The study of public administration in India, the Philippines, Canada and Australia: the universal struggle against epistemic colonization, and toward critical assimilation

The study of public administration has been characterized as a strong international focus, as both governments and scholars have sought to learn from the experience of other societies. While in a perfect world, one would expect a sort of pragmatic universalism, instead, many scholars tend to bring lessons from one country, or from a single cultural reality. This modest contribution lies in showing a series of national experiences rarely brought to the discourse about public administration in Brazil: Canada, Australia, India and the Philippines. Special emphasis will be given to the following: the origins and the development of public administration; the influence of ideology; and the complex tension between global theory and local practices.

Studies in search of a suitable experimental insect model for xenodiagnosis of hosts with Chagas' disease: 4 - The reflection of parasite stock in the responsiveness of different vector species to chronic infection with different Trypanosoma cruzi stocks

Previous studies (1982,1987) have emphasized the superiority of sylvatic vector species over domestic species as xenodiagnostic agents in testing hosts with acute or chronic infections by T. cruzi "Y" stock. The present study, which is unique in that it contains data on both infectivity rates produced by the same stock in 11 different vector species and also the reaction of the same vector species to seven different parasite stocks, establishes the general validity of linking efficiency of xenodiagnosis to the biotope of its agent. For example, infectivity rates produced by "São Felipe" stock varied from 82.5% to 98.3% in sylvatic vectors but decreased to 42.5% to 71.3% in domestic species. "Colombiana" stock produced in the same sylvatic vectors infectivity rates ranging from 12.5% to 45%. These shrank to 5%-22.5% in domestic bugs. The functional role of the biotope in the vector-parasite interaction has not been eluddated. But since this phenomenon has been observed to be stable and easy to reproduce, it leads us to believe that the results obtained are valid. Data presented also provide increasing evidence that the infectivity rates exhibited by bugs from xenodiagnosis in chronic hosts, are parasite stock specific. For example, infectivity rates produced by "Berenice", "Y", "FL" and "CL" varied in R. neglectus from 26.3% to 75%; in P. megistus from 56.3% to 83.8%; in T. sordida from 28.8% to 58.8% in T. pseudomaculata from 41.3% to 66.3% and in T. rubrovaria from 48.8% to 85%. Data from xenodiagnosis in the same hosts, carrying acute infections by the same parasite stocks, gave the five sylvatic vectors a positive rating of approximately 100%, thus suggesting that the heavy loads of parasites circulating in the acute hosts obscured the characteristic interspecific differences for the parasite stock. Nonetheless these latter were revealed in the same hosts with chronic infections stimulated by very low numbers of the same parasite stocks. Certain observations here described lead us to speculate as to the possibility of further results from other parasite stocks, allowing the association of the infectivity rates produced in bugs by different parasite stocks with the isoenzymic patterns revealed by these stocks.

Qualified intervention/qualifying formation

An education promoting scientific literacy (SL) that prepares the citizens to a responsible citizenship has persisted as an argument across discussions on curricula design. The ubiquity of science and technology on contemporary societies and the ideological requirement of informed democratic participation led to the identification of relevant categories that drive curriculum reforms towards a humanistic approach of school science. The category ‘Science as culture’ acquires in the current work a major importance: it enlightens the meaning of scientific literacy. Looking closely to the French term, culture scientifique et tecnologique, turns science simultaneously into a cultural object and product that can be both received and worked at different levels and within several approaches by the individuals and the communities. On the other hand, nonformal and informal education spaces gain greater importance. Together with the formal school environment these spaces allow for an enrichment and diversification of learning experiences. Examples of nonformal spaces where animators can develop their work may be science museums or botanical gardens; television and internet can be regarded as informal education spaces. Due to the above mentioned impossibility of setting apart the individual or community-based experiences from Science and Technology (S&T), the work in nonformal and informal spaces sets an additional challenge to the preparation of socio-cultural animators. Socio-scientific issues take, at times, heavily relevance within the communities. Pollution, high tension lines, spreading of diseases, food contamination or natural resources conservation are among the socio-scientific issues that often call upon arguments and emotions. In the context of qualifying programmes on socio-cultural animation (social education and community development) within European Higher Education Area (EHEA) the present study describes the Portuguese framework. The comparison of programmes within Portugal aims to contribute to the discussion on the curriculum design for a socio-cultural animator degree (1st cycle of Bologna process). In particular, this study intends to assess how the formation given complies with enabling animators to work, within multiple scenarios, with communities in situations of socio-scientific relevance. A set of themes, issues and both current and potential fields of action, not described or insufficiently described in literature, is identified and analysed in the perspective of a qualified intervention of animators. One of these examples is thoroughly discussed. Finally, suggestions are made about curriculum reforms in order, if possible, to strongly link the desired qualified intervention with a qualifying formation.

