Avaliação da gestão de risco nas empresas paulistanas de comércio eletrônico

O comércio eletrônico vem crescendo de forma significativa nestes últimos anos no Brasil. Isto vem fazendo com que cada vez mais empreendedores utilizem ou estudem a possibilidade de valerem-se deste canal de venda para a comercialização de todo tipo de produto. Mas, como todo tipo de negócio, o comércio eletrônico possui suas particularidades que representam a diferença entre o sucesso e o fracasso desse tipo de empreendimento. Muitas dessas características podem se inferir consultando a literatura existente, artigos de jornais e revistas, consultando especialistas ou empresas especializadas na montagem dessas lojas e associações de classe do setor. Mas, ao analisar esse tipo de negócio sob a ótica da gestão de risco, muito pouca literatura é encontrada. Encontram-se referências ou artigos tratando de algum aspecto em específico do comércio eletrônico, ou da gestão de risco, mas muito poucos artigos tratando destes dois assuntos em conjunto. O objetivo deste trabalho foi tentar preencher esta lacuna. Como metodologia para esta pesquisa, levantamos a literatura existente, o referencial teórico em termos de gestão de risco e das técnicas de avaliação de riscos, do comércio eletrônico, tipos, estatísticas, funcionamento, características e modelos. Como não encontramos parâmetros já definidos ligando esses dois assuntos, dividimos a gestão do risco no comércio eletrônico em cinco grandes grupos, estratégico, de marketing, financeiro, de tecnologia e logístico. Em seguida, realizamos uma pesquisa exploratória junto a especialistas em comércio eletrônico que trabalham com a gestão de risco para determinar quais fatores de risco seriam os mais importantes, ou que deveriam ser controlados para efetuar a gestão do risco. Uma vez definidos esses fatores, realizamos pesquisas de campo junto às lojas virtuais na cidade de São Paulo para saber quais riscos estavam efetivamente sendo controlados e qual a importância do controle desses riscos. Ao final destas pesquisas, definimos quais riscos são hoje controlados, e qual o grau de importância do controle desses riscos. Emitimos uma série de recomendações para aqueles que trabalham com o comércio eletrônico ou que desejam empreender neste tipo de negócio e finalmente montamos uma proposta para hierarquização da gestão de risco em comércio eletrônico.

Optical probing of spin fluctuations of a single paramagnetic Mn atom in a semiconductor quantum dot

We analyzed the photoluminescence intermittency generated by a single paramagnetic spin localized in an individual semiconductor quantum dot. The statistics of the photons emitted by the quantum dot reflect the quantum fluctuations of the localized spin interacting with the injected carriers. Photon correlation measurements, which are reported here, reveal unique signatures of these fluctuations. A phenomenological model is proposed to quantitatively describe these observations, allowing a measurement of the spin dynamics of an individual magnetic atom at zero magnetic field. These results demonstrate the existence of an efficient spin-relaxation channel arising from a spin exchange with individual carriers surrounding the quantum dot. A theoretical description of a spin-flip mechanism involving spin exchange with surrounding carriers gives relaxation times in good agreement with the measured dynamics.

Optical initialization, readout, and dynamics of a Mn spin in a quantum dot

We have investigated the spin preparation efficiency by optical pumping of individual Mn atoms embedded in CdTe/ZnTe quantum dots. Monitoring the time dependence of the intensity of the fluorescence during the resonant optical pumping process in individual quantum dots allows to directly probe the dynamics of the initialization of the Mn spin. This technique presents the convenience of including preparation and readout of the Mn spin in the same step. Our measurements demonstrate that Mn spin initialization, at zero magnetic field, can reach an efficiency of 75% and occurs in the tens of nanoseconds range when a laser resonantly drives at saturation one of the quantum-dot transition. We observe that the efficiency of optical pumping changes from dot-to-dot and is affected by a magnetic field of a few tens of millitesla applied in Voigt or Faraday configuration. This is attributed to the local strain distribution at the Mn location which predominantly determines the dynamics of the Mn spin under weak magnetic field. The spectral distribution of the spin-flip-scattered photons from quantum dots presenting a weak optical pumping efficiency reveals a significant spin relaxation for the exciton split in the exchange field of the Mn spin.

Spin-phonon coupling in single Mn-doped CdTe quantum dot

The spin dynamics of a single Mn atom in a laser driven CdTe quantum dot is addressed theoretically. Recent experimental results [ Gall et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 127402 (2009);  Goryca et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 087401 (2009)  Gall et al. Phys. Rev. B 81 245315 (2010)] show that it is possible to induce Mn spin polarization by means of circularly polarized optical pumping. Pumping is made possible by the faster Mn spin relaxation in the presence of the exciton. Here we discuss different Mn spin-relaxation mechanisms: first, Mn-phonon coupling, which is enhanced in the presence of the exciton; second, phonon induced hole spin relaxation combined with carrier-Mn spin-flip coupling and photon emission results in Mn spin relaxation. We model the Mn spin dynamics under the influence of a pumping laser that injects excitons into the dot, taking into account exciton-Mn exchange and phonon induced spin relaxation of both Mn and holes. Our simulations account for the optically induced Mn spin pumping.

Optical control of the spin state of two Mn atoms in a quantum dot

We report on the optical spectroscopy of the spin of two magnetic atoms (Mn) embedded in an individual quantum dot interacting with a single electron, a single exciton, or a single trion. As a result of their interaction to a common entity, the Mn spins become correlated. The dynamics of this process is probed by time-resolved spectroscopy, which permits us to determine an optical orientation time in the range of a few tens of nanoseconds. In addition, we show that the energy of the collective spin states of the two Mn atoms can be tuned through the optical Stark effect induced by a resonant laser field.

Electrical control of a single Mn atom in a quantum dot

We report on the reversible electrical control of the magnetic properties of a single Mn atom in an individual quantum dot. Our device permits us to prepare the dot in states with three different electric charges, 0, +1e, and -1e which result in dramatically different spin properties, as revealed by photoluminescence. Whereas in the neutral configuration the quantum dot is paramagnetic, the electron-doped dot spin states are spin rotationally invariant and the hole-doped dot spins states are quantized along the growth direction.

(Table 1, page 24), Geochemical cmposition of nodules and crust from the Indain Ocean recovered from R/V Marion Dufresne expeditions

Mineralogical analysis of manganese nodules and crusts collected from Indian ocean aboard Marion Dufresne points to a depth and regional control upon the manganese oxide association: vernadite - birnessite and vernadite - todorokite. Moreover, progressive changes in the vernadite/birnessite ratio as a function of time is clearly seen. Magnetite and titano-magnetite in quantities similar to those of framboidal pyrite in manganese nodules are outlined for the first time. Study of the distribution of metals (Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Co) shows a strong latitudinal and regional dependence that may be connected to high productivity zones and to bottom water properties. The problem of mineralogical control on the chemical composition is approached. Finally, it results that any interpretations taking into account all these data haveway to give to the variability of sea-water properties (pH, oxygenation, motions) the prominent control upon manganese nodules composition.