Aristocracia local y trasvases de bienes en Liébana (siglo XIII) : Revisión del problema

El presente trabajo analiza los trasvases de bienes entre aristocracias locales y monasterios. Las donaciones pro anima, realizadas por los sectores destacados de la sociedad, quedaron vinculadas tradicionalmente a las necesidades espirituales de la aristocracia, reduciendo la actuación patrimonial del sector en un sentido unidireccional. El presente estudio pretende reubicar dichos trasvases en un juego más amplio de transacciones mutuas que sólo pueden ser entendidas apelando a las estrategias de reproducción social de los sujetos actuantes

El mar como personaje en cuatro obras de Manuel Vicent

En el siguiente artículo se pretende desarrollar la hipótesis del mar como personaje en cuatro obras de Manuel Vicent: Contra Paraíso, Tranvía a la Malvarrosa, Del Café Gijón a Ítaca y Son de Mar. A su vez se propone analizar la particular vinculación del autor con el mar Mediterráneo, su carácter de escenario vertebrador, y contemplar el tópico de la alteridad del mar como característica relevante dentro de las novelas mencionadas. Por ende, se pretende indagar en la consideración del mar como personaje, principalmente pensándolo como metáfora del hombre, junto con su constante presencia física y espiritual, su carácter de espacio interior (mar interior), sus diferentes relaciones con los sentidos y fundamentalmente desde su consistencia de personaje demiúrgico: en su calidad de posibilitador y develador de narraciones e historias y de compañero de otros personajes en las etapas clave de la vida

Petrology and geochemistry of basalts from the Vavilov Basin

During ODP Leg 107, two holes were drilled in the basement of Vavilov Basin, a central oceanic area of the Tyrrhenian sea. Hole 655B is located near the Gortani ridge in off-axis position at the western rim of the basin; Hole 651A is located on a basement swell at the axis of the basin. This paper deals with mineral chemistry, major and trace element geochemistry, and petrogenesis of the basalts recovered in the two holes. The mineralogy of the basalts is broadly homogeneous, but all of them have suffered important seawater alteration. Their major-element compositions are similar to both normal-mid-ocean-ridge-basalts (N-MORB) and back-arc-basalts (BAB) except for Na2O contents (BAB-like), and K2O which is somewhat enriched in upper unit of Hole 651 A. Their affinity with N-MORB and BAB is confirmed by using immobile trace elements such as Zr, Y, and Nb. However, basalts from the two sites present contrasting geochemical characteristics on spidergrams using incompatible elements. Hole 655B basalts are homogeneous enriched tholeiites, similar to those from DSDP Hole 373 (located on the opposite side of the basin near the eastern rim), and show affinities with enriched MORB (E-MORB). At Hole 651 A, the two basalt units are chemically distinct. One sample recovered in lower unit is rather similar to those from Hole 655B, but basalts from upper unit display calc-alkaline characteristic evidenced by the increase of light-ion-lithophile-element (LILE)/high-field-strength-element (HFSE) ratio, and appearance of a negative Nb-anomaly, making them comparable with orogenic lavas from the adjacent Eolian arc. The observed chemical compositions of the basalts are consistent with a derivation of the magmas from a N-MORB type source progressively contaminated by LILE-enriched fluids released from dehydration of the bordering subducted plate. Implications for evolution of the Tyrrhenian basin are tentatively proposed taking into consideration geochemical and chronological relationships between basalts from Leg 107 Holes 655B and 651 A, together with data from Leg 42 Site 373 and Vavilov Seamount. These data illustrate back-arc spreading in ensialic basin closely associated with the maturation of the adjacent subduction, followed by the growth of late off-axis central volcano, whereas the active subduction retreats southeastward.

El uso de la poesía en la tradición oral moderna

En todos los pueblos el origen de la creación, al interior de las distintas religiones y dentro del universo entero, se manifiesta por la palabra, a la que se considera la fuerza genérica, de origen divino, fundadora y productora de todas las cosas tanto materiales como espirituales. La voz se equipara a la emisión de un soplo milagroso. Nombrar es un acto de creación; crear y nombrar, entonces, se convierten en sinónimos: "en el principio era el Verbo y el Verbo era Dios". Sobre esas antiguas creencias se generaron mitos, se conformaron relatos legendarios y nacieron fórmulas de comunicación. Las culturas indígenas conservan hermosas leyendas entregadas por la tradición oral; recuerdo de ideales épocas y "tiempo de los sueños": la edad de la poesía. Poesía que transmite historia y mitos; cantos que permiten investigar y mantener la inteligencia activa: la permanencia de la memoria genética

Age determination of corals from the North Atlantic and the Tasman Sea

During the past 40,000 years, global climate has moved into and out of a full glacial period, with the deglaciation marked by several millennial-scale rapid climate change events. Here we investigate the ecological response of deep-sea coral communities to both glaciation and these rapid climate change events. We find that the deep-sea coral populations of Desmophyllum dianthus in both the North Atlantic and the Tasmanian seamounts expand at times of rapid climate change. However, during the more stable Last Glacial Maximum, the coral population globally retreats to a more restricted depth range. Holocene populations show regional patterns that provide some insight into what causes these dramatic changes in population structure. The most important factors are likely responses to climatically driven changes in productivity, [O2] and [CO3]2-.