Analysis of constructed wetland performance for irrigation reuse

Most of the wastewater treatment systems in small rural communities of the Cova da Beira region (Portugal) consist of constructed wetlands (CW) with horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF). It is believed that those systems allow the compliance of discharge standards as well as the production of final effluents with suitability for reuse. Results obtained in a nine-month campaign in an HSSF bed pointed out that COD and TSS removal were lower than expected. A discrete sampling also showed that removal of TC, FC and HE was not enough to fulfill international irrigation goals. However, the bed had a very good response to variation of incoming nitrogen loads presenting high removal of nitrogen forms. A good correlation between mass load and mass removal rate was observed for BOD5, COD, TN, NH4-N, TP and TSS, which shows a satisfactory response of the bed to the variable incoming loads. The entrance of excessive loads of organic matter and solids contributed for the decrease of the effective volume for pollutant uptake and therefore, may have negatively influenced the treatment capability. Primary treatment should be improved in order to decrease the variation of incoming organic and solid loads and to improve the removal of COD, solids and pathogenic. The final effluent presented good physical-chemical quality to be reused for irrigation, which is the most likely application in the area.

Projecto de execução de fundações e estruturas de uma ponte em betão armado pré-esforçado

Este Trabalho refere-se ao Projecto de Execução de Fundações e Estruturas de uma Ponte Rodoviária em betão armado pré-esforçado, realizado no âmbito do Trabalho Final de Mestrado em Engenharia Civil – Especialização em Estruturas, do Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa. O Projecto de Execução é composto de Peças Escritas e Peças Desenhadas. Nas Peças Escritas estão incluídos: Memória Justificativa e Descritiva; Cálculos Justificativos e Anexos. A ponte é composta por dois tabuleiros paralelos com 10,28m de largura cada um e afastados entre si de 0,10m. A obra é constituída de 8 tramos; os tramos correntes com 31m de comprimento e os tramos extremos com 25 e 20m de comprimento, perfazendo um comprimento total de 231m. A obra foi parcialmente isolada dos sismos pela introdução, em todos os pilares, de aparelhos de apoio de elevado amortecimento sísmico do tipo HDRB (High Damping Rubber Bearings). Encontram-se particularmente discriminadas e detalhadas neste projecto as seguintes situações: - Cálculo do Pré-esforço e respectivas perdas; - Acção das sobrecargas rodoviárias; - Diferença de comportamento da obra na entrada em serviço e no longo prazo; - Análise sísmica e do isolamento sísmico; - Estudo dos efeitos diferidos: retracção e fluência. Tendo as abordagens de cálculo e as verificações de segurança seguido a regulamentação nacional em vigor, nomeadamente RSA e REBAP, foi no entanto feita uma aproximação às regras do “Capacity Design” previstas no EC8, em que se privilegia a actuação do projectista sobre o comportamento da estrutura, procurando uma resposta não linear da mesma, visando garantir que: - A rotura não ocorrerá nos elementos de fundação; - Nos pilares a dissipação de energia se faz através de rótulas plásticas, evitando-se roturas associadas a esforços transversos. A aplicação destas regras neste Projecto demonstrou haver um agravamento substancial na definição dos esforços a que devem resistir alguns dos componentes da estrutura, designadamente os pilares e as fundações, originando soluções de secções de betão e armaduras bem mais exigentes do que aqueles que resultariam da simples verificação de segurança, pela comparação entre esforços actuante e esforços resistentes “secção a secção”, imposta pela actual regulamentação nacional.

