Substance P-like-immunoreactive sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia of the chick embryo: ontogenesis and influence of peripheral targets.

The expression of substance P (SP) was studied in sensory neurons of developing chick lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) by using a mixture of periodic acid, lysine and paraformaldehyde as fixative and a monoclonal antibody for SP-like immunostaining. The first SP-like-immunoreactive DRG cells appeared first at E5, then rapidly increased in number to reach a peak (88% of ganglion cells) at E8, and finally declined (59% at E12, 51% after hatching). The fall of the SP-like-positive DRG cells resulted from two concomitant events affecting a subset of small B-neurons: a loss of neuronal SP-like immunoreactivity and cell death. After one hindlimb resection at an early (E6) or late (E12) stage of development (that is before or after establishment of peripheral connections), the DRG were examined 6 days later. In both cases, a drastic neuronal death occurred in the ispilateral DRG. However, the resection at E6 did not change the percentage of SP-like-positive neurons, while the resection at E12 severely reduced the proportion of SP-like-immunoreactive DRG cells (25%). In conclusion, connections established between DRG and peripheral target tissues not only promote the survival of sensory neurons, but also control the maintenance of SP-like-expression. Factors issued from innervated targets such as NGF would support the survival of SP-expressing DRG cells and enhance their SP content while other factors present in skeletal muscle or skin would hinder SP expression and therefore lower SP levels in a subset of primary sensory neurons.

Motor Vehicle Crash Fatalities for Week Ending Revision, July 17, 2009

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Microcréditos y universidad: motor de emprendeduría

El terme microcrèdit és un concepte cada vegada més utilitzat dintre de l'àmbit econòmic i social. Tanmateix, hi ha molts interrogants sobre el que realment són i de l'impacte que poden arribar a ocasionar en la societat. Amb aquesta finalitat, es detallarà què són els microcrèdits, s'explicaran els seus orígens i si el desenvolupament d'aquest tipus de préstecs són sostenibles per part d'una entitat. Així com també, si és possible l’eradicació de la pobresa mitjançant els mateixos. Es durà a terme una breu introducció del concepte microfinances, finalitzant amb una proposta de creació d'un programa de microcrèdit a la cooperació internacional dins de la Universitat Abat Oliba CEU.

Motor Vehicle Crash Fatalities for Week Ending, August 7, 2009

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Thyroid hormone reduces the loss of axotomized sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia after sciatic nerve transection in adult rat.

We have shown that a local administration of thyroid hormones (T3) at the level of transected rat sciatic nerve induced a significant increase in the number of regenerated axons. To address the question of whether local administration of T3 rescues the axotomized sensory neurons from death, in the present study we estimated the total number of surviving neurons per dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in three experimental group animals. Forty-five days following rat sciatic nerve transection, the lumbar (L4 and L5) DRG were removed from PBS-control, T3-treated as well as from unoperated rats, and serial sections (1 microm) were cut. The physical dissector method was used to estimate the total number of sensory neurons in the DRGs. Our results revealed that in PBS-control rats transection of sciatic nerve leads to a significant (P < 0.001) decrease in the mean number of sensory neurons (8743.8 +/- 748.6) compared with the number of neurons in nontransected ganglion (mean 13,293.7 +/- 1368.4). However, administration of T3 immediately after sciatic nerve transection rescues a great number of axotomized neurons so that their mean neuron number (12,045.8 +/- 929.8) is not significantly different from the mean number of neurons in the nontransected ganglion. In addition, the volume of ganglia showed a similar tendency. These results suggest that T3 rescues a high number of axotomized sensory neurons from death and allows these cells to grow new axons. We believe that the relative preservation of neurons is important in considering future therapeutic approaches of human peripheral nerve lesion and sensory neuropathy.

Iowa Motor Fuel Tax Monthly Reports, December 2001

The monthly fuel tax report from Iowa Department of Transportation to the Iowa Department of Revenue and Finance.

Iowa Motor Fuel Tax Monthly Reports, November 2001

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Iowa Motor Fuel Tax Monthly Reports, October 2001

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Iowa Motor Fuel Tax Monthly Reports, September 2001

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Iowa Motor Fuel Tax Monthly Reports, August 2001

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Iowa Motor Fuel Tax Monthly Reports, July 2001

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Iowa Motor Fuel Tax Monthly Reports, January 2002

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