Der Einfluss von Seamounts auf die klein- und mesoskalige Verteilung des Phytoplanktons im zentralen, subtropischen Nordostatlantik

Thema dieser Arbeit war die Beschreibung des Einflusses von Seamounts auf die Verteilung und Zusammensetzung von Phytoplanktonpopulationen. Dazu wurden exemplarisch zwei verschiedene Seamounts während zweier multidisziplinärer Expeditionen im subtropischen Nordostatlantik ausgewählt. Diese waren der Ampere Seamount (35°05’N 012°55‘W) und die Große Meteorbank (30°00’N 028°30‘W). I. Der Ampere Seamount wurde vom 29.04.-09.05.1996 während der Forschungsreise POS 218 mit FS „Poseidon“ besucht. Dort wurde versucht, ausgehend von einer zentralen Position, entlang radialer Schnitte über den Seamount dessen Einfluss auf die Verteilung des Phytoplanktons zu erfassen. Durch direkte Messung bzw. Beprobung der Wassersäule war eine Charakterisierung der abiotischen Umweltparameter Temperatur, Salzgehalt, potentielle Dichte, gelöster Sauerstoff, Nährsalze und Lichttiefe möglich. Weiterhin wurden der Phytoplanktonbestand und die Zusammensetzung der Phytoplanktonpopulation anhand mehrerer Untersuchungsmethoden beschrieben. Diese waren Bestimmungen von partikulärem organischem Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff, Chlorophyll a-Messungen, HPLC-Pigmentanalysen, mikroskopische Zählungen sowie die Bestimmung von gesamter und größenfraktionierter Primärproduktion. Zwei exemplarische Schnitte in Nord-Süd- bzw. West-Ost-Ausrichtung wurden ausgewählt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten deutlich einen Einfluss des Seamounts auf die abiotischen Umweltparameter. So ließ sich ein Anstieg der Isopyknen um etwa 20-30 m über dem Gipfelbereich feststellen im Vergleich zu Stationen, welche weiter entfernt vom Gipfel waren. Nährsalze waren im Allgemeinen an der Oberfläche nur in sehr geringen Konzentrationen nachzuweisen. Ein deutlicher Konzentrationsanstieg erfolgte ab einer Tiefe von etwa 75 m. Eine Ausnahme stellte die Südflanke des Seamounts dar, wo etwas höhere Nährsalzkonzentrationen schon ab Wassertiefen von etwa 30 m festgestellt wurden. Dies kann vermutlich auf die hydrografischen Bedingungen an dieser Stelle zurückgeführt werden. Erste, vorläufige Modellberechnungen lassen auf einen Einfluss eines starken Einschnitts an der sehr steilen Südflanke des Seamounts auf eine Strömung schließen, welche kälteres, nährsalzreicheres Tiefenwasser nach oben bringt. Auch bei der Verteilung der biotischen Variablen machte sich der Einfluss dieser Strömung bemerkbar. Die POC-Konzentrationen lagen im Mittel bei etwa 75.5 μg/l mit einem Tiefenmaximum bei ca. 80 m. An der Südflanke wiederum zeigte sich eine heterogene Verteilung der POC-Konzentration ohne deutlich ausgebildetes Maximum. Ein deutlich ausgebildetes Tiefenchlorophyllmaximum (TCM) wurde unterhalb der Dichtesprungschicht in Wassertiefen zwischen 50 und 100 m beobachtet, wie es allgemein für subtropische Meeresgebiete typisch ist. Auch das TCM zeichnete sich durch einen Anstieg um ca. 25 m im Gipfelbereich aus. Weiterhin war auffällig, dass das Chl a- und das Nitritmaximum in der gleichen Tiefe lagen. Dies könnte evtl. durch erhöhte Fraßaktivitäten und nachfolgende Anhäufung von Exkretionsprodukten des Zooplanktons erklärt werden, wie schon bei anderen Seamounts nachgewiesen wurde. Die Primärproduktion erreichte Werte, wie sie für diese Meeresregion schon früher bestimmt wurden. Auffällig war bei der fraktionierten Produktionsmessung die Dominanz von Pico- und Nanoplankton. Ein etwas höherer Anteil von Mikrophytoplankton an einigen Stationen könnte mit dem Auftrieb von etwas nährsalzreicherem Wasser an der Südseite des Ampere Seamounts zusammenhängen. Die Pigmentanalysen zeigten, dass die Phytoplanktonpopulation von Picoplanktongruppen bestimmt war. Diese waren in erster Linie Cyanophyceen und Prochlorophyceen, welche bis zur Tiefe des TCM vorherrschten. Unterhalb des TCM nahm der Anteil dieser beiden Gruppen ab, während Chrysophyceen, Chlorophyceen und Prymnesiophyceen zunahmen. Die Gruppen des Mikroplanktons, Dinophyceen und Bacillariophyceen, spielten nur eine untergeordnete Rolle. II. Die Große Meteorbank wurde vom 25.08.