Dimensionamento de um passadiço pedonal em estrutura metálica, com fundações em betão armado

A elaboração deste projecto, integrado no âmbito do Trabalho Final de Mestrado, para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil, tem como objectivo o dimensionamento de um passadiço pedonal em estrutura metálica, com fundações em betão armado. Este documento inclui quase todos os elementos necessários ao projecto de execução da referida estrutura. Para o dimensionamento do passadiço pedonal procedeu-se à quantificação das acções e posteriormente à verificação da segurança de todos os elementos estruturais tendo por base os critérios e especificações técnicas preconizados nas Normas Europeias relativas ao projecto estrutural (Eurocódigos estruturais). Tratando-se de um passadiço destinado à circulação de peões e cuja estrutura metálica apresenta um certo grau de flexibilidade devido à esbelteza dos elementos estruturais, esta poderá estar sujeita a acções dinâmicas periódicas provocadas pelas pessoas quando percorrem o passadiço, podendo ocasionar certos níveis de vibração que sob o ponto de vista de segurança estrutural serão pouco relevantes, sendo no entanto excessivos do ponto de vista do conforto humano. Foi por isso efectuado um estudo dinâmico, com o objectivo de caracterizar a resposta dinâmica da estrutura quando solicitada a carregamentos de natureza periódica como é o caso da acção do peão, de modo a garantir que a utilização desta estrutura esteja dentro dos parâmetros de conforto aceitáveis. A modelação da estrutura e consequente discretização geral desta, foi feita recorrendo a programa de elementos finitos, SAP2000, versão 14.0.0. O dimensionamento das ligações constitui outros dos aspectos fundamentais no projecto desta estrutura metálica.

Lesões músculo-esqueléticas ligadas ao trabalho (LMELT) nos cantoneiros de limpeza/recolha de resíduos urbanos

Mestrado em Segurança e Higiene no TRabalho.

Cuidados de saúde primários: as regras do jogo

Enquadramento – A reforma dos Cuidados de Saúde Primários (CSP) é um facto irreversível. Uma “onda” de reforma percorre igualmente grande parte dos países ocidentais exigindo uma reflexão sobre o processo. Objetivo – Descrever a reforma em curso nos CSP e identificar os potenciais factores de sucesso e insucesso dos serviços públicos de cuidados de saúde primários. Metodologia – Análise crítica da literatura. Resultados e conclusões – A eficiência, eficácia e equidade de acesso aos cuidados de saúde são insuficientes. Mudanças organizacionais estão a ser operadas alterando as relações e a cooperação inter‑profissional e inter‑organizacional. É evidente a tensão que existe entre as partes envolvidas. Novas formas organizacionais estão a ser criadas para garantir a viabilidade das reformas e equilíbrio dos sistemas. O novo modelo organizacional, se pretender garantir a sustentabilidade e a viabilidade dos cuidados primários, deverá assentar num equilíbrio de gestão de recursos e numa estratégia de saúde para todos que não significa saúde para tudo. ABSTRACT: Background – Primary Health Care (PHC) reform is a fact in several countries and is happening also in Portugal demanding a reflection on the process. Aim – To describe the PHC reform and to identify the factors of success or potential failure in PHC public services. Methods – Critical appraisal of the literature. Results and Conclusions – The efficiency, efficacy and access to health care are insufficient. Organizational changes are taking place altering inter‑professional and inter‑organizational cooperation and relationship. Tension among the parts involved is evident. New organizational models are being created to secure the sustainability of the reforms and the systems. The new models should provide a balanced management of the available resources, in a strategy of health for all that doesn’t mean health for everything.

