Teoria crítica, neoliberalismo e educação: análise reflexiva da realidade educacional brasileira a partir da reforma educacional de 1990

Pós-graduação em Educação - FFC

Teoria crítica da sociedade: um olhar sobre a educação em tempos de sociedade tecnológica

This article aims to discuss and reflect on the contributions of the Critical Theory of Society called for the field of education in times of increasing technological development. Therefore, we look to the works of three authors exponents of Critical Theory: Walter Benjamin, Theodor W. Adorno and Herbert Marcuse, highlighting the reflections and analyzes of these authors and using them as input in the educational field. The selfreflective and self-education is conceived in its potential to overcome the conditions of domination that remain in our society increasingly technified and supposedly democratic. Thus, the educational praxis think it seems like something urgent and necessary to be broken with certain conditions that keeps our potential to barbarism.

S-100 protein: is it useful as a tumour marker in diagnostic immunocytochemistry

A heterogeneous group of 159 tumours was studied for the presence of S-100 protein by the immunoperoxidase technique in order to determine whether this marker may be of value in facilitating immunocytochemical diagnosis. Among cases of melanocytic and pigmented lesions, S-100 was widely distributed and demonstrated the strongest degrees of reactivity. S-100 protein was identified in virtually all nerve sheath tumours such as schwannomas, neurofibromas, myxoid sheath nerve tumour and also in some tumours of controversial histogenesis such as granular cell tumours. The great majority of carcinomas did not express S-100, with only two cases of breast carcinoma displaying focal S-100 staining. In a miscellaneous group of tumours S-100 was demonstrated in chordomas, myoepitheliomas and Wilms' tumour with Schwann cell differentiation. Despite its presence in a wide array of cell types, S-100 protein continues to be an extremely useful marker especially for soft tissue and peripheral nervous system tumours.

Entre choques, cortes e fissuras - a (semi)formação estética: uma análise crítica da apropriação de filmes na educação escolar

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

O ofuscamento da infância no brilho das telas: relações entre teoria crítica, educação e sociedade

Pós-graduação em Educação Escolar - FCLAR

Ética e estética da alteridade em Horkheimer, Adorno e Freud: comentários a partir de “elementos do anti-semitismo” e “o inquietante”

Ao adotar como foco inicial a referência, feita por Horkheimer e Adorno em "Elementos do Anti-Semitismo: limites do esclarecimento", ao texto de Freud denominado "O Inquietante", o presente trabalho pretende estabelecer alguns pontos de contato entre si no que se refere ao importante campo de estudos voltado ao preconceito. Nestes termos, propõe uma ética e uma estética da alteridade que, voltadas à dissonância de uma estranha-familiaridade, aparecem pautadas pela valorização da negatividade em detrimento de uma filosofia positiva cujas luzes podem conduzir à mais absoluta cegueira totalitária. A aposta aqui reside na possibilidade de que, remetendo às fraturas do contato do homem com o que lhe parece real, tal movimento traga consigo o resgate de uma tragicidade que resista em se deixar apropriar pelos anseios de domínio e comodidade representativa tão caros à razão instrumental e, com ela, aos discursos de intolerância para com as diferenças.

Biliary tract schwannoma: A rare cause of obstructive jaundice in a young patient

Schwannoma is a tumor derived from Schwann cells which usually arises in the upper extremities, trunk, head and neck, retroperitoneum, mediastinum, pelvis, and peritoneum. However, it can arise in the gastrointestinal tract, including biliary tract. We present a 24-year-old male patient with obstructive jaundice, whose investigation with computed tomography abdomen showed focal wall thickening in the common hepatic duct, difficult to differentiate with hilar adenocarcinoma. He was diagnosed intraoperatively schwannoma of common bile duct and treated with local resection. The patient recovered well without signs of recurrence of the lesion after 12 mo. We also reviewed the common bile duct schwannoma related in the literature and evaluated the difficulty in pre and intraoperative differential diagnosis with adenocarcinoma hilar. Resection is the treatment of choice for such cases and the tumor did not recur in any of the resected cases. (C) 2012 Baishideng. All rights reserved.

Clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features of oral neurofibroma

Objective. The purposes of this study were to assess clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical features of 22 oral neurofibromas (NFs) and discuss with previously described literature, addressing the main aspects regarding the differential diagnosis. Materials and methods. Immunohistochemical reactions included S-100, CD34, GLUT-1, EMA, Ki-67, p53 and Collagen IV and histochemical reactions for Alcian blue. Results. Clinically, the preferential location was the maxillary bones, tongue and buccal mucosa. Microscopically, widely spread spindle-shaped cells with scant cytoplasm and elongated nuclei were observed. Immunostaining revealed that the tumor cells weakly expressed GLUT-1, Collagen IV, Ki-67 and p53. They were variably positive for CD34, S-100 protein and membrane epithelial antigen (EMA). Conclusions. The different types of nerve sheath cells observed in the present series reinforce the presence of heterogeneous population in NFs. The strong positivity for S-100 suggests that the lesions were more composed by S-100-positive Schwann cells than other cells. Besides, the high number of CD34-positive cells suggests that this marker can be useful for the differential diagnosis of NFs against PEN, traumatic neuromas and Schwannomas. Finally, the low immunostaining for p53 and Ki-67 may indicate that NFs massively composed by S-100-positive Schwann cells present low potential of aggressiveness and malignant transformation.

Underlying Event measurements in pp collisions at root s=0.9 and 7 TeV with the ALICE experiment at the LHC

We present measurements of Underlying Event observables in pp collisions at root s = 0 : 9 and 7 TeV. The analysis is performed as a function of the highest charged-particle transverse momentum p(T),L-T in the event. Different regions are defined with respect to the azimuthal direction of the leading (highest transverse momentum) track: Toward, Transverse and Away. The Toward and Away regions collect the fragmentation products of the hardest partonic interaction. The Transverse region is expected to be most sensitive to the Underlying Event activity. The study is performed with charged particles above three different p(T) thresholds: 0.15, 0.5 and 1.0 GeV/c. In the Transverse region we observe an increase in the multiplicity of a factor 2-3 between the lower and higher collision energies, depending on the track p(T) threshold considered. Data are compared to PYTHIA 6.4, PYTHIA 8.1 and PHOJET. On average, all models considered underestimate the multiplicity and summed p(T) in the Transverse region by about 10-30%.

Cannabidiol-treated Rats Exhibited Higher Motor Score After Cryogenic Spinal Cord Injury

Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive constituent of cannabis, has been reported to induce neuroprotective effects in several experimental models of brain injury. We aimed at investigating whether this drug could also improve locomotor recovery of rats submitted to spinal cord cryoinjury. Rats were distributed into five experimental groups. Animals were submitted to laminectomy in vertebral segment T10 followed or not by application of liquid nitrogen for 5 s into the spinal cord at the same level to cause cryoinjury. The animals received injections of vehicle or CBD (20 mg/kg) immediately before, 3 h after and daily for 6 days after surgery. The Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan motor evaluation test was used to assess motor function post-lesion one day before surgery and on the first, third, and seventh postoperative days. The extent of injury was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin histology and FosB expression. Cryogenic lesion of the spinal cord resulted in a significant motor deficit. Cannabidiol-treated rats exhibited a higher Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor score at the end of the first week after spinal cord injury: lesion + vehicle, day 1: zero, day 7: four, and lesion + Cannabidiol 20 mg/kg, day 1: zero, day 7: seven. Moreover, at this moment there was a significant reduction in the extent of tissue injury and FosB expression in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. The present study confirmed that application of liquid nitrogen to the spinal cord induces reproducible and quantifiable spinal cord injury associated with locomotor function impairments. Cannabidiol improved locomotor functional recovery and reduced injury extent, suggesting that it could be useful in the treatment of spinal cord lesions.

