The liver stage of Plasmodium berghei inhibits host cell apoptosis.

Plasmodium berghei is the causative agent of rodent malaria and is widely used as a model system to study the liver stage of Plasmodium parasites. The entry of P. berghei sporozoites into hepatocytes has extensively been studied, but little is known about parasite-host interaction during later developmental stages of the intracellular parasite. Growth of the parasite far beyond the normal size of the host cell is an important stress factor for the infected cell. Cell stress is known to trigger programmed cell death (apoptosis) and we examined several apoptotic markers in P. berghei-infected cells and compared their level of expression and their distribution to that of non-infected cells. As none of the apoptotic markers investigated were found altered in infected cells, we hypothesized that parasite infection might confer resistance to apoptosis of the host cell. Treatment with peroxide or serum deprivation induced apoptosis in non-infected HepG2 cells, whereas P. berghei-infected cells appeared protected, indicating that the parasite interferes indeed with the apoptotic machinery of the host cell. To prove the physiological relevance of these results, mice were infected with high numbers of P. berghei sporozoites and treated with tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha/D-galactosamine to induce massive liver apoptosis. Liver sections of these mice, stained for degraded DNA, confirmed that infected cells containing viable parasites were protected from programmed cell death. However, in non-treated control mice as well as in TNF-alpha-treated mice a small proportion of dead intracellular parasites with degraded DNA were detected. Most hepatocytes containing dead parasites provoked an infiltration of immunocompetent cells, indicating that these cells are no longer protected from cell death.

Influence of catchment quality and altitude on the water and sediment composition of 68 small lakes in Central Europe

68 lakes (63 Swiss, 2 French and 3 Italian) located in an altitudinal range between 334 and 2339m spanning a wide range of land-use have been investigated. The aim of the study was to discuss influences of geographic location, vegetation and land-use in the catchment area on the water and sediment chemistry of small lakes. Detailed quantitative description of land-use, vegetation, and climate in the watershed of all lakes was established. Surface and bottom water samples collected from each lake were analyzed for major ions and nutrients. Correlations were interpreted using linear regression analysis. Chemical parameters of water and sediment reflect the characteristics of the catchment areas. All lakes were alkaline since they were situated on calcareous bedrock. Concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus strongly increase with increasing agricultural land-use. Na and K, however, are positively correlated with the amount of urbanization within the catchment area. These elements as well as dissolved organic carbon (DOC), Mg, Ca, and alkalinity, increase when the catchment is urbanized or used for agriculture. Total nitrogen and organic carbon in the sediments decrease distinctly if large parts of the catchment consist of bare land. No correlations between sediment composition and maximum water depth or altitude of the lakes were found.¶Striking differences in the water compositions of lakes above and below approximately 700 m of altitude were observed. Concentrations of total nitrogen and nitrate, total phosphorus, DOC, Na, K, Mg, Ca, and alkalinity are distinctly higher in most lakes below 700 m than above, and the pH of the bottom waters of these lakes is generally lower. Estimates of total nitrogen concentrations, even in remote areas, indicate that precipitation is responsible for increased background concentrations. At lower altitudes nitrogen concentrations in lakes is explained by the nitrogen loaded rain from urban areas deposited on the catchment, and with high percentages of agricultural land-use in the watershed.

A study of oxygen isotopic fractionation during bio-induced calcite precipitation in eutrophic Baldeggersee, Switzerland

In order to better understand environmental factors controlling oxygen isotope shifts in autochthonous lacustrine carbonate sequences, we undertook an extensive one-year study (March, 1995 to February, 1996) of water-column chemistry and daily sediment trap material from a small lake in Central Switzerland. Comparisons between calculated equilibrium isotope values, using the fractionation equation of Friedman and O’Neil, (1977) and measured oxygen isotope ratios of calcite in the sediment-traps reveal that oxygen isotopic values of autochthonous calcite (δ18O) are in isotopic equilibrium with ambient water during most of the spring and summer, when the majority of the calcite precipitates. In contrast, small amounts of calcite precipitated in early-spring and again in late-autumn are isotopically depleted in 18O relative to the calculated equilibrium values, by as much as 0.8‰. This seasonally occurring apparent isotopic nonequilibrium is associated with times of high phosphorous concentrations, elevated pH (∼8.6) and increased [CO32−] (∼50 μmol/l) in the surface waters. The resulting weighted average δ18O value for the studied period is −9.6‰, compared with a calculated equilibrium δ18O value of −9.4‰. These data convincingly demonstrate that δ18O of calcite are, for the most part, a very reliable proxy for temperature and δ18O of the water.