Eastwards / westwards: which direction for gender studies in the 21st century?

Eastwards / Westwards: Which Direction for Gender Studies in the XXIst Century? is a collection of essays which focus on themes and methods that characterize current research into gender in Asian countries in general. In this collection, ideas derived from Gender Studies elsewhere in the world have been subjected to scrutiny for their utility in helping to describe and understand regional phenomena. But the concepts of Local and Global – with their discoursive productions – have not functioned as a binary opposition: localism and globalism are mutually constitutive and researchers have interrogated those spaces of interaction between the ‘self’ and the ‘other’, bearing in mind their own embeddedness in social and cultural structures and their own historical memory. Contributors to this collection provided a critical transnational perspective on some of the complex effects of the dynamics of cultural globalization, by exploring the relation between gender and development, language, historiography, education and culture. We have also given attention to the ideological and rhetorical processes through which gender identity is constructed, by comparing textual grids and patterns of expectation. Likewise, we have discussed the role of ethnography, anthropology, historiography, sociology, fiction, popular culture and colonial and post-colonial sources in (re)inventing old/new male/female identities, their conversion into concepts and circulation through time and space. This multicultural and trans-disciplinary selection of essays is totally written in English, fully edited and revised, therefore, it has a good potential for an immediate international circulation. This project may trace new paths and issues for discussion on what concerns the life, practices and narratives by and about women in Asia, as well as elsewhere in the present day global experience. Academic readership: Researchers, scholars, educators, graduate and post-graduate students, doctoral students and general non-fiction readers, with a special interest in Gender Studies, Asia, Colonial and Post-Colonial Literature, Anthropology, Cultural Studies, History, Historiography, Politics, Race, Feminism, Language, Linguistics, Power, Political and Feminist Agendas, Popular Culture, Education, Women’s Writing, Religion, Multiculturalism, Globalisation, Migration. Chapter summary: 1. “Social Gender Stereotypes and their Implication in Hindi”, Anjali Pande, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. This essay looks at the subtle ways in which gender identities are constructed and reinforced in India through social norms of language use. Language itself becomes a medium for perpetuating gender stereotypes, forcing its speakers to confirm to socially defined gender roles. Using examples from a classroom discussion about a film, this essay will highlight the underlying rigid male-female stereotypes in Indian society with their more obvious expressions in language. For the urban woman in India globalisation meant increased economic equality and exposure to changed lifestyles. On an individual level it also meant redefining gender relations and changing the hierarchy in man-­woman relationships. With the economic independence there is a heightened sense of liberation in all spheres of social life, a confidence to fuzz the rigid boundaries of gender roles. With the new films and media celebrating this liberated woman, who is ready to assert her sexual needs, who is ready to explode those long held notions of morality, one would expect that the changes are not just superficial. But as it soon became obvious in the course of a classroom discussion about relationships and stereotypes related to age, the surface changes can not become part of the common vocabulary, for the obvious reason that there is still a vast gap between the screen image of this new woman and the ground reality. Social considerations define the limits of this assertiveness of women, whereas men are happy to be liberal within the larger frame of social sanctions. The educated urban woman in India speaks in favour of change and the educated urban male supports her, but one just needs to scratch the surface to see the time tested formulae of gender roles firmly in place. The way the urban woman happily balances this emerging promise of independence with her gendered social identity, makes it necessary to rethink some aspects of looking at gender in a gradually changing, traditional society like India. 2. “The Linguistic Dimension of Gender Equality”, Alissa Tolstokorova, Kiev Centre for Gender Information and Education, Ukraine. The subject-matter of this essay is gender justice in language which, as I argue, may be achieved through the development of a gender-related approach to linguistic human rights. The last decades of the 20th century, globally marked by a “gender shift” in attitudes to language policy, gave impetus to the social movement for promoting linguistic gender equality. It was initiated in Western Europe and nowadays is moving eastwards, as ideas of gender democracy progress into developing countries. But, while in western societies gender discrimination through language, or linguistic sexism, was an issue of concern for over three decades, in developing countries efforts to promote gender justice in language are only in their infancy. My argument is that to promote gender justice in language internationally it is necessary to acknowledge the rights of women and men to equal representation of their gender in language and speech and, therefore, raise a question of linguistic rights of the sexes. My understanding is that the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights in 1996 provided this opportunity to address the problem of gender justice in language as a human rights issue, specifically as a gender dimension of linguistic human rights. 