Effects of subcutaneous methadone, morphine, buprenorphine or saline on thermal and pressure thresholds in cats

This study compared pressure and thermal thresholds after administration of three opioids in eight cats. Pressure stimulation was performed via a bracelet taped around the forearm. Three ball-bearings were advanced against the forearm by inflation of a modified blood pressure bladder. Pressure in the cuff was recorded at the end point (leg shake and head turn). Thermal threshold was tested as previously reported using a heated probe held against the thorax [Dixon et al. (2002) Research in Veterinary Science, 72, 205]. After baseline recordings, each cat received subcutaneous methadone 0.2 mg/kg, morphine 0.2 mg/kg, buprenorphine 0.02 mg/kg or saline 0.3 mL in a four period cross-over study. Measurements were made at 15, 30, 45 min and 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h after the injection. Data were analysed by ANOVA (P < 0.05). There were no significant changes in thresholds after saline. Thermal threshold increased at 45 min after buprenorphine (maximum 2.8 +/- 3 degrees C), 1-3 h after methadone (maximum 3.4 +/- 1.9 degrees C) and 45 min to 1 h (maximum 3.4 +/- 2 degrees C) after morphine. Pressure threshold increased 30-45 min (maximum 238 +/- 206 mmHg) after buprenorphine, 45-60 min after methadone (maximum 255 +/- 232 mmHg) and 45-60 min and 3-6 h (maximum 255 +/- 232 mmHg) after morphine. Morphine provided the best analgesia, and methadone appears a promising alternative. Buprenorphines limited effect was probably related to the subcutaneous route of administration. Previously, buprenorphine has produced much greater effects when given by other routes.

Early hemodynamic and renal effects of hemorrhagic shock resuscitation with lactated Ringer's solution, hydroxyethyl starch, and hypertonic saline with or without 6% dextran-70

Background. Considering the renal effects of fluid resuscitation in hemorrhaged patients, the choice of fluid has been a source of controversy. In a model of hemorrhagic shock, we studied the early hemodynamic and renal effects of fluid resuscitation with lactated Ringer's (LR), 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES), and 7.5% hypertonic saline (HS) with or without 6% dextran-70 (HSD).Materials and methods. Forty-eight dogs were anesthetized and submitted to splenectomy. An estimated 40% blood volume was removed to maintain mean arterial pressure (MAP) at 40 mm Hg for 30 min. The dogs were divided into four groups: LR, in a 3:1 ratio to removed blood volume; HS, 6 mL kg(-1); HSD, 6 mL kg(-1); and HES in a 1:1 ratio to removed blood volume. Hemodynamics and renal function were studied during shock and 5, 60, and 120 min after fluid replacement.Results. Shock treatment increased MAP similarly in all groups. At 5 min, cardiac filling pressures and cardiac performance indexes were higher for LR and HES but, after 120 min, there were no differences among groups. Renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were higher in LR at 60 min but GFR returned to baseline values in all groups at 120 min. Diuresis was higher for LR at 5 min and for LR and HES at 60 min. There were no differences among groups in renal variables 120 min after treatment.Conclusions. Despite the immediate differences in hemodynamic responses, the low-volume resuscitation fluids, HS and HSD, are equally effective to LR and HES in restoring renal performance 120 min after hemorrhagic shock treatment. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Neuraxial Effects of Intraspinal Amitriptyline at Low Concentrations

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Prevenção de aderências pélvicas: estudo experimental em ratas com diferentes modalidades terapêuticas