-23.09.1998 während der Forschungsreise M 42/3 mit FS „Meteor“ besucht. Auch dort wurde versucht, entlang verschiedener Schnitte über den Seamount dessen Einfluss auf die Verteilung des Phytoplanktons zu erfassen. Ausser den schon beim Ampere Seamount beschriebenen Messungen und Beprobungen zur Erfassung der abiotischen Umweltparameter und biotischen Variablen bzw. des Phytoplanktonbestands und der Zusammensetzung der Phytoplanktonpopulation wurden noch Zählungen des Picoplanktons anhand der Durchflusszytometrie sowie rasterelektronenmikroskopische Beobachtung und Auszählung der Coccolithophoridenflora (Prymnesiophyceae) durchgeführt. An der Großen Meteorbank wurden keine Bestimmungen der Primärproduktion gemacht. Zwei exemplarische Schnitte in Nord-Süd- bzw. West-Ost-Ausrichtung wurden ausgewählt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten auch bei diesem Seamount einen deutlichen Einfluss auf die abiotischen Umweltparameter. Ein Anstieg der Isopyknen um 30 m konnte über dem Bankplateau nachgewiesen werden. Als herausragendes Merkmal war hier eine ringförmige Vertiefung der durchmischten Schicht über den Flanken zu verzeichnen, was zu einer Isolierung der Wassermassen innerhalb dieser Ringstruktur führte. Dies spiegelte sich in der Verteilung der meisten untersuchten Parameter wider. So folgten ein Großteil der biogeochemischen Variablen wie die Nährsalze und der Chlorophyll a-Gehalt dem Aufwölben der Isopyknen. Die Nährsalze waren, wie schon beim Ampere Seamount, in den Oberflächenschichten fast vollständig erschöpft. Ein deutlicher Konzentrationsanstieg war erst ab Tiefen zwischen 100 und 125 m zu verzeichnen. Dies könnte zum einen durch eine stabilere Schichtung der Wassersäule und zum anderen durch die ausgeprägte Isolierung der Wassermassen über dem Plateau erklärt werden. Die mittleren Konzentrationen von partikulärem organischem Kohlenstoff (50.7 μg/l), Stickstoff (9.8 μg/l), des Phytoplanktonkohlenstoffs (0.6 μg/l) und des Chlorophyll a (0.06 μg/l) lagen an der Großen Meteorbank unterhalb der am Ampere Seamount festgestellten Werte. Dies könnte ebenfalls auf die zuvor erwähnte Schichtung und Isolierung zurückgeführt werden. Das Tiefenchlorophyllmaximum war zwischen 75 und 125 m gemessen worden. Deutlich war hier der Einfluss der hydrografischen Bedingungen über dem Bankplateau auf das Verteilungsmuster des Chlorophyll a-Gehaltes zu sehen, insbesondere die geringen Chlorophyll a-Gehalte über den Flanken. Dies kann auf die Isolierung der Wassermasse über dem Plateau zurückgeführt werden. Noch klarer als am Ampere Seamount war an der Großen Meteorbank die Dominanz von Pico- und Nanoplankton anhand der Pigmentanalysen zu erkennen. So erreichte der mittlere Anteil der Prochlorophyceen bis zu 75 % der Phytoplanktonpopulation. Diese Ergebnisse wurden durch die Untersuchungen mit Hilfe der Durchflusszytometrie bestätigt. So überwogen in den Oberflächenschichten zunächst Zellen der Gattung Synechococcus. Diese wurden mit zunehmender Tiefe durch Prochlorococcus ersetzt. Einen zahlenmäßig geringeren Anteil erreichten eukaryotische Picoplanktonzellen. In Biomasse umgerechnet überwog diese letzte Gruppe die beiden vorherigen allerdings. Dies ist auf die größeren Zellen der Picoeukaryoten zurückzuführen und konnte auch durch die höheren Zahlen der kleineren Zellen nicht kompensiert werden. An der Großen Meteorbank wurde eine erwartungsgemäß hohe Diversität von Coccolithophoriden gefunden. In den beiden untersuchten Tiefenhorizonten (100 und 200 m) zeigte sich bei 100 m die höhere Artenvielfalt und Abundanz, während bei 200 m nur noch wenige unversehrte Zellen gefunden wurden. Dies könnte mit Wegfraß durch Zooplanktonorganismen erklärt werden. Weiterhin reichte die mittlere euphotische Zone (0.1 % Lichttiefe) nur bis etwa 130 m, sodass nicht mehr genügend Licht für die Photosynthese zur Verfügung stand. Die Dominanz von Pico- und Nanoplankton ist allgemein aus oligotrophen Meeresgebieten, um welche es sich auch bei dieser Untersuchung handelte, bekannt und wird mit Anpassungen an die etwas höheren Nährsalzkonzentrationen in größeren Tiefen und die gleichzeitig verringerten Lichtintensitäten erklärt. Im Gegensatz zu einigen anderen Untersuchungen konnte an beiden Seamounts keine Erhöhung der Biomasse festgestellt werden. Auch die Primärproduktion, die nur am Ampere Seamount gemessen wurde, war nicht erhöht. Die dargestellten Ergebnisse lassen dennoch für beide untersuchten Seamounts auf ein getrenntes Ökosystem schließen. An der Großen Meteorbank wird dies insbesondere durch die Isolierung von Wassermassen und den darin enthaltenen Planktonorganismen über dem Bankplateau deutlich.