3. “The Rebirth of an Old Language: Issues of Gender Equality in Kazakhstan”, Maria Helena Guimarães, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal. The existing language situation in Kazakhstan, while peaceful, is not without some tension. We propose to analyze here some questions we consider relevant in the frame of cultural globalization and gender equality, such as: free from Russian imperialism, could Kazakhstan become an easy prey of Turkey’s “imperialist dream”? Could these traditionally Muslim people be soon facing the end of religious tolerance and gender equality, becoming this new old language an easy instrument for the infiltration in the country of fundamentalism (it has already crossed the boarders of Uzbekistan), leading to a gradual deterioration of its rich multicultural relations? The present structure of the language is still very fragile: there are three main dialects and many academics defend the re-introduction of the Latin alphabet, thus enlarging the possibility of cultural “contamination” by making the transmission of fundamentalist ideas still easier through neighbour countries like Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan (their languages belong to the same sub-group of Common Turkic), where the Latin alphabet is already in use, and where the ground for such ideas shown itself very fruitful. 4. “Construction of Womanhood in the Bengali Language of Bangladesh”, Raasheed Mahmood; University of New South Wales, Sydney. The present essay attempts to explore the role of gender-based language differences and of certain markers that reveal the status accorded to women in Bangladesh. Discrimination against women, in its various forms, is endemic in communities and countries around the world, cutting across class, race, age, and religious and national boundaries. One cannot understand the problems of gender discrimination solely by referring to the relationship of power or authority between men and women. Rather one needs to consider the problem by relating it to the specific social formation in which the image of masculinity and femininity is constructed and reconstructed. Following such line of reasoning this essay will examine the nature of gender bias in the Bengali language of Bangladesh, holding the conviction that as a product of social reality language reflects the socio-cultural behaviour of the community who speaks it. This essay will also attempt to shed some light on the processes through which gender based language differences produce actual consequences for women, who become exposed to low self-esteem, depression and systematic exclusion from public discourse. 5. “Marriage in China as an expression of a changing society”, Elisabetta Rosado David, University of Porto, Portugal, and Università Ca’Foscari, Venezia, Italy. In 29 April 2001, the new Marriage Law was promulgated in China. The first law on marriage was proclaimed in 1950 with the objective of freeing women from the feudal matrimonial system. With the second law, in 1981, values and conditions that had been distorted by the Cultural Revolution were recovered. Twenty years later, a new reform was started, intending to update marriage in the view of the social and cultural changes that occurred with Deng Xiaoping’s “open policy”. But the legal reform is only the starting point for this case-study. The rituals that are followed in the wedding ceremony are often hard to understand and very difficult to standardize, especially because China is a vast country, densely populated and characterized by several ethnic minorities. Two key words emerge from this issue: syncretism and continuity. On this basis, we can understand tradition in a better way, and analyse whether or not marriage, as every social manifestation, has evolved in harmony with Chinese culture. 6. “The Other Woman in the Portuguese Colonial Empire: The Case of Portuguese India”, Maria de Deus Manso, University of Évora, Portugal. This essay researches the social, cultural and symbolic history of local women in the Portuguese Indian colonial enclaves. The normative Portuguese overseas history has not paid any attention to the “indigenous” female populations in colonial Portuguese territories, albeit the large social importance of these social segments largely used in matrimonial and even catholic missionary strategies. The first attempt to open fresh windows in the history of this new field was the publication of Charles Boxer’s referential study about Women in lberian Overseas Expansion, edited in Portugal only after the Revolution of 1975. After this research we can only quote some other fragmentary efforts. In fact, research about the social, cultural, religious, political and symbolic situation of women in the Portuguese colonial territories, from the XVI to the XX century, is still a minor historiographic field. In this essay we discuss this problem and we study colonial representations of women in the Portuguese Indian enclaves, mainly in the territory of Goa, using case studies methodologies. 7. “Heading East this Time: Critical Readings on Gender in Southeast Asia”, Clara Sarmento, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal. This essay intends to discuss some critical readings of fictional and theoretical texts on gender condition in Southeast Asian countries. Nowadays, many texts about women in Southeast Asia apply concepts of power in unusual areas. Traditional forms of gender hegemony have been replaced by other powerful, if somewhat more covert, forms. We will discuss some universal values concerning conventional female roles as well as the strategies used to recognize women in political fields traditionally characterized by male dominance. Female empowerment will mean different things at different times in history, as a result of culture, local geography and individual circumstances. Empowerment needs to be perceived as an individual attitude, but it also has to be facilitated at the macro­level by society and the State. Gender is very much at the heart of all these dynamics, strongly related to specificities of historical, cultural, ethnic and class situatedness, requiring an interdisciplinary transnational approach.