OBJETIVOS: avaliar o grau de aderências pélvicas em função do tempo e da utilização de diferentes substâncias empregadas na sua profilaxia. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: estudo prospectivo com 120 ratas Wistar, albinas, virgens, 3 a 4 meses de idade, pesando aproximadamente 250 gramas, divididas aleatoriamente em 10 grupos de 12 animais cada: controle, sem lesão; lesões e sem tratamento; lesões + solução fisiológica 0,9%; lesões + Ringer-lactato; lesões + dextrano 70 a 32%; lesões + Ringer-lactato/heparina; lesões + Ringer-lactato/dexametasona; lesões + Ringer-lactato/hidrocortisona/dexametasona/ampicilina; lesões + Ringer-lactato/albumina e lesões + carboximetilcelulose 1%. Após anestesiados os animais, realizaram-se dois tipos de lesões nos cornos uterinos (escarificação e eletrocauterização), seguidos de tratamento profilático intraperitoneal com as soluções citadas. No 7º, 14º e 28º dia pós-operatório, momentos M1, M2 e M3, respectivamente, avaliaram-se quatro ratas de cada grupo quanto à presença de aderências. Os métodos empregados na quantificação das aderências encontradas basearam-se na classificação de Cohen, com escores variando de 0 a 4+ de acordo com a quantidade, características e localização das aderências. Foram usadas provas paramétricas para análise da variância e Kruskal-Wallis. RESULTADOS: os melhores tratamentos para prevenção de aderência pélvica em ratas foram: Ringer-lactato/dexametasona (predomínio do escore 1+), dextrano 70 a 32% (predomínio do escore 2+) e Ringer-lactato/hidrocortisona/dexametasona/ampicilina (predomínio do escore 2+). O período pós-operatório, representado pelo momento M3, e a técnica cirúrgica, predominantemente com escore 0, influíram na adesiólise e manutenção de aderências pélvicas em ratas. CONCLUSÕES: a prevenção de aderências pélvicas em ratas inicia-se no processo cirúrgico de baixo dano tecidual; o uso de substâncias profiláticas (soluções) tem eficácia variada, sendo que algumas mostraram-se mais eficazes que outras.

Effects of Inhaled Nitric Oxide on Oxidative Stress and Histopathological and Inflammatory Lung Injury in a Saline-Lavaged Rabbit Model of Acute Lung Injury

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Detection of IgG in cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of neurocysticercosis: evaluation of saline and SDS extracts from Taenia solium and Taenia crassiceps metacestodes by ELISA and immunoblot assay

We compared saline (S) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) extracts from Taenia solium (homologous species - HO) and Taenia crassiceps (heterologous species - HE) metacestodes in order to detect Ige by ELISA and immunoblot assay (IBA) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for the diagnosis of human neurocysticercosis (NC). CSF samples were obtained from 93 patients. of these, 40 had NC, five had a diagnosis of probable NC, nine had central nervous system schistosomiasis or strongyloidiasis and 39 had other neurological alterations. Samples were analysed by ELISA and the results were compared with IBA in all samples with confirmed and probable NC diagnosis, in all samples with other central nervous system parasitic infection, and in 10 of those with another neurological alterations. ELISA sensitivity was 100%, 85%, 95% and 87.5% for the S-HO, S-HE, SDS-HO and SDS-HE extracts, respectively, and ELISA specificity was 100% for S-HO, S-HE, SDS-HO extracts and 97.9% for SDS-HE antigen. Immunodominant peptides detected by IBA were, by decreasing percentage of recognition: 64-68 and 45 kDa for S-HO; 108-114, 92-95, 64-68, 83 and 88 kDa for S-HE; 64-68, 108-114, 77 and 86 kDa for SDS-HO; and 108-114, 88 and 92-95 kDa for SDS-HE. Overall the homologous antigenic extracts showed higher sensitivity than the heterologous extracts in the diagnosis of NC in CSF samples. The heterologous extracts contained most of the immunodominant peptides presented in the homologous extracts, which are recognized by Ige antibodies in CSF samples.