Aristocracia local y trasvases de bienes en Liébana (siglo XIII) : Revisión del problema

El presente trabajo analiza los trasvases de bienes entre aristocracias locales y monasterios. Las donaciones pro anima, realizadas por los sectores destacados de la sociedad, quedaron vinculadas tradicionalmente a las necesidades espirituales de la aristocracia, reduciendo la actuación patrimonial del sector en un sentido unidireccional. El presente estudio pretende reubicar dichos trasvases en un juego más amplio de transacciones mutuas que sólo pueden ser entendidas apelando a las estrategias de reproducción social de los sujetos actuantes

Autosuperación del Hombre

Según Nietzsche, a partir de la Revolución Francesa tenemos que estar preparados para 'conmociones fundamentales'; desde entonces se producen acontecimientos que anuncian modificaciones infra y superestructurales para el próximo milenio, con lo cual, el orden social se ajustará al rumbo de las ?nuevas ideas?. En la actualidad, los triunfos y logros de la civilización ponen en peligro el desarrollo mismo de la cultura; son tiempos de procesos políticos extraordinarios o en otras palabras, de grandes luchas por el dominio de la tierra. Es así que se aproxima el 'ocaso de los ídolos', es decir, la ruina de las verdades antiguas pues casi todo lo que hasta el presente se llama verdad es sólo mentira y, cuando la nueva realidad se enfrente a las fabulaciones milenarias, nuestra cosmovisión sufrirá terribles sacudidas; las guerras serán inevitables y todas las instituciones basadas en el engaño y la ilusión caerán ante el asombro de los sobrevivientes. Nietzsche inicia la desacralización o 'desenmascaramiento' de las verdades eternas y la transmutación de todos los valores que son, en definitiva, procesos ineluctables. Asimismo, no hay fenómenos morales sino una 'interpretación moral de los fenómenos' o, en todo caso, una falsa interpretación. Y la moral no es otra cosa que una coacción prolongada. En la medida en que la Humanidad se aleja de la fe, más se acerca a la Ciencia, porque mientras la primera significa no querer saber qué es la verdad, la segunda nos asemeja a Dios. Según Nietzsche, estamos en ese camino. Día tras día el Hombre se perfecciona mediante la investigación de la Naturaleza; forma un cuerpo físico, mental y espiritual cada vez más enaltecido, realiza experimentos para mejorar la nutrición, el modo de vivir, la manera de interpretar los fenómenos de la Naturaleza y la expansión de la conciencia; pero en última instancia, no se trata del Hombre, pues éste tiene que ser superado. En consecuencia con lo dicho, el propósito del presente trabajo consiste en brindar una interpretación de la propuesta nietzscheana de 'Autosuperación del Hombre' en relación con los diferentes períodos de la vida intelectual de Nietzsche; la misma se inscribe en el marco de una teoría política contraria a las doctrinas antes mencionadas: la filosofía de la historia hegeliana, el socialismo, el nacionalismo, el anarquismo, la democracia y el cristianismo

El mar como personaje en cuatro obras de Manuel Vicent

En el siguiente artículo se pretende desarrollar la hipótesis del mar como personaje en cuatro obras de Manuel Vicent: Contra Paraíso, Tranvía a la Malvarrosa, Del Café Gijón a Ítaca y Son de Mar. A su vez se propone analizar la particular vinculación del autor con el mar Mediterráneo, su carácter de escenario vertebrador, y contemplar el tópico de la alteridad del mar como característica relevante dentro de las novelas mencionadas. Por ende, se pretende indagar en la consideración del mar como personaje, principalmente pensándolo como metáfora del hombre, junto con su constante presencia física y espiritual, su carácter de espacio interior (mar interior), sus diferentes relaciones con los sentidos y fundamentalmente desde su consistencia de personaje demiúrgico: en su calidad de posibilitador y develador de narraciones e historias y de compañero de otros personajes en las etapas clave de la vida