Measurement of prompt J/psi and beauty hadron production cross sections at mid-rapidity in pp collisions at root s=7 TeV

The ALICE experiment at the LHC has studied J/psi production at mid-rapidity in pp collisions at root s = 7 TeV through its electron pair decay on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity L-int = 5.6 nb(-1). The fraction of J/psi from the decay of long-lived beauty hadrons was determined for J/psi candidates with transverse momentum p(t) > 1,3 GeV/c and rapidity vertical bar y vertical bar < 0.9. The cross section for prompt J/psi mesons, i.e. directly produced J/psi and prompt decays of heavier charmonium states such as the psi(2S) and chi(c) resonances, is sigma(prompt J/psi) (p(t) > 1.3 GeV/c, vertical bar y vertical bar < 0.9) = 8.3 +/- 0.8(stat.) +/- 1.1 (syst.)(-1.4)(+1.5) (syst. pol.) mu b. The cross section for the production of b-hadrons decaying to J/psi with p(t) > 1.3 GeV/c and vertical bar y vertical bar < 0.9 is a sigma(J/psi <- hB) (p(t) > 1.3 GeV/c, vertical bar y vertical bar < 0.9) = 1.46 +/- 0.38 (stat.)(-0.32)(+0.26) (syst.) mu b. The results are compared to QCD model predictions. The shape of the p(t) and y distributions of b-quarks predicted by perturbative QCD model calculations are used to extrapolate the measured cross section to derive the b (b) over bar pair total cross section and d sigma/dy at mid-rapidity.

Educação ao ar livre pela aventura: o aprendizado de valores morais em expedições à natureza

A educação ao ar livre, por meio de cursos no formato expedição, ainda acontece de forma tímida no Brasil. Entende-se por expedição uma experiência educacional contínua, de múltiplos dias, em que alunos e instrutores aventuram-se em um trajeto em área remota da natureza de forma autossuficiente. O presente estudo analisa os cursos desse tipo. Por meio de entrevistas e questionários semiestruturados, investigou-se a aprendizagem dos alunos segundo suas próprias percepções e as dos educadores da instituição, com ênfase no desenvolvimento moral do indivíduo. Como parte do estudo de caso sobre um aluno adolescente participante de um dos cursos, entrevistou-se também uma psicóloga que coordena um abrigo para menores. Os resultados encontrados indicam que os cursos de educação ao ar livre caracterizam-se por experiências que estimulam trabalhos em grupo, debates sobre justiça e solidariedade, e reflexões sobre valores e princípios como coragem, esforço pessoal, disciplina, respeito e superação de limites. Os resultados também indicam que tal proposta educacional aufere experiências sensíveis e de conexão do ser humano com a natureza. Muito embora haja potencial educacional para a educação ao ar livre, a atuação do educador perante seus alunos é fundamental para que as experiências sejam física e psicologicamente seguras, alcancem seus potenciais pedagógicos de desenvolvimento da moralidade e ajudem as pessoas a desenvolverem uma consciência ambiental, manifestada por meio de ações concretas ao retornarem dos cursos para suas comunidades.

La psicologia della Gestalt. Ricerche teoriche e sperimentali sulla percezione sonora e musicale (1890-1939)