Effects of buprenorphine, carprofen and saline on thermal and mechanical nociceptive thresholds in cats

To evaluate a prototype pressure stimulus device for use in the cat and to compare with a known thermal threshold device.Eight healthy adult cats weighing between 3.0 and 4.9 kg.Pressure stimulation was given via a plastic bracelet taped around the forearm. Three 2.4 mm diameter ball bearings, in a 10-mm triangle, were advanced against the craniolateral surface of the antebrachium by manual inflation of a modified blood pressure bladder. Pressure in the cuff was recorded at the end point (leg shake and head turn). Thermal threshold was also tested. Stimuli were stopped if they reached 55 degrees C or 450 mmHg without response. After four pressure and thermal threshold baselines, each cat received SC buprenorphine 0.01 mg kg(-1), carprofen 4 mg kg(-1) or saline 0.3 mL in a three period cross-over study with a 1-week interval. The investigator was blinded to the treatment. Measurements were made at 0.25. 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 24 hours after injection. Data were analyzed by using ANOVA.There were no significant changes in thermal or pressure threshold after administration of saline or carprofen, but thermal threshold increased from 60 minutes until 8 hours after administration of buprenorphine (p < 0.05). The maximum increase in threshold from baseline (Delta T-max) was 3.5 +/- 3.1 degrees C at 2 hours. Pressure threshold increased 2 hours after administration of buprenorphine (p < 0.05) when the increase in threshold above baseline (Delta P-max) was 162 +/- 189 mmHg.This pressure device resulted in thresholds that were affected by analgesic treatment in a similar manner but to a lesser degree than the thermal method. Pressure stimulation may be a useful additional method for analgesic studies in cats.

Effects of meperidine or saline on thermal, mechanical and electrical nociceptive thresholds in cats

Objective To measure cutaneous electrical nociceptive thresholds in relation to known thermal and mechanical stimulation for nociceptive threshold detection in cats.Study design Prospective, blinded, randomized cross-over study with 1-week washout interval.Animals Eight adult cats [bodyweight 5.1 +/- 1.8 kg (mean + SD)].Methods Mechanical nociceptive thresholds were tested using a step-wise manual inflation of a modified blood pressure bladder attached to the cat's thoracic limb. Thermal nociceptive thresholds were measured by increasing the temperature of a probe placed on the thorax. The electrical nociceptive threshold was tested using an escalating current from a constant current generator passed between electrodes placed on the thoracic region. A positive response (threshold) was recorded when cats displayed any or all of the following behaviors: leg shake, head turn, avoidance, or vocalization. Four baseline readings were performed before intramuscular injection of meperidine (5 mg kg(-1)) or an equal volume of saline. Threshold recordings with each modality were made at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes post-injection. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and paired t-tests (significance at p < 0.05).Results There were no significant changes in thermal, mechanical, or electrical thresholds after saline. Thermal thresholds increased at 15-60 minutes (p < 0.01) and mechanical threshold increased at 30 and 45 minutes after meperidine (p < 0.05). Maximum thermal threshold was +4.1 +/- 0.3 degrees C above baseline at 15 minutes while maximum mechanical threshold was 296 +/- 265 mmHg above baseline at 30 minutes after meperidine. Electrical thresholds following meperidine were not significantly different than baseline (p > 0.05). Thermal and electrical thresholds after meperidine were significantly higher than saline at 30 and 45 minutes (p < 0.05), and at 120 minutes (p < 0.05), respectively. Mechanical thresholds were significantly higher than saline treatment at 30 minutes (p <= 0.05).Conclusion and clinical relevance Electrical stimulation did not detect meperidine analgesia whereas both thermal and mechanical thresholds changed after meperidine administration in cats.

Use of vitamin C in delayed tooth replantation

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar microscopicamente, em reimplantes tardios de dentes de rato, os efeitos do tratamento da superfície radicular com diferentes soluções. Foram utilizados 30 ratos Rattus norvegicus albinos da linhagem Wistar que tiveram seus incisivos centrais extraídos e deixados sobre a bancada por 6 h. As polpas foram extirpadas e os canais irrigados com solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 1%. Após o preparo endodôntico, a superfície radicular de cada dente foi tratada com solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 1% por 10 min (trocada a cada 5 min) seguida de soro fisiológico por 10 min, e os dentes foram divididos em três grupos com 10 espécimes em cada um. Nos Grupos I, II e III, respectivamente, a superfície radicular foi tratada com fluoreto de sódio fosfato acidulado a 2%, vitamina C e vitamina C efervescente (2 g, Redoxon®). Após obturação com pasta de hidróxido de cálcio os dentes foram reimplantados e os animais foram sacrificados aos 10 e 60 dias. O Grupo I apresentou maiores áreas de reabsorção por substituição e anquilose. Comparando as formas de vitamina C utilizadas, a efervescente (Grupo III) foi a que apresentou resultados mais favoráveis com mais áreas de anquilose e reabsorção por substituição que áreas de reabsorção inflamatória.

