A saúde mental das pessoas idosas na Região Autónoma da Madeira

O presente estudo teve como objectivos caracterizar do ponto de vista da saúde mental a população idosa da Região Autónoma da Madeira (RAM); determinar as prevalências das situações de saúde mental positiva e negativa e avaliar a influência positiva (protectora) ou negativa (de risco) de certos factores pessoais e do meio na saúde mental. Foi um estudo de natureza psicossocial,transversal, probabilístico, com uma componente descritiva e outra inferencial. A amostra (N=342) representativa das pessoas com 65 e mais anos, residentes na comunidade, foi estratificada por concelhos, por géneros e por classes etárias. A selecção foi feita da base de dados do Cartão de Utente do Serviço Regional de Saúde Empresa Pública Empresarial. As pessoas idosas foram entrevistadas pelas enfermeiras dos Centros de Saúde, que utilizaram para tal um questionário estruturado. Na avaliação das variáveis utilizaram-se diversos instrumentos alguns dos quais amplamente usados em outros estudos com população idosa. A saúde mental foi avaliada utilizando-se o Mental Health Inventory - MHI (Ware & Veit, 1983; Ribeiro, 2000), que contempla uma dimensão mais positiva o bem-estar psicológico e outra mais negativa o distress psicológico. Nas variáveis independentes (pessoais e do meio ambiente) utilizaram-se: para a classe social a Classificação Social de Graffar (Graffar, 1956); para a rede social a Lubben Social Network Scale - LSNS (Lubben, 1988); para a autonomia nas actividades instrumentais da vida diária a IADL (Lawton & Brody, 1969; Botelho, 2000); para a capacidade funcional (ABVD) o Índice de Katz (Katz et al., 1963; Cantera, 2000). As restantes variáveis, nomeadamente as de caracterização demográfica bem como as auto-percepções relativas ao rendimento, à habitação, de controlo, a ocupação do tempo, os acontecimentos de vida significativos, a autonomia física, a percepção relacionada com a saúde, as queixas de saúde ou doenças, os apoios de saúde e sociais, foram avaliadas através de questões formuladas para o efeito. No tratamento de dados, procedeu-se à análise descritiva das diferentes variáveis obtendo-se uma primeira caracterização da saúde mental das pessoas inquiridas. A fim de determinar as prevalências das situações de saúde mental mais positiva e mais negativa, recorreu-se à análise com três clusters. Para determinar a associação entre as variáveis pessoais e do meio e a saúde mental, usaram-se dois modelos de regressão logística (MRL). Num 1º MRL o enfoque colocou-se na relação das capacidades físicas e na percepção de saúde detidas pelas pessoas idosas, na disponibilidade de apoios específicos e a saúde mental. O 2º MRL focalizou-se na interacção entre a percepção de controlo detida pelas pessoas idosas, as condições sócio-económicas e a saúde mental. Resumem-se os resultados: na amostra identificou-se uma percentagem superior de mulheres (66,4%) face aos homens. A classe etária dos 65–74 anos incluiu maior número de idosos (64,9%). A maioria de (55,6%) residiam fora do Funchal. Os reformados eram prevalentes (78,1%) bem como os que detinham 1 a 11 anos de escolaridade (58,2%). As mulheres (65,2%) eram mais analfabetas do que os homens (48,7%). Dos idosos 44,4% pertenciam à classe social V (muito baixa) sendo a maioria mulheres (53,3%). A idade mínima da amostra foi 65 anos e a máxima 89 anos. A idade X =72,6 anos com umS =5,77. Foram encontrados níveis mais positivos nas diferentes dimensões da saúde mental. Prevalências: saúde mental positiva 67,0%, bem-estar psicológico elevado 24,3%. Apenas 3,2% apresentaram distress psicológico mais elevado. Com depressão maior identificaram-se 0,3% dos idosos. Num 1º MRL com as possíveis variáveis explicativas ajustadas, verificou-se que a probabilidade da saúde mental ser mais positiva era cerca de 0,3 vezes inferior nas mulheres, nos idosos com redes sociais muito limitadas e nos que percepcionavam a saúde própria como razoável ou pior. Era menor 0,5 vezes quando não sabiam ou percepcionavam a saúde como pior comparativamente aos pares, e 0,3 vezes quando referiram o mesmo, comparando-a com há um ano atrás. Era ainda 0,1 vez inferior quando possuíam limitações físicas para satisfazer as necessidades próprias. A probabilidade de ser mais positiva era 2,5 vezes superior quando as pessoas possuíam 1 a 11 anos de escolaridade. A variância no nível de saúde mental, explicada com base no 1º modelo foi 44,2%, valor estimado através do Nagelkerke R Square. Os resultados do 2º MRL com variáveis ajustadas, permitem afirmar que a probabilidade da saúde mental ser mais positiva era 0,3 vezes menor nas mulheres, 0,1 vez inferior nos idosos que percepcionavam o rendimento auferido como razoável ou fraco e 0,4 vezes menor quando tinham uma rede social muito limitada. Ter limitações físicas deslocando-se na rua apenas com apoio diminuía 0,3 vezes a probabilidade de saúde mental mais positiva, verificando-se o mesmo nos que auferiam apoio dos serviços sociais. Uma probabilidade 2,4 vezes superior da saúde mental ser mais positiva foi encontrada nos idosos com 1 a 11 anos de escolaridade quando comparada com os analfabetos. O Nagelkerke R Square = 37,3%, foi menor do que o obtido no modelo prévio, pelo que a variação ao nível da saúde mental explicada por este modelo é inferior. A evidência de que as pessoas idosas possuíam maioritariamente um nível superior de saúde mental, comprovou que a velhice não é sinónimo de doença. Foi também superior a percentagem daqueles que possuíam redes sociais menos limitadas. O nível mais elevado de distress psicológico surgiu com uma prevalência de 3,2% e apenas 0,3% das pessoas idosas estavam mais deprimidas o que evidenciou a necessidade de serem providenciadas respostas na comunidade para o seu tratamento. Dos inquiridos 8,8% apresentavam um nível médio de depressão, sugerindo a pertinência de serem efectuados às pessoas nessa situação, diagnósticos clínicos mais precisos. As limitações na capacidade física para a satisfação de necessidades diárias e a percepção de saúde mais negativa emergiram como factores significativos para a pior saúde mental confirmando resultados de pesquisas prévias. No 2º MRL a percepção pelos idosos de que o rendimento mensal auferido era fraco aumentou também a probabilidade da saúde mental ser pior. Nos dois modelos verificaram-se influências positivas quando os idosos possuíam 1 a 11 anos de escolaridade comparativamente aos analfabetos, o que pode ser considerado um factor protector para a saúde mental. Sublinhamos como principais conclusões deste estudo: O protocolo e os instrumentos de avaliação foram adequados para atingir os objectivos. Da avaliação à saúde mental concluiu-se que as pessoas idosas possuíam situações mais positivas e favoráveis. Dos três factores utilizadas na estratificação da amostra apenas o género feminino estava associado significativamente à pior saúde mental. Sugere-se a replicação deste estudo para acompanhar a evolução da saúde mental da população idosa da RAM. Os resultados deverão ser divulgados à comunidade científica e técnica bem como aos decisores políticos e aos gestores dos serviços de saúde, sociais, educativos e com acção directa sobre a vida dos idosos a fim de serem extraídas ilações, favoráveis à adopção de políticas e programas promotores da saúde mental que passem pelo aumento da escolaridade e por medidas/acções que reduzam a maior susceptibilidade de saúde mental negativa associada ao género feminino, promovam o reforço das redes sociais das pessoas idosas, a autonomia física necessária à satisfação das necessidades próprias bem como as auto - percepções positivas relacionadas com a saúde e com os rendimentos auferidos. Deverão serlhes facultadas também oportunidades de participação activa na comunidade a que pertencem.

