Standard cell automated layout for a CMOS 50 MHz 8 × 8 bit pipelined parallel dadda multiplier

An 8 × 8 pipelined parallel multiplier which uses the Dadda scheme is presented. The multiplier has been implemented in a 3-μm n-well CMOS process with two layers of metal using a standard cell automatic placement and routing program. The design uses a form of pipelined carry look-ahead adder in the final stage of summation, thus providing a significant contribution to the high performance of the multiplier. The design is expected to operate at a clock frequency of at least 50 MHz and has a flush time of seven clock cycles. The design illustrates a possible method of implementing an irregular architecture in VLSI using multiple levels of low-resistance, low-capacitance interconnect and automated layout techniques.

蕨属的系统发育及谱系地理学研究

蕨属（Pteridium Gled. ex Scop）分布范围极广，几乎遍布于全世界。关于此属的属下分类一直争论不休，主要是因为此属的分布广，形态变异比较大，变异类型之间形态差异不显著，缺乏明确的鉴别性状，或者变异类型之间存在过渡。 本研究利用叶绿体rps4-trnS DNA序列和trnS-G DNA序列构建了世界不同地区蕨属植物的系统关系及中国区域蕨属植物的系统关系，同时构建了世界不同地区蕨属植物的单倍型关系。我们发现，（1）南美洲和澳洲的蕨属植物分化最早;（2）北美洲的蕨属植物遗传变异最丰富，有多条相互独立的进化线（evolutionary lineages）;（3）欧亚大陆和非洲的蕨属植物都与北美洲具有密切关系;（4）大洋洲的蕨属植物同时受南美洲和亚洲蕨属植物的影响;（5）东亚的蕨属植物直接受北美洲蕨属植物的影响，与欧洲和非洲没有直接的关系;（6）非洲和欧洲的蕨属植物关系密切，有着相同的起源。 根据不同地点的蕨属植物的系统关系和单倍型Network关系，我们认为，蕨属植物起源于南美洲，而后向北美洲和澳洲扩散。在北美洲东部和东南部蕨属植物得到繁荣并分别向三个方向扩散与分化。第一个方向是朝北美西部扩散，第二个方向是两次独立扩散到亚洲，第三个方向是扩散到非洲，进而由非洲向欧洲扩散。 根据叶绿体基因所揭示的世界不同地区蕨属植物的发生和发展规律结合前人的研究，我们认为蕨属包含四个物种。Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn，分布于北美洲、亚洲、非洲和欧洲。该种分布广泛，存在一定的地理分化，可进一步划分8个亚种。Pteridium esculentum (G. Forst.) Cokayne，分布于南美洲，并扩散到澳大利亚，甚至东南亚国家。Pteridium caudatum (L.) Maxon，分布于中美洲和南美洲，是个异源四倍体。Pteridium semihastatum (Wall. ex Ag.) S.B.Andrews，分布于澳洲和东南亚，是个异源四倍体。 通过分子数据和形态分析相结合，作者认为中国蕨属包括两个亚种，即蕨[Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn subsp.japonicum (Nakai) Á.Löve & D.Löve]和毛轴蕨[Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn subsp. revolutum (Bl.) X. Q. Chen, stat. nov.]。作者认为，《中国植物志》中记载的食蕨，特有种云南蕨、糙轴蕨、镰羽蕨和长羽蕨并不存在或只是蕨或毛轴蕨的变形，或者毛轴蕨与蕨的杂交个体。 为了今后更进一步研究蕨属植物的系统与进化关系、居群的遗传结构等问题，作者还分离了8个具有多态性的微卫星位点，探讨了微卫星引物开发设计过程中如何提高效率等问题。

Cruise report: regional assessment of ecosystem condition and stressor impacts along the northwestern Gulf of Mexico Shelf. NOAA Ship 'Nancy Foster' NF-11-07-RACOW (August 8-16, 2011)

This cruise report is a summary of a field survey conducted along a portion of the U.S. continental shelf in northwestern Gulf of Mexico (GOM), at navigable depths along the coastline seaward to the shelf break (~100m) from about 89°30' W to 95°28' W longitude, August 8 – 16, 2011 on NOAA Ship Nancy Foster Cruise NF-11-07-RACOW. Synoptic sampling of multiple ecological indicators was conducted at each of 34 stations throughout these waters using a random probabilistic sampling design. The original study design consisted of 50 stations extending from the Mississippi delta all the way to the U.S./Mexican border, but vessel failures precluded sampling at 16 stations within the western-most portion of the study area. At each station samples were collected for the analysis of benthic community structure and composition; concentrations of chemical contaminants in sediments and target demersal biota; sediment toxicity; nutrient and chlorophyll levels in the water column; and other basic habitat characteristics such as salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, pH, sediment grain size, and organic carbon content. Other indicators, from a human-dimension perspective, were also recorded, including presence of vessels, oil rigs, surface trash, visual oil sheens in sediments or water, marine mammals, or noxious/oily sediment odors. The overall purpose of the survey was to collect data to assess the status of ecosystem condition and potential stressor impacts throughout the region, based on these various indicators and corresponding management thresholds, and to provide this information as a baseline for determining how such conditions may be changing with time. While sample analysis is still ongoing, some preliminary results and observations are reported here. A final report will be completed once all data have been processed.