Are we living longer but less healthy? Trends in mortality and morbidity in Catalonia (Spain), 1994-2011

Evidence on trends in prevalence of disease and disability can clarify whether countries are experiencing a compression or expansion of morbidity. An expansion of morbidity as indicated by disease have appeared in Europe and other developed regions. It is likely that better treatment, preventive measures and increases in education levels have contributed to the declines in mortality and increments in life expectancy. This paper examines whether there has been an expansion of morbidity in Catalonia (Spain). It uses trends in mortality and morbidity from major causes of death and links of these with survival to provide estimates of life expectancy with and without diseases and functioning loss. We use a repeated cross-sectional health survey carried out in 1994 and 2011 for measures of morbidity; mortality information comes from the Spanish National Statistics Institute. Our findings show that at age 65 the percentage of life with disease increased from 52% to 70% for men, and from 56% to 72% for women; the expectation of life unable to function increased from 24% to 30% for men and 40% to 47% for women between 1994 and 2011. These changes were attributable to increases in the prevalences of diseases and moderate functional limitation. Overall, we find an expansion of morbidity along the period. Increasing survival among people with diseases can lead to a higher prevalence of diseases in the older population. Higher prevalence of health problems can lead to greater pressure on the health care system and a growing burden of disease for individuals.

Gestión de un club de pádel

Este proyecto es un estudio que pretende realizar una aplicación dirigida a centros deportivos, implementando a través de BIOMAX el acceso a las instalaciones utilizando tarjetas de proximidad. Además la aplicación permitirá gestionar de forma eficiente a sus socios e instalaciones. De esta manera se consigue automatizar - mejorando en tiempo y calidad -una tarea imprescindible de realizar, control de accesos de forma sencilla y con un mantenimiento fácil por parte de los usuarios que la utilicen. Para ello se utilizará un dispositivo KIMALDI que nos permitirá gestionar el control de accesos

Disentangling the link between health and social capital: A comparison of immigrant and native-born populations in Spain

An increasing body of research has pointed to the relevance of social capital in studying a great variety of socio-economic phenomena, ranging from economics growth and development to educational attainment and public health. Conceptually, our paper is framed within the debates about the possible links between health and social capital, on one hand, and within the hypotheses regarding the importance of social and community networks in all stages of the dynamics of international migration, on the other hand. Our primary objective is to explore the ways social relations contribute to health differences between the immigrants and the native-born population of Spain. We also try to reveal differences in the nature of the social networks of foreign-born, as compared to that of the native-born persons. The empirical analysis is based on an individual-level data coming from the 2006 Spanish Health Survey, which contains a representative sample of the immigrant population. To assess the relationship between various health indicators (self-assessed health, chronic conditions and long-term illness) and social capital, controlling for other covariates, we estimate multilevel models separately for the two population groups of interest. In the estimates we distinguish between individual and community-level social capital. While the Health Survey contains information that allows us to define individual social capital measures, the collective indicators come from other official sources. In particular, for the subsample of immigrants, we proxy community-level networks and relationships by variables contained in the Spanish National Survey of Immigrants 2007. The results obtained so far point to the relevance of social capital as a covariate in the health equation, although, the significance varies according to the specific health indicator used. Additionally, and contrary to what is expected, immigrants’ social networks seem to be inferior to those of the native-born population in many aspects; and they also affect immigrant’s health to a lesser extent. Policy implications of the findings are discussed. Keywords: health status, social capital, immigration, Spain

Differences in aerobic fitness and lifestyle characteristics in preschoolers according to their weight status and sports club participation.

Objective: This study assesses differences in adiposity, aerobic fitness, and lifestyle characteristics in preschoolers according to their weight status and sports club (SC) participation. Method: As part of the Ballabeina study, 600 randomly selected preschoolers (mean age 5.1 ± 0.6 years; 50.2% girls) were analyzed. Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance, aerobic fitness by the 20-meter shuttle run test, and physical activity by accelerometers. Eating habits, media use, and SC participation were assessed by questionnaires. Results: Overweight children (Swiss national percentiles) and children not participating in SC had both lower aerobic fitness and higher % body fat compared to their respective counterparts (all p ≤ 0.028). In addition, children not participating in SC were less physically active, had more media use, and ate less healthy compared to children participating in SC (all p ≤ 0.023). Controlling for parental sociocultural determinants attenuated differences in % body fat, in physical activity, and in eating habits. Conclusion: Aerobic fitness differs both according to weight status and SC participation in preschoolers. Furthermore, in view of the many differences in lifestyle behaviors, SC participation at this age could represent a more discriminatory indicator of healthy lifestyle characteristics than weight status.