Ecology and conservation of bottlenose dolphins in Madeira Archipelago, Portugal

This study aimed to provide an insight on the ecology of the bottlenose dolphin population in Madeira archipelago. To achieve this, population structure; group dynamics, site-fidelity, residency and movement patterns within and out of the study area; survival and abundance estimates and spatial and temporal distribution and habitat preferences related to physiographic parameters using data collected between 2001-2011, were investigated. Photo-identification data analysis revealed strong evidences that bottlenose dolphins seen in the archipelago of Madeira belong to an open population with regular recruitment of new animals to the area. This population exhibited a typical fission-fusion society, in which short-term acquaintances prevail, with only a few long-lasting associations. Photo-identification methods demonstrated that there is a large variability in residency pattern, with resident, transient and migrant individuals. Only a small number of dolphins were found to be resident (4.3%). Social network diagram as well as SLAR analysis supported the existence of a mixed population of residents, migrants and transients. Mark-recapture methods estimated a high survival rate, within the range of other long-lived cetacean species. The resident community is composed of app. 180 individuals. In addition, around 400 dolphins of different residency patterns were found to use the south area of Madeira Island. Spatial distribution indicated that bottlenose dolphins were regularly found in shallow and closer to shore areas, suggesting the existence of biological processes influenced by bathymetry. Moreover, temporal patterns revealed no strong seasonal fluctuation in the presence of bottlenose dolphins in Madeira archipelago waters. Bottlenose dolphins are listed under the Annex II of the EU habitats Directive that requires the designation of Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) for this species; as such, the knowledge gained through this work can be used by governmental authorities to the establishment and management of areas for the conservation of bottlenose dolphin in Madeira archipelago.