Prevalência de alterações fundoscópicas em estudantes na cidade de Natal/Brasil

Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de alterações fundoscópicas em estudantes de escolas das redes pública e privada de Natal-RN. Métodos: Avaliação oftalmológica foi realizada em 990 alunos, de 5 a 21 anos, matriculados nas escolas das redes públicas e privada do município de Natal- RN, que estiveram cursando alguma série do ensino fundamental ou médio, no período de 03 a 06 de 2001. Resultados: Alterações fundoscópicas foram observadas em 5,3% dos estudantes. As anormalidades encontradas, por ordem de freqüência, foram: branco sem pressão, 1,0%; cicatriz de retinocoroidite sugestiva de toxoplasmose, 1,0%; atrofia do epitélio pigmentado da retina, 0,8%; nevos da coróide, 0,4%; escavação da cabeça do nervo óptico aumentada, 0,4%; degeneração em treliça, 0,3%; buraco operculado, 0,2%; fundus miópico, 0,2%; tortuosidade vascular aumentada, 0,2%; granuloma sugestivo de toxocaríase, 0,2%; hipoplasia da cabeça do nervo óptico, 0,1%; persistência da artéria hialoidea, 0,1%; persistência de fibras de mielina, 0,1%; retina sal e pimenta, 0,1%; retinosquise, 0,1%. Conclusão: Houve uma baixa prevalência de alterações fundoscópicas na população estudada

Análise fractal da vasculatura retínica: métodos de segmentação e de cálculo dimensional