The aim of the present work is a historical survey on Gestalt trends in psychological research between late 19th and the first half of 20th century with privileged reference to sound and musical perception by means of a reconsideration of experimental and theoretical literature. Ernst Mach and Christian von Ehrenfels gave rise to the debate about Gestaltqualität which notably grew thanks to the ‘Graz School’ (Alexius Meinong, Stephan Witasek, Anton Faist, Vittorio Benussi), where the object theory and the production theory of perception were worked out. Stumpf’s research on Tonpsychologie and Franz Brentano’s tradition of ‘act psychology’ were directly involved in this debate, opposing to Wilhelm Wundt’s conception of the discipline; this clearly came to light in Stumpf’s controversy with Carl Lorenz and Wundt on Tondistanzen. Stumpf’s concept of Verschmelzung and his views about consonance and concordance led him to some disputes with Theodor Lipps and Felix Krueger, lasting more than two decades. Carl Stumpf was responsible for education of a new generation of scholars during his teaching at the Berlin University: his pupils Wolfgang Köhler, Kurt Koffka and Max Wertheimer established the so-called ‘Berlin School’ and promoted the official Gestalt theory since the 1910s. After 1922 until 1938 they gave life and led together with other distinguished scientists the «Psychologische Forschung», a scientific journal in which ‘Gestalt laws’ and many other acoustical studies on different themes (such as sound localization, successive comparison, phonetic phenomena) were exposed. During the 1920s Erich Moritz von Hornbostel gave important contributions towards the definition of an organic Tonsystem in which sound phenomena could find adequate arrangement. Last section of the work contains descriptions of Albert Wellek’s studies, Kurt Huber’s vowel researches and aspects of melody perception, apparent movement and phi-phenomenon in acoustical field. The work contains also some considerations on the relationships among tone psychology, musical psychology, Gestalt psychology, musical aesthetics and musical theory. Finally, the way Gestalt psychology changed earlier interpretations is exemplified by the decisive renewal of perception theory, the abandon of Konstanzannahme, some repercussions on theory of meaning as organization and on feelings in musical experience.