Breadcrumbs: location and context aware mobile platform for story sharing

With the current proliferation of sensor equipped mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets, location aware services are expanding beyond the mere efficiency and work related needs of users, evolving in order to incorporate fun, culture and the social life of users. Today people on the move have more and more connectivity and are expected to be able to communicate with their usual and familiar social networks. That means communications not only with their peers and colleagues, friends and family but also with unknown people that might share their interests, curiosities or happen to use the same social network. Through social networks, location aware blogging, cultural mobile applications relevant information is now available at specific geographical locations and open to feedback and conversations among friends as well as strangers. In fact, nowadays smartphone technologies aloud users to post and retrieve content while on the move, often relating to specific physical landmarks or locations, engaging and being engaged in conversations with strangers as much as their own social network. The use of such technologies and applications while on the move can often lead people to serendipitous discoveries and interactions. Throughout our thesis we are engaging on a two folded investigation: how can we foster and support serendipitous discoveries and what are the best interfaces for it? In fact, to read and write content while on the move is a cognitively intensive task. While the map serves the function of orienting the user, it also absorbs most of the user’s concentration. In order to address this kind of cognitive overload issue with Breadcrumbs we propose a 360 degrees interface that enables the user to find content around them by means of scanning the surrounding space with the mobile device. By using a loose metaphor of a periscope, harnessing the power of the smartphone sensors we designed an interactive interface capable of detecting content around the users and display it in the form of 2 dimensional bubbles which diameter depends on their distance from the users. Users will navigate the space in relation to the content that they are curious about, rather than in relation to the traditional geographical map. Through this model we envisage alleviating a certain cognitive overload generated by having to continuously confront a two dimensional map with the real three dimensional space surrounding the user, but also use the content as a navigational filter. Furthermore this alternative mean of navigating space might bring serendipitous discovery about places that user where not aware of or intending to reach. We hence conclude our thesis with the evaluation of the Breadcrumbs application and the comparison of the 360 degrees interface with a traditional 2 dimensional map displayed on the devise screen. Results from the evaluation are compiled in findings and insights for future use in designing and developing context aware mobile applications.

Relações interorganizacionais e eficiência coletiva: um estudo de caso no arranjo produtivo local de confecções do agreste pernambucano

This work is a study in the Local Productive Arrangement of confections from Agreste of Pernambuco, as a relevant sector in economic and social aspect. This research has as central aim to understand how the inter-organizational relations influence the collective efficiency of arrangement. The theoretical framework employed highlights the approaches that deal with the benefits of business agglomeration for the develop­ment of firms and regions. It has discussed the approach of small and medium enter­ prises and industrial districts (SCHMITZ, 1997), which introduce the concept of col­ lective efficiency, explaining that only those externalities explained by Marshall (1996) are not sufficient to explain the competitive advantage of enterprises, expand­ing the idea that organizations achieve competitive advantage not acting alone. To examine the influences of relations in the collective efficiency, it has been taken as analytical perspective theory of social networks (GRANOVETTER, 1973, 1985; BURT, 1992; UZZI, 1997) because it has believe that this approach provides subsi­ dies for a structural analysis of social relationships in face the behavior of human ac­tion. By examining the organizations in a social network, you should understand the reason of this establishment of the relationship, their benefits, and as the information flow takes place and density of links between the actors (Powell; SMITH-DOERR, 1994). As for the methods, this study is characterized as a case study, in according to the purposed objectives, in addition to qualitative method. Also, due to recovering of the historical milestones of the arrangement, it is used a sectional approach with longitudinal perspective (VIEIRA, 2004). The primary and secondary data were used in order to understand the evolutionary process of the sector and their inter-actors re­ lationships in the arrangement for the promotion of development, for both, was used the contend and documentary analysis technique, respectively (DELLAGNELO ; SIL­VA, 2005). The approach of social networks has permitted understand that social re­lationships may extend the collective efficiency of the arrangement, and therefore need to develop policies that encourage the legalization of informal companies in ar­rangement, by showing up themselves representative. Thus, the relations estab­ lished in LPA of confections from Agreste of Pernambuco need for more effective mechanisms to broaden the collective efficiency. Therefore, this way as take place has directly benefited only a group of companies that are linked in some way the sup­portive institutions. So we can conclude that the inter-actor relations have limited the collective efficiency of LPA, being stimulated by the institutions in support only to groups of entrepreneurs, even those that produce external relations for all clustered companies