Embora tenha sido proposto que a vasculatura retínica apresenta estrutura fractal, nenhuma padronização do método de segmentação ou do método de cálculo das dimensões fractais foi realizada. Este estudo objetivou determinar se a estimação das dimensões fractais da vasculatura retínica é dependente dos métodos de segmentação vascular e dos métodos de cálculo de dimensão. Métodos: Dez imagens retinográficas foram segmentadas para extrair suas árvores vasculares por quatro métodos computacionais (“multithreshold”, “scale-space”, “pixel classification” e “ridge based detection”). Suas dimensões fractais de “informação”, de “massa-raio” e “por contagem de caixas” foram então calculadas e comparadas com as dimensões das mesmas árvores vasculares, quando obtidas pela segmentação manual (padrão áureo). Resultados: As médias das dimensões fractais variaram através dos grupos de diferentes métodos de segmentação, de 1,39 a 1,47 para a dimensão por contagem de caixas, de 1,47 a 1,52 para a dimensão de informação e de 1,48 a 1,57 para a dimensão de massa-raio. A utilização de diferentes métodos computacionais de segmentação vascular, bem como de diferentes métodos de cálculo de dimensão, introduziu diferença estatisticamente significativa nos valores das dimensões fractais das árvores vasculares. Conclusão: A estimação das dimensões fractais da vasculatura retínica foi dependente tanto dos métodos de segmentação vascular, quanto dos métodos de cálculo de dimensão utilizados

Prevalência de alterações fundoscópicas em estudantes na cidade de Natal-Brasil

Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de alterações fundoscópicas em estudantes de escolas das redes pública e privada de Natal-RN. Métodos: Avaliação oftalmológica foi realizada em 990 alunos, de 5 a 21 anos, matriculados nas escolas das redes públicas e privada do município de Natal-RN, que estiveram cursando alguma série do ensino fundamental ou médio, no período de 03 a 06 de 2001. Resultados: Alterações fundoscópicas foram observadas em 5,3% dos estudantes. As anormalidades encontradas, por ordem de freqüência, foram: branco sem pressão, 1,0%; cicatriz de retinocoroidite sugestiva de toxoplasmose, 1,0%; atrofia do epitélio pigmentado da retina, 0,8%; nevos da coróide, 0,4%; escavação da cabeça do nervo óptico aumentada, 0,4%; degeneração em treliça, 0,3%; buraco operculado, 0,2%; fundus miópico, 0,2%; tortuosidade vascular aumentada, 0,2%; granuloma sugestivo de toxocaríase, 0,2%; hipoplasia da cabeça do nervo óptico, 0,1%; persistência da artéria hialoidea, 0,1%; persistência de fibras de mielina, 0,1%; retina sal e pimenta, 0,1%; retinosquise, 0,1%. Conclusão: Houve uma baixa prevalência de alterações fundoscópicas na população estudada

Incidência e fatores de risco da retinopatia diabética em pacientes do Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Natal-RN

Estudar a incidência e fatores de risco (tempo de doença e presença de hipertensão arterial sistêmica) para retinopatia diabética em 1002 pacientes encaminhados pelo Programa de Diabetes do Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes no período de 1992 – 1995. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de pacientes com diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus encaminhados ao Setor de Retina do Departamento de Oftalmologia pelo Programa de Diabetes do Hospital Universitário e submetido, sob a supervisão do autor, a exame oftalmológico, incluindo medida da acuidade visual corrigida (tabela de Snellen), biomicroscopia do segmento anterior e posterior, tonometria de aplanação e oftalmoscopia binocular indireta sob midríase(tropicamida 1% + fenilefrina 10%). Foi realizada análise dos prontuários referente ao tempo de doenças e diagnostico clínico de hipertensão arterial sistêmica. Resultados: Dos 1002 diabéticos examinados (em 24 deles a fundoscopia foi inviável), 978 foram separados em 4 grupos: sem retinopatia diabética (SRD), 675 casos (69,01%); com retinopatia diabética não proliferativa (RDNP), 207 casos (21,16%); com retinopatia diabética proliferativa (RDP), 70 casos (7,15%); e pacientes já fotocoagulados (JFC), 26 casos (2,65%). Do total, 291 eram do sexo masculino (29%) e 711 do sexo feminino (71%). Os 4 grupos foram ainda avaliados quanto ao sexo, a faixa etária, a acuidade visual, tempo de doença, presença de catarata e hipertensão arterial sistêmica e comparados entre si. Com relação ao tipo de diabetes, 95 eram do tipo I (9,4%), 870 pacientes eram do tipo II (86,8%), e em 37 casos(3,7%) o tipo de diabetes não foi determinado. Conclusões: Comprovou-se que os pacientes com maior tempo de doença tinham maior probabilidade de desenvolver retinopatia diabética, e que a hipertensão arterial sistêmica não constituiu fator de risco em relação à diminuição da acuidade visual nos pacientes hipertensos