The burden of hospital malnutrition in Spain: methods and development of the PREDyCES® study

It is well known that hospital malnutrition is a highly prevalent condition associated to increase morbidity and mortality as well as related healthcare costs. Although previous studies have already measured the prevalence and/or costs of hospital nutrition in our country, their local focus (at regional or even hospital level) make that the true prevalence and economic impact of hospital malnutrition for the National Health System remain unknown in Spain. The PREDyCES® (Prevalence of hospital malnutrition and associated costs in Spain) study was aimed to assess the prevalence of hospital malnutrition in Spain and to estimate related costs. Some aspects made this study unique: a) It was the first study in a representative sample of hospitals of Spain; b) different measures to assess hospital malnutrition (NRS2002, MNA as well as anthropometric and biochemical markers) where used both at admission and discharge and, c) the economic consequences of malnutrition where estimated using the perspective of the Spanish National Health System.

Multidisciplinary consensus on the approach to hospital malnutrition in Spain

Rationale: Disease-related malnutrition constitutes a highly prevalent healthcare problem with high costs associated. In Spain, the prevalence of malnutrition in hospitalized patients has been reported from 30% to 50%. Objectives: Main purposes of this consensus document were to establish recommendations that facilitate decision- making and action to prevent and early-diagnose disease-related hospital malnutrition, on the management of nutritional support methods and actions to evaluate nutritional treatment compliance and efficacy. Methods: A systematic bibliographical search of authors was performed, complemented by updated bibliography by author references up to 2010. From this review, some recommendations were defined, modified and critically evaluated by the representatives of scientific societies in a consensus conference (Dec 2010) following a structured brainstorming technique: the Metaplan® technique. A double validation process was undertaken until final recommendations were obtained. Results: 30 consensus recommendations for the prevention and management of hospital malnutrition are presented in this document. Recommendations cover all clinical care settings as well as prevention, screening, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of disease-related malnutrition. Conclusions: Nutritional screening is strongly recommended at all clinical settings when nutritional risk factors are identified or there is clinical suspicion of malnutrition. Nutritional assessment should be designed and performed according to centers’ resources, but clearly identified protocols should be available.

FROM TOTAL INSTITUTION TO EXTITUTION? Discussions on the future of monastic life in the Benedictine women’s monasteries of Catalonia (Spain

On the 50th anniversary of the creation of the Federation of Benedictine Women’s Monasteries of Catalonia (Spain), the five monasteries represented are discussing the following question: what will monastic life be like in the future? This question is added to the debate about “new forms of monasticism”, “urban monastic life” and, in a more general sense, to the modernisations and “the opening up” of the precepts and practices of monastic life at this time. Faced with the ambitious monastic questioning, the author responds with five deliberately provocative debates developed out of a consideration of various chapters of the Rule of St. Benedict that raise profound questions when it comes to responding to the question presented here. Having described these five debates, by way of a summary, the article presents three ideal types of monastery in relation to the current processes of deinstitutionalisation that represent, in an overall way, three provisional responses and serve as a focus for the question discussed here.

Sectoral and occupational employment growth in Spain 1995-2005

Between 1995 and 2005, the Spanish economy grew at an annual average rate higher than 3,5%. Total employment increased by more than 4.9 millions. Most of this growth was in occupations related with university degrees (more than 890,000, 18% of the total employment increase) and vocational qualifications (more than 855,000, 17.5% of the total employment increase). From a sectoral perspective, the main part of this increase took place in “Real estate, renting and business activities” (K sector in NACE rev.1), “Construction” (F sector) and “Health and social sector” (N sector). This paper analyses this employment growth in an Input-output framework, by means of a structural decomposition analysis (SDA). Two kinds of results have been obtained. From a sectoral perspective we decompose employment growth into Labour requirements change, technical change and demand change. From an occupational perspective, we decompose the employment growth in substitutions effect, labour productivity effect and demand effect. The results show that, in aggregated terms, the main part of this growth is attributable to demand growth, with a small technical improvement. But the results also show that this aggregated behaviour hides important sectoral and occupational variation. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the ongoing debate over productivity growth and what has been called the “growth model” for the Spanish economy.