Effect of root surface treatment with propolis and fluoride in delayed tooth replantation in rats

Replantation is an acceptable option for treatment of an avulsed permanent tooth. Nevertheless, an extended extraoral period damages the periodontal ligament and results in external root resorption. The purpose of this study was to assess by histologic and histometric analysis, the influence of propolis 15% (natural resinous substance collected by Apis mellifera bees from various plants) and the fluoride solution used as root surface treatment on the healing process after delayed tooth replantation. Thirty Wistar (Rattus norvegicus albinus) rats were submitted to extraction of their upper right incisor. The teeth were maintained in a dry environment for 60 min. After this, the pulp was extirpated and the papilla, enamel organ and periodontal ligament were removed with scalpel. The teeth were divided into three experimental groups: Group I - teeth immersed in 20 ml of physiologic saline; Group II - teeth immersed in 20 ml of 2% acidulated phosphate sodium fluoride; Group III - teeth immersed in 20 ml of 15% propolis. After 10 min of immersion in the solutions, the root canals were dried and filled with calcium hydroxide paste and the teeth were replanted. The animals were euthanized 60 days after replantation. The results showed that similar external root resorption was seen in the propolis and fluoride groups. Teeth treated with physiologic saline tended to have more inflammatory root resorption compared with those treated with fluoride or propolis. However, the comparative analysis did not reveal statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) between the treatment modalities when used for delayed tooth replantation.

COLOR STABILITY of SEALED COMPOSITE RESIN RESTORATIVE MATERIALS AFTER ULTRAVIOLET ARTIFICIAL AGING and IMMERSION IN STAINING SOLUTIONS

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Solutions for Nasal Defects

Many studies on defects caused by trauma, infection, cancer, or congenital are reported in the literature; in nasal reconstructions, contradictions and distinct techniques exist that can be argued. Using the literature, we observe these distinct techniques that call be surgery or in surgery to reestablish and to integrate the patient with satisfaction in the society.

Anteroventral third ventricle lesions impair cardiovascular responses to intravenous hypertonic saline infusion

The anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) region is a critical area of the forebrain, acting on fluid and electrolyte balance and maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of lesions to the anteroventral third ventricle region on cardiovascular responses to intravenous hypertonic saline (HS) infusion, Male Wistar rats were anesthetized with urethane. The femoral artery and jugular vein were cannulated to record mean arterial pressure (MAP) and infuse hypertonic saline (3M NaCl, 0.18 mL/100 g bw, over 1 min), respectively. Renal blood flow (RBF) was recorded by ultrasonic transit-time flow probes. Renal vascular conductance (RVC) was calculated as renal blood flow to mean arterial pressure ratio and expressed as percentage of baseline. After hypertonic saline infusion in sham animals, renal blood flow and renal vascular conductance increased to 137+10% and 125+7% (10 min), and 141 +/- 10% and 133 +/- 10% (60 min), respectively. Increases in mean arterial pressure (20-min peak: 12 +/- 3 mm Hg) were also observed. An acute lesion in the AV3V region (DC, 2 mA 25s) 30 min before infusion abrogated the effects of hypertonic saline. Mean arterial pressure was unchanged and renal blood flow and renal vascular conductance were 107 +/- 7% and 103 +/- 6% (10 min), and 107 +/- 4 and 106 +/- 4% (60 min), respectively. Marked tachycardia was observed immediately after lesion. Responses of chronic sham or lesioned rats were similar to those of acute animals. However, in chronic lesioned rats, hypertonic saline induced sustained hypertension. These results demonstrate that integrity of the AV3V region is essential for the renal vasodilation that follows acute changes in extracellular fluid compartment composition. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.