El uso de la poesía en la tradición oral moderna

En todos los pueblos el origen de la creación, al interior de las distintas religiones y dentro del universo entero, se manifiesta por la palabra, a la que se considera la fuerza genérica, de origen divino, fundadora y productora de todas las cosas tanto materiales como espirituales. La voz se equipara a la emisión de un soplo milagroso. Nombrar es un acto de creación; crear y nombrar, entonces, se convierten en sinónimos: "en el principio era el Verbo y el Verbo era Dios". Sobre esas antiguas creencias se generaron mitos, se conformaron relatos legendarios y nacieron fórmulas de comunicación. Las culturas indígenas conservan hermosas leyendas entregadas por la tradición oral; recuerdo de ideales épocas y "tiempo de los sueños": la edad de la poesía. Poesía que transmite historia y mitos; cantos que permiten investigar y mantener la inteligencia activa: la permanencia de la memoria genética

Magnetic hysteresis parameters of ODP Site 178-1096 (Table T1)

During Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 178, we drilled three sites on sediment drifts deposited on the continental rise on the western margin of the Antarctic Peninsula. These hemipelagic drifts were targeted for their potential to preserve a continuous record of the behavior of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet over the last 10 m.y. It has been proposed that drift development is linked to advances and retreats of the Antarctic continental ice sheet (Pudsey and Camerlenghi, 1998, doi:10.1017/S0954102098000376, and references therein; Barker, Camerlenghi, Acton, et al., 1999, doi:10.2973/odp.proc.ir.178.1999). However, the sediment is characterized by a very low carbonate content, with foraminifers restricted to very narrow intervals. This lack of carbonate precludes the construction of a delta18O or CaCO3 stratigraphy, depriving these sites of an important chronologic tool and global ice volume proxy.

(Appendix) Recent surface areas and historical lengths of glaciers from Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, South America

Fluctuations in the length of 72 glaciers in the Northern and Southern Patagonia Icefield (NPI and SPI, respectively) and the Cordillera Darwin Icefield (CDI) were estimated between 1945 and 2005. The information obtained from historical maps based on 1945 aerial photographs was compared to ASTER and Landsat satellite images and to information found in the literature. The majority of glaciers have retreated considerably, with maximum values of 12.2 km for Marinelli Glacier in the CDI, 11.6 km for O'Higgins Glacier in the SPI and 5.7 km for San Rafael Glacier in the NPI. Among the 20 glaciers that have retreated the most relative to their size, small (less than 50 km**2) and medium (between 50 and 200 km**2) glaciers are the most affected. However, no direct relation between glacier retreat and size was found for the 72 glaciers studied. The highest percentage retreat in the CDI was by the CDI-03 Glacier (37.9%) and Marinelli Glacier (37.6%). In the SPI, relative retreats were heterogeneous and fluctuated between 27.2% (Amelia Glacier) and 0.4% (Viedma Glacier). In the NPI, relative retreat was very high for Strindberg and Cachet glaciers (35.9% and 27.6%, respectively) but for the remaining glaciers in this icefield it ranged between 11.8% (Piscis Glacier) and 3.6% (San Quintin Glacier). In addition to surface area, the surface slope (calculated on the basis of the DEM SRTM) was also related to the relative retreat and no straightforward relation was found. From a global point of view, we suggest that glacier retreat in the region is controlled firstly by atmospheric warming, as it has been reported in this area. Besides the general increase in temperature observed, no signal of a geographical pattern for the fluctuations in glacier length was found. Consequently, glaciers appear to initially react to local conditions most probably induced by their exposition, geometry and hypsometry. The heterogeneity of rates of retreat suggests that differences in basin geometry, glacier dynamics and response time are key features to explain fluctuations of each glacier.

Geochemistry on sediment core Co1014 from Rauer Group, Antarctica

The history of glacial advances and retreats of the East Antarctic ice sheet during the Holocene is not well-known, due to limited field evidence in both the marine and terrestrial realm. A 257-cm-long sediment core was recovered from a marine inlet in the Rauer Group, East Antarctica, 1.8 km in front of the present ice-sheet margin. Radiocarbon dating and lithological characteristics reveal that the core comprises a complete marine record since 4500 yr. A significant ice-sheet expansion beyond present ice margins therefore did not occur during this period.

