundongos Suíços adolescentes (de ambos os sexos). Os animais foram expostos à solução aquosa de nicotina (50g/ml - NIC) ou de sacarina (2% - SAC) v.o. do 30o dia de vida pós-natal (PN) à PN45 e submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos por gavagem de PN45 à PN56: 1) vareniclina (0,1 ou 1,0 mg/kg/dia, VAR1 e VAR2 respectivamente); 2) veículo (VEH); 3) nicotina na dose utilizada entre PN30 e PN45 (NIC). Sete grupos experimentais foram utilizados: SACVEH, SACVAR1, SACVAR2, NICVEH, NICVAR1, NICVAR2 e NICNIC. Em PN55, os animais foram submetidos ao teste do labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE) por 5 min, e duas depois ao teste do campo vazado (CV) também por 5 min. Os tecidos coletados em PN56 (após o sacrifício dos animais) foram: adrenal esquerda para a verificação do conteúdo de catecolaminas, adrenal direita para avaliação da expressão da tirosina hidroxilase e soro para a dosagem de corticosterona. Os nossos resultados demonstraram que no final da vigência do tratamento não foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos no comportamentos associados à ansiedade do LCE e nos associados à busca por novos estímulos no CV. Por outro lado, a análise do número de orifícios explorados no centro do CV, também utilizado como medida de ansiedade, sugerem que a vareniclina por si só e a exposição continuada à nicotina são ansiogênicas mas que que o tratamento com vareniclina após a exposição à nicotina mantém os resultados dentro da normalidade. Do ponto de vista endócrino, o conteúdo adrenal de catecolaminas foi corrigido pelo tratamento com vareniclina, os níveis séricos de corticosterona foram aumentados pela exposição à nicotina enquanto o tratamento com vareniclina aumentou a expressão de tirosina hidroxilase. Nosso estudo indica que, no final da vigência do tratamento, tanto aspectos comportamentais como endócrinos estão significativamente afetados em nosso modelo de exposição à nicotina durante a adolescência e tratamento subsequente com vareniclina. Estudos futuros deverão avaliar estes parâmetros em períodos posteriores, com o objetivo de verificar se as alterações observadas persistem na vida adulta.

Modulação das vias de sinalização intracelulares pelo sistema NAD(P)H oxidase em melanoma humano

Evidências têm mostrado que as espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) geradas pela NAD(P)H oxidase são importantes moduladores de diversas funções celulares como migração, crescimento, proliferação e sobrevivência. Estudos recentes demonstraram o envolvimento da atividade da NAD(P)H oxidase no crescimento e sobrevivência de células de melanoma. Neste trabalho, investigamos o efeito da inibição da NAD(P)H oxidase por difenileneiodônio (DPI) sobre o crescimento das células de melanoma humano MV3 e observamos que este composto reduziu o crescimento destas células em aproximadamente 50%. A inibição da NAD(P)H oxidase induziu mudanças no formato celular, com arredondamento, diminuição do espraiamento e descolamento celular. Esta redução foi acompanhada por um rearranjo do citoesqueleto de actina, diminuição da fosforilação no resíduo Tyr397 da quinase de adesão focal (FAK) e redução na associação de FAK com actina e com a tirosina quinase c-Src. Isto indica que a inibição da geração de ROS está modulando negativamente vias de sinalização ativadas por integrinas, o que freqüentemente conduz a um tipo particular de morte celular conhecida por anoikis. Comprovando a ocorrência deste fenômeno, observamos que a inibição da atividade da NAD(P)H oxidase aumentou a apoptose das células de melanoma e induziu a ativação da caspase-3. Nossos resultados mostram ainda que a inibição da viabilidade celular por DPI foi revertida com o pré-tratamento das células MV3 com um inibidor de tirosina fosfatases (ortovanadato de sódio). Em resumo, este estudo mostra que a geração de ROS por NAD(P)H oxidase está envolvida nos mecanismos de sobrevivência em células de melanoma, uma vez que afetam as vias de sinalização dependentes de FAK-Src, através da inibição da atividade de proteína tirosina fosfatases.