Psychophysische Skalierung visueller Merkmalssalienz

Die Messung der Stärke von Empfindungen hat in der Psychologie eine lange Tradition, die bis in die Zeit der Entstehung der Psychologie als eine eigenständige Wissenschaft gegen Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts zurückreicht. Gustav Theodor Fechner verband die Beobachtung Webers der Konstanz des Koeffizienten des eben merklichen Unterschieds zu der Vergleichsintensität (sog. "Weber-Quotient") mit der Annahme einer sensorischen Schwelle, und entwickelte daraus erstmals eine Skala für die Stärke von Empfindungen. Die Fechner-Skala verwendet die Anzahl sukzessiver Schwellenschritte als natürliche, psychologische Einheit. Die Stärke einer Empfindung für eine gegebene Reizintensität wird ausgedrückt als die Anzahl von Schwellenschritten, die man gehen muss, um von keiner Empfindung bis zur in Frage stehenden Empfindung zu gelangen. Die Funktion, die den Zusammenhang von Reizintensität und der Anzahl nötiger Schwellenschritte beschreibt, ist stets logarithmisch und über sukzessive Schwellenmessungen für Reize aus den verschiedensten Sinnesmodalitäten bestimmbar. Derart sich ergebende Skalierungen heißen "indirekt", weil die in Frage stehende Reizintensität selbst nicht von der Urteilsperson bewertet wird. Intensitäten sind vom Urteiler nur mit anderen Intensitäten in Bezug auf ein "stärker" oder "schwächer", also ordinal, zu vergleichen. Indirekte Skalierungsmethoden eignen sich insbesondere, wenn der Reizeindruck flüchtig und von der absoluten Stärke her schwer durch den Urteiler zu quantifizieren ist. Ein typisches Beispiel hierfür ist die Auffälligkeit (Salienz) von visuellen Objekten, die in zufällig wechselnde Hintergründe eingebettet sind und dem Betrachter nur als ein rasches raumzeitliches Aufblitzen präsentiert werden. Die Stärke des Unterschieds in Merkmalen wie Helligkeit, Farbe, Orientierung, Schattierung, Form, Krümmung, oder Bewegung bestimmt das Ausmaß der Salienz von Objekten. Obschon eine Fülle von Arbeiten existiert zu der Frage, welche Merkmale und deren Kombinationen ohne Wissen des Ortes ihrer Präsentation automatisch starke Salienz ("Pop-Out") erzeugen, existieren bislang keine systematischen Versuche, die Salienz von Merkmalen für einen weiten Bereich von Merkmalsunterschieden zu erfassen und vergleichbar zu machen. Indirekte Skalierungen liegen vor für die Merkmale Kontrast (Legge und Foley, 1980) und Orientierung (Motoyoshi und Nishida, 2001). Ein Vergleich der Salienz über mehrere Merkmale und der Nachweis, dass die Salienz eine eigene, von der Merkmalsdimension unabhängige sensorische Qualität ist, steht aber bislang aus. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass der Unterschied von Objekten zur einbettenden Umgebung hinsichtlich visueller Merkmale zu Salienz führt und diese Salienz unabhängig von dem sie erzeugenden Merkmal der Stärke nach skalierbar ist. Es wird ferner gezeigt, dass die Einheiten der für zwei Merkmale erhobenen indirekten Skalierungsfunktionen in einem absoluten Sinne gleich sind, solange sichergestellt ist, dass (i) keine alternativen Hinweisreize existieren und nur der reine Merkmalsunterschied von Objekt und Umgebung bewertet wird und (ii) das sensorische Rauschen in den aktivierten Merkmalskanälen für beide Merkmale gleich ist. Für diesen Aufweis wurden exemplarisch die Merkmale Orientierung und Ortsfrequenz ausgewählt und die Salienz ihrer Merkmalskontraste über Naka-Rushton-Funktionen, gewonnen aus den zugrundeliegenden Salienz-Inkrementschwellenmessungen, indirekt skaliert. Für das Merkmal Ortsfrequenz liegt hiermit erstmals eine indirekte Skalierung vor. Hierfür musste eine spezielle Messtechnik entwickelt werden, die die Bewertung reiner Ortsfrequenzunterschiede, frei von konfundierenden absoluten Ausprägungen der Ortsfrequenzen, sicherstellt. Die Methode ist in Kapitel 7 dargestellt. Experimente, die die konfundierende Wirkung absoluter Merkmalsausprägungen auf die Salienzmessung demonstrieren, sind in Kapitel 6 dargestellt. In Kapitel 8 findet sich ein empirischer Abgleich der Ergebnisse von Inkrement- und Dekrementschwellenmessungen, eine Messtechnik, die zur Erfassung von Unterschiedsschwellen im Extrembereich der Orientierungsunterschiede von 90° nötig ist. Kapitel 9 enthält den empirischen Aufweis der Transitivität der Gleichheitsrelation für Salienzmessungen von Orientierung und Ortsfrequenz durch Abgleich mit einem dritten Merkmal und erbringt damit den Beleg der merkmalsunabhängigen Erfassung von Auffälligkeit über die indirekte Skalierungsmethodik. Ferner wird dort die Wirksamkeit der Grundsalienz von Mustern, gegeben über externes Rauschen in den Merkmalen (sog. "Merkmalsjitter") für die Verschiebung des Nullpunktes der Skalierungsfunktion aufgezeigt. Im letzten Experiment (Kapitel 10) wird dann die Skalierung von Orientierung und Ortsfrequenz bei gleicher Grundsalienz der Muster verglichen und gezeigt, dass beide Skalen in einem absoluten Sinne gleiche Einheiten aufweisen (also gleiche Skalenzahlen gleiche sensorische Auffälligkeiten anzeigen, obwohl sie von verschiedenen Merkmalen stammen), wenn der Effekt des sensorischen Rauschens, der im Merkmal Orientierung nicht über die verschiedenen Schwellenschritte konstant ist, kompensiert wird. Die Inkonstanz des Effektes des sensorischen Rauschens im Merkmal Orientierung wird über die Veränderung der Steigung der psychometrischen Präferenzfunktion für die Vergleichsurteile der Orientierungssalienz für eine fest vorgegebene Ortsfrequenzsalienz greifbar, und der Effekt der Steigungsveränderung kompensiert exakt die Nichtlinearität in der für beide Merkmale erhobenen Salienz-Matchingfunktion. Im letzten Kapitel wird ein Ausblick auf eine mögliche Modellierung der Salienzfunktionen über klassische Multikanal-Feedforwardmodelle gegeben. In den ersten fünf Kapiteln sind einführend die Gebiete der indirekten Skalierung, der Merkmalssalienz und der Texturtrennung im menschlichen visuellen System dargestellt.