Stable isotope response to lake eutrophication: Calibration of a high-resolution lacustrine sequence from Baldeggersee, Switzerland

Stable isotope analyses of discrete seasonal layers from a 108-yr annually laminated freeze-core from Baldeg-gersee, a small, eutrophic lake in central Switzerland, provide information on the climatological and environmental factors, including lake eutrophication, that control oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of epilimnic biologically induced calcite precipitate. During the last 100 yr, Baldeggersee has undergone major increases in productivity and eutrophication in response to nutrient loading from agriculture and industrialization in the lake's watershed. Calibration of the isotopic signal in Baldeggersee to historical limnological data quantitatively links evidence of isotopic depletion in the sedimented calcite to trophic state of the lake. δ18O values from the spring/summer “light” sediment layers steadily diverged to more depleted values in response to historical eutrophication: measured δ18O values were up to 21.5‰ more negative than calculated equilibrium δ18O values. Evidence for 13C depletion in the calcite, relative to equilibrium values, is more difficult to ascertain because of an overall dominance of isotopic enrichment in the dissolved inorganic pool as productivity in Baldeggersee increases. A positive association exists between the degree of oxygen-18 depletion and the calcite crystal size. Thus, large amorphous calcite grains can be used as a proxy for recognizing apparent isotopic nonequilibrium in sediment sequences from highly productive lacustrine environments from all geologic time scales. In contrast to the light layers, the oxygen isotopic composition of the calcite in the late summer/fall “dark” sediment layers is unaffected by the apparent isotope nonequilibrium. Oxygen and carbon isotope values from the dark laminae in the Baldeggersee sediment therefore provide environmental and climatological proxies that can be calibrated with known environmental and regional climate data for the last century.

Die Jüdin : große Oper in fünf Aufzügen

Musik von Halevy. Nach dem Franz. des Scribe, übers. von Baron von Lichtenstein

Additamenta ad Tractatum de Sacrificiis

Vorlage d. Digitalisats aus d. Besitz d. Theol. Hochschule St. Georgen

Na 50 Nachlass Arthur Schopenhauer - 'Schopenhauer-Archiv', 34 - Brief anlässlich der bei Brockhaus erschienenen 3. Auflage der "Welt als Wille und Vorstellung"

u.a.: Kapitel über die Sexualität; Naturwissenschaft; Kritik an Johann Karl Friedrich Rosenkranz und Spinoza; Kritik Richard Wagners an den Grundsätzen der Musik Schopenhauers; Übersetzung von "Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung" von Charles Dollfus in der Zeitschrift Revue Germanique; Studienarbeiten Kuno Fischers an der "Kritik der reinen Vernunft" von Immanuel Kant; Aufsatz in der "Sächsischen Constitutionellen Zeitung"; veröffentlichter Goethe Brief an Schopenhauer in der Zeitschrift "Findlinge" von Hoffmann von Fallersleben in der Ausgabe von 7.9.1815 im Zusammenhang der Schrift "Über das Sehen und die Farben"; Rezeption Schopenhauers bei Heribert Rau; Roman "Sturm und Compass"; Abbestellung der Zeitschrift "Ficht'sches Journal"; Kritik an der Abhandlung zu Goethes Faust von David Asher;

Berlin, Magdeburg und Stettin : Eisenbahn-Posse in 3 Acten

frei nach dem Franz. von Heinrich Börnstein

Pique-Dame : komische Oper in drei Aufzügen

Musik von F. Halevy. [Text] von Eugen Scribe

Die Rosenfee : romantisch-komische Zauberoper ; in drei Aufzügen

Musik von F. Halévy. Nach dem Franz. des Scribe und St. Georges von J. C. Grünbaum

Franciska oder Das Kriegsgericht : Schauspiel in drei Aufzügen

[Etienne Huard] Nach dem Franz. von Heinrich Börnstein

An meine Brüder Arbeiter!: Brüder Arbeiter hört mich an! 15 Jahre lang habe ich unter hundert Arbeitern gelebt ...

Welsch (Projektbearbeiter): Aufruf zur Mäßigung an die Wiener Arbeiter: "... nun brauchen wir nicht mehr zu kämpfen und Aufruhr zu machen, denn jede Verbesserung können wir auf gesetzlichem Wege erhalten ... Wir müssen der neuen Ordnung einige Zeit gönnen, sich wohlthätig zu entfalten ... Redliche Menschen gießen in solcher Zeit das Oehl in die aufgeregten Wogen, um den Sturm zu beschwichtigen, aber nicht in das Feuer um die Flamme anzufachen." Vom Wiener Nationalgardisten Leopold Schick

Die Fräulein von St. Cyr : Lustspiel in 5 Aufzügen

nach dem Franz.: Les demoiselles de St. Cyr des Alexander Dumas von Heinrich Börnstein

Die schwarze Fahne : eine Dichtung

Adolf Knoblauch