Late Quaternary siliciclastic/carbonate sedimentation in the Cabricorn Channel

A model is presented for hemipelagic siliciclastic and carbonate sedimentation during the last glacial-interglacial cycle in the Capricorn Channel, southern Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Stable isotope ratios, grainsize, carbonate content and mineralogy were analysed for seven cores in a depth transect from 166 to 2892 m below sea level (mbsl). Results show variations in the flux of terrigenous, neritic and pelagic sediments to the continental slope over the last sea level cycle. During the glacial lowstand terrigenous sediment influenced all the cores down to 2000 mbsl. The percentages of quartz and feldspar in the cores decreased with water depth, while the percentage of clay increased. X-ray diffraction analysis of the glacial lowstand clay mineralogy suggests that the siliciclastic sediment was primarily sourced from the Fitzroy River, which debouched directly into the northwest sector of the Capricorn Channel at this time. The cores also show a decrease in pelagic calcite and an increase in aragonite and high magnesium calcite (HMC) during the glacial. The influx of HMC and aragonite is most likely from reworking of coral reefs exposed on the continental shelf during the glacial, and also from HMC ooids precipitated at the head of the Capricorn Channel at this time. Mass accumulation rates (MARs) are high (13.5 g/cm**/kyr) during the glacial and peak at ~20 g/cm** 3/kyr in the early transgression (16-14 ka BP). MARs then decline with further sea level rise as the Fitzroy River mouth retreats from the edge of the continental shelf after 13.5 ka BP. MARs remain low (4 g/cm**3/kyr) throughout the Holocene highstand. Data for the Holocene highstand indicate there is a reduction in siliciclastic influx to the Capricorn Channel with little quartz and feldspar below 350 mbsl. However, fine-grained fluvial sediments, presumably from the Fitzroy River, were still accumulating on the mid slope down to 2000 mbsl. The proportion of pelagic calcite in the core tops increases with water depth, while HMC decreases, and is present only in trace amounts in cores below 1500 mbsl. The difference in the percentage of HMC in the deeper cores between the glacial and Holocene may reflect differences in supply or deepening of the HMC lysocline during the glacial. Sediment accumulation rates also vary between cores in the Capricorn Channel and do not show the expected exponential decrease with depth. This may be due to intermediate or deep water currents reworking the sediments. It is also possible that present bathymetry data are too sparse to detect the potential role that submarine channels may play in the distribution and accumulation of sediments. Comparison of the Capricorn Channel MARs with those for other mixed carbonate/siliciclastic provinces from the northeast margin of Australia indicates that peak MARs in the early transgression in the Capricorn Channel precede those from the central GBR and south of Fraser Island. The difference in the timing of the carbonate and siliciclastic MAR peaks along the northeast margin is primarily related to differences in the physiography and climate of the provinces. The only common trend in the MARs from the northeast margin of Australia is the near synchronicity of the carbonate and siliciclastic MAR peaks in individual sediment cores, which supports a coeval sedimentation model.

Glacier mass balance Vernagtferner, Ötztal Alps, Austria, 1889-2010

In this article, methods and results are presented for the analysis of the behaviour of an alpine glacier, the Vernagtferner, Oetztal Alps, Austria. Since 1601, the advances and retreats of Vernagtferner are documented and analysed with rising temporal and spa- tial precision. Early pictorial documents (from 1601 to 1844), high-resolution maps since 1889, mass balance investigations with the glaciological method since 1964 and meteorological-hydrological records and models since 1974 deliver, with increasing temporal resolution, a consistent pattern of the continual ice loss of this glacier over more than 30 years.

Late glacial and deglacial age model and biomarker analyses of sediment core MSM05/5_712-2 from the western continental slope of Svalbard

The transition from last glacial to deglacial and subsequently to modern interglacial climate conditions was accompanied by abrupt shifts in the palaeoceanographic setting in the subpolar North Atlantic. Knowledge about the role that sea ice coverage played during these rapid climate reversals is limited since most marine sediment cores from the higher latitudes provide only a coarse temporal resolution and often poorly preserved microfossils. Here we present a highly resolved reconstruction of sea ice conditions that characterised the eastern Fram Strait - a key area for water mass exchange between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic - for the past 30 ka BP. This reconstruction is based on the distribution of the sea ice biomarker IP25 and phytoplankton derived biomarkers in a sediment core from the continental slope of western Svalbard. During the late glacial (30 ka to 19 ka BP), recurrent advances and retreats of sea ice characterised the study area and point to a hitherto less considered oceanic (and/or atmospheric) variability. A long-lasting perennial sea ice coverage in eastern Fram Strait persisted only at the very end of the Last Glacial Maximum (i.e. from 19.2 to 17.6 ka BP) and was abruptly reduced at the onset of Heinrich Event 1 - coincident with or possibly even inducing the collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Further maximum sea ice conditions prevailed during the Younger Dryas cooling event and support the assumption of an AMOC reduction due to increased formation and export of Arctic sea ice through Fram Strait. A significant retreat of sea ice and sea surface warming are observed for the Early Holocene.