Redes interorganizacionais e inovação: o caso do pólo joalheiro de Belém

This work is a case study based on Belém Jewelry Pole, whose main issue is to understand how the social network (which the Pole is inserted) influences on innovation process on this area. The main objective is to analyze how interorganizational networks impacted/impact on the potential for innovation, creating both limits and opportunities for the companies development. The adopted method analyzed the historical jewelry industry trajectory since the beginning of mineral extraction in the city of Itaituba (in the Pará State) until nowadays. Primary and secondary data were used allowing the view of the dynamics of the network during transformation periods of the main involved actors in the process. The prospect of embeddedness structural as analysis technique allowed verifying the quality of interactors ties, as well as the visualization of their structures. During the jewelry industry trajectory was verified a change in the quality of social relations, modifying the information flow, trust and associations of various links in the production chain. Both direct and indirect ties facilitated the access to remote networks entering new information related to new products, processes and market aspects. This interaction has led to raising the innovation potential causing a qualitative and quantitative improvement in competitiveness of organizations. Some embedded ties allowed the formation of partnerships bringing various economic earnings for those involved in the relationship. Thus, it is understood how aspects related to the position, architecture and quality of ties in a wide social network influenced on the innovation process and eventual jewelry industry trajectory

Da cozinha ao terreiro em Mutamba da Caieira (RN) : cotidiano, espaço doméstico e sociabilidade

In this work we thought about the social use of the domestic space and, specifically, the space destined to the preparation of food. The kitchen is a creative space of social relationships. There the families exchange daily interaction with the neighbors, in a collective of the space reserved to the making of food. Our empiric research was in the Mutamba da Caieira community, located in the county of Assu (RN). The data was collected through the etnographic method aided by the photographic resources. In the discussion, we delimitated at the house three types of kitchens: one reserved to the family, another kitchen in the terrace and yet another kitchen in the yard. They are kitchens that link amongst themselves with activities and differentiated temporalities. In the daily social exchange, the kitchen imposes itself as a social space through the conditions that it offers for the production of the foods, the circulation of domestic objects, the communication of knowledge around the cookery, operating a group of symbolic and ritual actions combined with appropriate techniques for the transformation of the foods. The study reveals that the domestic chores accomplished amon relatives and friends form webs of intracommunitary relationships in the use of the three kitchens, and that the social network is updated in a singular moment that usually happens in the community, the Game of Pacará

Redes sociais e a lógica do desvio comportamental em relação às normas de trabalho

This paper aim to check a hypothesis that assumes several behaviors related to social work norm´s obeying as a phenomenon that can be explained by actor´s social network structure and the rational choice processes related to the social norm inside that network, principally the payoff´s analysis received by the closest actors, or neighbors, at a social situation. Taking the sociological paradigm of rational action theory as a basis, the focus is on a debate about the logic of social norms, from Émile Durkheim´s method to Jon Elster´s theory, but also including social network analysis´s variables according to Robert Hanneman; and also Vilfredo Pareto´s constants related to human sociability, at the aim to detect elements that can help the scholars to develop an agent based model which could explain the sociological problem of deviance by a better way than the common sense´s view about morality and ethics at a social work environment

Juventude e consumo emocional nas redes sociais da internet. Análise das marcas: Coca-Cola, Pepsi, BlackBerry, Nokia, Riachuelo e C&A

In The paradoxical happiness , Gilles Lipovetsky elects five major paradigmatic models that command the pleasure and happiness in our societies. Starting with the paradigmatic models of penia (where it is emphasized the existential dissatisfaction supplied by the consumption and where advertising has a special place, bombarding consumers and creating consumer needs, in addition to selling a lifestyle rather than the products themselves), and narcissus (model constructed on the basis of self-exaltation and abdication of the social and political) intends to examine the relationship between the consumption exercised by young people and the advertising displayed on social networking sites, focusing on the social media Facebook, observing the virtual fan pages of the following brands: Coca-Cola; Pepsi; BlackBerry, Nokia, Riachuelo and C&A and their relationships with their consumers