Influência da actividade do tronco inferior na sequência de activação muscular proximal durante o passo (fase de apoio) - em crianças com quadro motor diplegia

A marcha assegura uma progressão do corpo, compatível com o equilíbrio dinâmico e adaptada a potenciais factores destabilizadores, de um ponto de vista antecipatório, através de sinergias coordenadas entre os MSs, o tronco e os MIs. O tronco inferior tem um papel preponderante na marcha, sobretudo na estabilização necessária durante a fase de apoio. Esta actividade implica mobilidade pélvica e alongamento activo dos abdominais para conseguir a relação comprimento-tensão muscular óptima entre quadricípite e isquiotibiais, permitindo uma correcta sequência, timing e amplitude de activação. Nas crianças com alterações neuromotoras existem alterações no controlo do movimento e na estrutura do próprio movimento, alterando todo este processo. Como tal, este estudo tem como principal objectivo determinar a influência da actividade do tronco inferior na activação muscular proximal durante a fase de apoio da marcha, em crianças com quadro motor de diplegia, caracterizada por uma dificuldade na relação entre os membros e entre estes e o tronco. Para responder a este objectivo realizou-se um estudo de série de casos, com 2 crianças com quadro motor de diplegia. Efectuou-se EMG dos músculos abdominais, quadricípite e isquiotibiais e análise de imagem (para amplitude da CF) durante a marcha, em ambos os membros e em dois momentos de avaliação, separados por 2 meses, nos quais se realizou um protocolo de intervenção terapêutica adequado a cada caso. Os resultados indicam que a variação de amplitude da CF desde a fase de ataque ao solo à fase média de apoio é aproximadamente igual em M0e M1; concretamente, a amplitude inicial é inferior à de referência (pouca flexão) (melhor em M0) e a amplitude final é superior à de referência (pouca extensão) (melhor em M1). Estes resultados são idênticos em ambos os casos. Na EMG verificou-se uma actividade mais global e sincronizada de todos os músculos, mantendo-se aproximadamente a mesma percentagem de activação em M1, sobretudo no caso 1. No caso 2 verificou-se uma maior eficiência na variação da percentagem de activação dos abdominais, em M1, e dos isquiotibiais, à direita. Em conclusão, pode dizer-se que, em crianças com alterações neuromotoras (quadro motor de diplegia), uma actividade mais eficiente e sincronizada no tempo do tronco inferior, nomeadamente dos abdominais, contribui para uma maior capacidade de extensão da CF, durante a fase de apoio.