Rabbits' eye globe sonographic biometry

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Orbital cellulitis associated with Toxocara canis in a dog

Reports of Toxocara canis ocular larva migrans are uncommon in animals, with only a few cases reported. Most reports involve larval migration into the retina and choroid, with parasitic invasion of the orbit reported only in experimental studies. This is the first clinical case of Toxocara canis infection in the retrobulbar region of a 10-year-old, cross-bred male dog presenting with unilateral orbital cellulitis. Ophthalmic signs included protrusion of the nictitating membrane, chemosis, exophthalmos and hypertropia. The parasite was diagnosed by histologic and parasitologic examination of orbital tissues, which were removed during enucleation.

"O núcleo supraquiasmático e o folheto intergeniculado do mocó (Kerodon rupestris): Projeções retinianas e caracterização imuno-histoquímica

In this study, two circadian related centres, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) were evaluated in respect to their cytoarchitecture, retinal afferents and chemical content of major cells and axon terminals with a tract tracer and immunohistochemical techniques in the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris), a Brazilian caviidae rodent species. The rock cavy SCN is innervated in its ventral portion by terminals from the predominantly contralateral retina. It also contains neurophisin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactive cell bodies and neuropeptide Y and enkephalin immunopositive fibres and terminals and is marked by intense GFAP immunoreactivity. The IGL receives a predominantly contralateral retinal projection, contains neuropeptide Y and nitric oxide synthase producing neurons and enkephalin immunopositive terminals and is characterized by dense GFAP immunoreactivity. This is the first report examining the neural circadian system in a crepuscular rodent species for which circadian properties have been described. The results are discussed comparing with what has been described for other species and in the context of the functional significance of these centres

Centros subcorticais dos sistemas visual primário e óptico acessório no mocó (kerodon rupestris): caracterização pela projeção retiniana e citoarquitetura.

The primary and accessory optic systems comprise two set of retinorecipient neural clusters. In this study, these visual related centers in the rock cavy were evaluated by using the retinal innervations pattern and Nissl staining cytoarchigtecture. After unilateral intraocular injection of cholera toxin B subunit and immunohistochemical reaction of coronal and sagittal sections from the diencephalon and midbrain region of rock cavy. Three subcortical centres of primary visual system were identified, superior colliculus, lateral geniculate complex and pretectal complex. The lateral geniculate complex is formed by a series of nuclei receiving direct visual information from the retina, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, intergeniculate leaflet and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus. The pretectal complex is formed by series of pretectal nuclei, medial pretectal nucleus, olivary pretectal nucleus, posterior pretectal nucleus, nucleus of the optic tract and anterior pretectal nucleus. In the accessory optic system, retinal terminals were observed in the dorsal terminal, lateral terminal and medial terminal nuclei as well as in the interstitial nucleus of the superior fasciculus, posterior fibres. All retinorecipient nuclei received bilateral input, with a contralateral predominance. This is the first study of this nature in the rock cavy and the results are compared with the data obtained for other species. The investigation represents a contribution to the knowledge regarding the organization of visual optic systems in relation to the biology of species.