Association of sports club participation with fitness and fatness in children.

Decreased fitness and increased fatness are relevant factors for decreased cardiovascular and bone health in children. One way to increase physical activity and hence fitness and to reduce the risk for overweight might be sports club participation (SCP). PURPOSE: To investigate the association of SCP with fatness and fitness in children in general and in those with increased risk for overweight and/or low fitness. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a random sample of 502 first- and fifth-grade primary school children. Fitness components were determined by 10 motor tests and body fatness by the sum of four skinfolds. SCP was defined as participation of at least once a week. RESULTS: Two thirds of all children were participating in a sports club. Girls' and boys' participation rate as well as those of overweight children and of children with overweight parents were comparable to their respective normal weight peers. In contrast, children from migrant families (odds ratio = 0.31; 95% confidence interval = 0.20-0.48) and from inactive parents (odds ratio = 0.16; 95% confidence interval = 0.05-0.45) participated significantly less (all P < 0.001). SCP was associated with endurance (0.53 > beta > 0.37, all P < 0.05) and partly with speed, strength, and coordination (0.41 > beta > 0.18, all P < 0.05). In overweight children and in children from overweight parents and migrant families, this association was not found. There was no association between SCP and fatness in any of the groups. CONCLUSIONS: SCP rates were high and were associated with higher levels of most fitness components in children. Participation rates were lower for children of migrant families and children from inactive parents. In addition, the association between SCP and fitness components was not found in overweight children and in children from overweight parents and migrant families.

Pla de màrqueting de Barcelona is golf

El turisme és una de les indústries més importants del país, representant prop de l’11% del PIB espanyol, segons dades de el “Instituto de estudios turísticos” de 2012. Un 86% dels estrangers que visiten el país ho fan per raons vacacionals i són vàries les motivacions que porten a aquests turistes a escollir Espanya i Catalunya per al seu període d’oci: sol i platja, cultura, gastronomia o esports, per exemple. El golf l’inclouríem dintre aquest últim grup. Espanya, té destinacions de turisme de golf que gaudeixen d’una reputació mundial ben merescuda. La Costa el Sol s’emporta un percentatge molt elevat de turisme de golf, seguit per les illes Canàries, les Balears i la Costa Brava. Aquesta última, és una destinació en desenvolupament i que està agafant cada cop més prestigi, tot i que encara està molt allunyada dels números que presenten les altres destinacions que hem comentat, podríem considerar-la ja, com una destinació de golf. En canvi, Barcelona, que segons la Organització Mundial del Turisme és una de les destinacions turístiques més importants del món i que compta amb una molt bona infraestructura de camps de golf, no és reconeguda com una destinació turística de golf i els camps, fins ara, vivien d’esquena al turisme, acomodats en les quotes anuals que els seus socis locals els proporcionaven. Barcelona, a dia d’avui, no figura en cap catàleg de tour operador europeu especialitzat en golf. Per tant, és un repte intentar descobrir si Barcelona pot esdevenir una destinació turística de golf reconeguda i, el que és més important, veure com uns clubs de golf amb una estructura molt arcaica i sense experiència en el sector del turisme, poden encarar aquest nou repte. Resumint, aquest treball ha de respondre a la pregunta; Com es pot crear la marca de golf Barcelona? I també ha de resoldre el: Com s’han d’organitzar els clubs de golf per desenvolupar, tots junts aquest model de negoci? A partir d’aquí vaig començar a estructurar el treball i a intentar respondre aquestes preguntes i d’altres que anaven sortint conforme anava recopilant informació i parlant amb els responsables dels camps de golf

Les termes públiques de l'àrea portuària de Tàrraco. Carrer de Sant Miquel de Tarragona