A generalized notion of compliance

It is a known fact in structural optimization that for structures subject to prescribed non-zero displacements the work done by the loads is not agood measure of compliance, neither is the stored elastic energy. We briefly discuss a possible alternative measure of compliance, valid for general boundary conditions. We also present the adjoint states (necessary for the computation of the structural derivative) for the three functionals under consideration. (C) 2011 Academie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Damage detection and quantification using transmissibility

Structures experience various types of loads along their lifetime, which can be either static or dynamic and may be associated to phenomena of corrosion and chemical attack, among others. As a consequence, different types of structural damage can be produced; the deteriorated structure may have its capacity affected, leading to excessive vibration problems or even possible failure. It is very important to develop methods that are able to simultaneously detect the existence of damage and to quantify its extent. In this paper the authors propose a method to detect and quantify structural damage, using response transmissibilities measured along the structure. Some numerical simulations are presented and a comparison is made with results using frequency response functions. Experimental tests are also undertaken to validate the proposed technique. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

An heuristic approach for optimal location of gas supply units in transportation system

The best places to locate the Gas Supply Units (GSUs) on a natural gas systems and their optimal allocation to loads are the key factors to organize an efficient upstream gas infrastructure. The number of GSUs and their optimal location in a gas network is a decision problem that can be formulated as a linear programming problem. Our emphasis is on the formulation and use of a suitable location model, reflecting real-world operations and constraints of a natural gas system. This paper presents a heuristic model, based on lagrangean approach, developed for finding the optimal GSUs location on a natural gas network, minimizing expenses and maximizing throughput and security of supply.The location model is applied to the Iberian high pressure natural gas network, a system modelised with 65 demand nodes. These nodes are linked by physical and virtual pipelines – road trucks with gas in liquefied form. The location model result shows the best places to locate, with the optimal demand allocation and the most economical gas transport mode: by pipeline or by road truck.

Natural Gas location design and operation

A major determinant of the level of effective natural gas supply is the ease to feed customers, minimizing system total costs. The aim of this work is the study of the right number of Gas Supply Units – GSUs - and their optimal location in a gas network. This paper suggests a GSU location heuristic, based on Lagrangean relaxation techniques. The heuristic is tested on the Iberian natural gas network, a system modelized with 65 demand nodes, linked by physical and virtual pipelines. Lagrangean heuristic results along with the allocation of loads to gas sources are presented, using a 2015 forecast gas demand scenario.

Influência e contrainfluência na inversão do poder tipográfico entre Portugal e o Brasil: narrativa e atividade nos editores portugueses

Tempo fértil em alterações que transformaram a face do universo editorial em Portugal e no Brasil, os anos que decorrem entre a última metade da década de 1930 e o fim da década de 1960 constituem o período em que se assiste a uma inversão nos processos de influência tipográfica entre os dois países, com Portugal a passar de exportador para importador de livros no seu comércio com o Brasil. Este artigo pretende analisar o ponto de vista da edição portuguesa nos modos variados como os seus agentes foram representando o Brasil enquanto centro produtor e disseminador do livro, e como as mudanças suscitadas foram ocorrendo num contexto de oscilação – e tensão – entre discursos amarrados a uma época de ouro (ou imaginada como tal) que ficava relutantemente para trás e práticas de colaboração efectiva entre os universos tipográficos português e brasileiro, essencialmente suportadas na actuação de editores individuais. ABSTRACT - There was a time of many alterations that changed the face of the publishing world in Portugal and Brazil during the years spanning from the second half of the 1930’s to the end of the 1960’s. This was a period in which one could observe an inversion of publishing influences between the two countries, with Portugal shifting its role and becoming a net book importer in its trade with Brazil. This article intends to analyze the Portuguese publishing world’s point of view as their agents in different ways changed their attitudes toward Brazil as a centre of book production and diffusion. The text also sets out to understand how these transformations occurred in a context of oscillation – and tension – among discourses tied to a golden age (or imagined as such) that was reluctantly left behind, and practices of effective collaboration between the Portuguese and Brazilian publishing worlds – resulting fundamentally from the actions of individual publishers.