Efeitos da senescência no núcleo supraquiasmático do sagui (Callithrix Jacchus): plasticidade morfológica e neuroquímica

The circadian timing system (CTS) is responsible for the generation and synchronization and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus has been described as the major circadian pacemaker in many mammalian species. The internal temporal organization managed by SCN is disturbed with aging bringing many pathological disorders that range from loss of complex cognitive performance to simple physiological functions. Therefore, our aim was perform a comparative study of the morphological aspects and neurochemical composition in the SCN of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) adults and older using immunohistochemical techniques. We found morphometric and neurochemical changes in th SCN o folder animals in comparison to adults, among these a possible decreased in retinal projection to the SCN of older animals, found through a decline in CTB immunostaining, which can occur due atrophy and/or decreasing of fibers from the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). The Klüver-Barrera histological technique strongly suggests a decrease in those fibers from RHT. Also, by means of a morphometric study, it is found a atrophy and numerical decline of neurons in SCN of aged animals, investigated by Nissl technique, and immunostaining with NeuN and calbindin. Relative optical density (ROD) analysis were used to evaluate the expression of some neurochemical components in SCN, such as GFAP expression, which was increased in older, result that indirectly reinforces that morphological changes occurs due the aging; the vasoactive intestinal polipeptide (VIP) showed no expression alteration in SCN of older animals; the serotonin (5-HT) was descreased in the dorsomedial portion of the SCN, and neurpeptide Y (NPY) apparently also decrease due to the increase of age. Many of these modifications were seen in other animals, such as rodents, human primates and non-human primates. These data about marmoset comes to add new information of the effect of aging on structures responsibles for the circadian rhytmicity, and that some behavioral changes controlled by th SCN, and founded in aged animals, may be caused by these morphological and neurochemical changes. Although some results have been quantitatively negative, qualitatively all analysis show significant change comparing adult and older animals, perhaps due to a low sampling number. In conclusion, the marmoset presents several morphological and neurochemical changes in the SCN of aged animals compared to adults, which may result in behavioral changes that favor pathology aging related

O trato retino-hipotalâmico no mocó (Kerodon rupestris): Um estudo de traçado anterógrado com a subunidade b da toxina colérica

The light, besides the vision stimuli, controls other process completely independent of image formation, such as the synchronization of the organismic circadian rhythms to the enviromental light/dark cycle. In mammals, this adjust occurs through the retinohypothalamic tract, a direct retinal projection to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, considered to be the major circadian pacemaker. Early studies have identified only the suprachiasmatic nucleus as a retinal target in the hypothalamus. However, using more sensitive neuroanatomic tracers, other retinorecipient hypothalamic regions outside to suprachiasmatic nucleus were pointed in a great number of mammalian species. In this study, the retinohypothalamic tract was shown in the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris), an endemic rodent of the semiarid region of the Brazilian Northeast, using unilateral intravitreal injections of cholera toxin subunit b as a neuronal tracer. The results reveal that in the rock cavy, besides the suprachiasmatic nucleus, several hypothalamic regions receive direct retinal projection, such as the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, medial and lateral preoptic areas, the supraoptic nucleus and bordering areas, anterior, lateral and rectrochiasmatic hypothalamic areas, and the subparaventricular zone. The results are discussed by comparing with those of the literature, into a functional context

Caracaterização do núcleo pré-geniculado do sagüi (Callithrix jacchus) :projeção retiniana, neuroquímica e atividade celular (expressão de FOS)

In rodents, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) are the main components of the circadian system. The SCN is considerate the site of an endogenous biological clock because can to generate rhythm and to synchronize to the environmental cues (zeitgebers) and IGL has been related as one of the main areas that modulate the action of SCN. Both receive projections of ganglion cells of retina and this projection to SCN is called retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). Moreover, the IGL is connected with SCN through of geniculohypothalamic tract (GHT). In primates (include humans) was not still demonstrated the presence of a homologous structure to the IGL. It is believed that the pregeniculate nucleus (PGN) can be the answer, but nothing it was still proven. Trying to answer that question, the objective of our study is to do a comparative analysis among PGN and IGL through of techniques immunohystochemicals, neural tracers and FOS expression after dark pulses. For this, we used as experimental model a primate of the new world, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Ours results may contribute to the elucidation of this lacuna in the circadian system once that the IGL is responsible for the transmission of nonphotic information to SCN and participate in the integration between photic and nonphotic stimulus to adjust the function of the SCN. In this way to find a same structure in primates represent an important achieve in the understanding of the biological rhythms in those animals