L’objecte d’aquesta publicació són les termes imperials de l’àrea portuària de l’antiga Tàrraco, construïdes en un moment avançat de l’època altimperial, segurament a la primera meitat del segle III dC. Aquestes termes són una peça important de l’arqueologia tarragonina i d’altra banda són un monument força excepcional en el context de l’arqueologia romana a Hispània. Van ser descobertes en les excavacions fetes per l’empresa Codex – Arqueologia i Patrimoni entre 1994 i 1998 al solar del carrer de Sant Miquel, número 33, de Tarragona, en el curs d’unes actuacions arqueològiques urbanes preventives que van ser coordinades per l’arqueòleg Josep Maria Macias. L’estudi dels resultats que es presenta en aquest llibre incorpora també l’excavació feta pel mateix equip al proper solar del carrer de Castaños, número 1, en els anys 1999-2000, ja que les estructures que s’hi van documentar formaven part del mateix context arqueològic i urbanístic.La fructífera col·laboració entre l’ICAC i l’empresa Codex va permetre constituir un equip de recerca que l’any 2003 es va llançar a l’estudi, a la interpretació i fins i tot a l’intent de restitució virtual d’aquest edifici termal. L’ICAC reafirma amb la publicació d’aquest llibre la voluntat de cooperar intensament amb les institucions que gestionen el patrimoni arqueològic de Tarragona, una cooperació que vol contribuir a l’aprofundiment de l’estudi científic de l’antiga Tàrraco.Josep Maria Macias és doctor en Prehistòria, Història Antiga i Arqueologia per la Universitat de Barcelona des de l'any 1999. Ha estat vinculat a l'arqueologia empresarial fins a l'any 2003, moment en què s'incorpora com a investigador a l'Institut Català d'Arqueologia Clàssica. És especialista en arquitectura i urbanisme d'època clàssica i en ceramologia de l'antiguitat tardana. Macias ha dirigit i coordinat la participació dels diversos autors que han pres part en la redacció i la documentació del llibre. Aquest volum té 216 pàgines i conté 155 il·lustracions. Està escrit en català i presenta la traducció de les conclusions a l’anglès.

Audit report on the Iowa Water Pollution Control Works Financing Program and the Iowa Drinking Water Facilities Financing Program, joint programs of the Iowa Finance Authority and the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, for the year ended June 30, 2014

Audit report on the Iowa Water Pollution Control Works Financing Program and the Iowa Drinking Water Facilities Financing Program, joint programs of the Iowa Finance Authority and the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, for the year ended June 30, 2014

La Vil·la romana dels Hospitals (El Morell, Tarragona) : un assentament de la via De Italia in Hispanias

Es tracta d’una obra fruit d’un conveni de col·laboració signat l’any 2004 entre la URV, l’ICAC i Repsol YPF, i resultat d’un projecte de recerca de l’ICAC inclòs en la línia de recerca Arqueologia del paisatge, poblament i territori, que ha comptat amb el cofinançament de Repsol YPF i la col·laboració de Codex. Aquesta obra se centra en les excavacions arqueològiques efectuades en una vil·la romana situada entre la via Tarraco-Ilerda i la llera del riu Francolí, a l’actual terme municipal del Morell. És un assentament datat entre els segles II aC i V dC que reflecteix els patrons d’ocupació romana a l’àrea central de l’ager Tarraconensis i complementa, a partir d’una exhaustiva anàlisi, les dades històriques que, fins a l’actualitat, oferien les vil·les de Centcelles a Constantí o de Paret Delgada a la Selva del Camp. L’estudi parteix de les excavacions que l’empresa Codex hi va efectuar l’any 1996 arran d’una actuació d’urgència motivada per la construcció d’una nova planta industrial de l’aleshores Repsol Química SA. L’obra és fruit de l’estudi de la documentació, fins ara inèdita, elaborada per l’empresa Codex i que ha estat cedida per a aquest projecte de recerca. La publicació ha estat coordinada per Josep M. Macias Solé i Joan J. Menchon Bes i els textos són obra del Dr. Domènec Campillo, M. Milagros Cuesta i Laura Devenat (Laboratori de Paleopatologia i Paleoantropologia, Museu d’Arqueologia de Catalunya), Montserrat García Noguera (Codex – Arqueologia i Patrimoni), Miguel Á. González Pérez (Grup de Recerca d’Arqueologia Clàssica, Protohistòrica i Egípcia, Universitat de Barcelona), Josep M. Macias Solé (ICAC), Joan J. Menchon Bes (Museu d’Història de Tarragona), Joan S. Mestres i Torres (Laboratori de Datació per Radiocarboni, Universitat de Barcelona), Rosario Navarro Sáez (Universitat de Barcelona), Josep M. Palet Martínez (ICAC) i Jordi Principal Ponce (Museu d’Arqueologia de Catalunya). Amb la nova col·lecció Hic et nunc l’ICAC assumeix el compromís de difondre regularment la documentació arqueològica bàsica generada des del camp universitari o empresarial, entenent que la publicació d’aspectes més concrets és imprescindible per a l’elaboració de síntesis més globalitzadores.