Efeito do tratamento com as drogas antipsicóticas haloperidol e clozapina sobre a infecção de toxoplasma gondii em cultura de células retinianas embrionárias

T. gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan and the main cause of retinochoroiditis in humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the antipsychotic drugs haloperidol and clozapine on the course of infection by T. gondii of cultured embryonic retinal cells. Embryo retinas of Gallus gallus domesticus (E12) were used for the preparation of mixed monolayer cultures of retinal cells. Cultures were maintained on plates of 96 and 24 wells by 37°C in DMEM medium supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum for 2 days. After this period, cultures were simultaneously infected with tachyzoites of T. gondii and treated with the antipsychotics haloperidol and clozapine for 48 hours. Treatment effects were determined by both assessing cell viability with the MTT method and evaluating infection outcomes in slides stained with Giemsa. The treatment with haloperidol and clozapine cells infected with T. gondii resulted in higher viability of these cells, suggesting a possible prevention of neuronal degeneration induced by T. gondii. Additionally, intracellular replication of this protozoan in cells treated with haloperidol and clozapine were significantly reduced, possibly by modulation of the parasite s intracellular calcium concentration

Projeção retiniana, caracterização citoarquitetônica e neuroquímica da zona incerta do moco (Kerodon rupestris)

The Zona Incerta (ZI) is embryologically derived from the ventral thalamus, in continuity with the reticular nucleus of the thalamus. Studies usingneural tracers technics have allowed identify a complex connectional map including the ZI. Futhermore, cytochemical, molecular and functional data have shown abundant variability in the neurochemical contend in the ZI, as well as,the involvement of the ZI in the modulation of nociception, attention, alertness, control and maintenance of posture and control of visceral activity. This work aims to characterize the cytoarchitecture, neurochemical content of the ZI in the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris), and a direct retinal-ZI pathway present in this species. The Nissl staining is effective for the delineation and characterization of ZI citoarchitecture. ZIc receives a contralateral retinal projection showing varicosities, suggesting a modulatory character of photic information. The ZI in the rock cavy, as in others rodents and primates, is characterized by a complex neurochemical signature. The ZI neurochemistry presents great diversity, especially in the medial portion of ZIr, where we have found immunoreactivity of all neuroactive substances investigated, and that NOS-IR, GFAP and CR helped the delimitation of middle ZI in ZId and ZIv. Nevertheless, just 5-HT-IR fibers are present in all subdivisions of the ZI. These data demonstrate the great wealth of the neurochemistry of rock cavy s ZI and a direct retinal modulation in the ZI, helping to explain it s broad functional repertory

Temporal relationship between successful pancreas transplantation and control of ocular complications in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Purpose. The impact of pancreas transplantation (PT) on the progression of eye disease is still controversial. This study evaluated the course of retinopathy in transplanted rats in two different diabetic stages.Methods. Sixty inbred male Lewis rats were assigned to four experimental groups: NC-15 nondiabetic control rats; DC-15 untreated diabetic control rats; PT1-15 diabetic rats that received syngeneic pancreas transplants 2 weeks after alloxan diabetes induction; PT2-15 diabetic rats that received pancreas transplants 12 weeks after diabetes onset. Clinical and laboratory parameters and tens opacity were examined in all rats prior to treatment and at 1-, 6-, and 12-months follow-up. Nucleated eyes from five rats in each group processed for ultrastructural study of the retinal at 6 and 12 months after PT or at follow-up.Results. Cataracts were observed in 20%, 60%, and 100% of DC rats at 1-, 6-, and 12-months follow-up, respectively. Early PT (2 weeks) significantly reduced the prevalence of this complication but not late (12 weeks) PT. PT1 rats also showed improved ultrastructure of the superficial and deep capillary plexuses of the retina, and of Muller cells, compared with DC and PT2. In the last group, retinopathy continued to evolve despite successful PT.Conclusion. Our results suggested that prevention of diabetic ocular lesions by PT was closely dependent on earlier performance of the procedure.