Variações de curto prazo nas emissões de CO2 do solo em diferentes sistemas de manejo do cafeeiro

Soil CO2 emissions represent an important component of carbon global cycle. However, information about short-term alterations of CO2 fluxes in soils of tropical regions are scarce. So, the objective of this study was to evaluate such variations in coffee plantations in Latosol (Oxisol). The CO2 emissions were not affected by environmental abiotic factors, such as temperature and soil water evaporation, but they were significantly correlated with the carbon content of microbial biomass (R=0.90, P<0.05). It happens a close relationship between root activity and soil CO2 emission in coffee plantations.

Efeito da acidez e de modificadores orgânicos na determinação de metilxantinas: um experimento de cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) empregando otimização uni e multivariada

In this work a new experiment using HPLC is proposed in order to explore the role of acidity and the organic modifiers in the determination of methylxanthines in tea and coffee. Multivariate and univariate optimizations of the experimental conditions were used.

Compostos bioativos do café: atividade antioxidante in vitro do café verde e torrado antes e após a descafeinação

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of coffee decaffeination with dichloromethane on the in vitro antioxidant activity of this matrix. It were determined the content of total phenolics, chlorogenic acid and caffeine of the coffee samples. The assessment of the antioxidant potential was investigated by DPPH radical scavenging method, reducer power and Fe2+chelation activity. The process of decaffeination and roasting caused changes in the levels of the compounds investigated. The results show that the decaffeination by the dichloromethane method reduces the in vitro antioxidant potential of coffee.

Fitoprodutos e desenvolvimento econômico

Natural products have been, historically, very important for Brazil. Coffee, sugar and soy were some examples that prove this economical significance. A project that involves phytoproducts should be guide by three main axis: agriculture management for the plants; pharmaceutical; support the national industry and academy. In Brazil, pharmaceutical products contribute negatively to the commerce balance showing an enormous technological dependence in this economical sector. The consolidation of the phytoproduct's chain in Brazil could contribute for the development of the pharmaceutical sector in order to help all domains in natural products area.

Uso de perfis cromatográficos de voláteis de cafés arábicas torrados para a diferenciação das amostras segundo o sabor, o aroma e a qualidade global da bebida

In this work, the volatile chromatographic profiles of roasted Arabica coffees, previously analyzed for their sensorial attributes, were explored by principal component analysis. The volatile extraction technique used was the solid phase microextraction. The correlation optimized warping algorithm was used to align the gas chromatographic profiles. Fifty four compounds were found to be related to the sensorial attributes investigated. The volatiles pyrrole, 1-methyl-pyrrole, cyclopentanone, dihydro-2-methyl-3-furanone, furfural, 2-ethyl-5-methyl-pyrazine, 2-etenyl-n-methyl-pyrazine, 5-methyl-2-propionyl-furan compounds were important for the differentiation of coffee beverage according to the flavour, cleanliness and overall quality. Two figures of merit, sensitivity and specificity (or selectivity), were used to interpret the sensory attributes studied.

Discriminação entre estádios de maturação e tipos de processamento de pós-colheita de cafés arábica por microextração em fase sólida e análise de componentes principais

A fruit chemical composition reflects its maturation stage. For coffee, it is also the reflex of the post-harvesting processing type, dry, semi-wet and wet. The object of this work was to verify if headspace solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography (HS-SPME-GC) could be used to discriminate between samples harvested in different maturation stages and treated by different processes. With application of principal component analysis to the area of 117 compounds extracted by SPME, using divinylbenzene/Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fiber, it was possible to discriminate, in the roasted and ground coffee, the maturity stage and processing type used .

Sorção e lixiviação de tiametoxam em solos tratados com lodo de esgoto e cultivados com cafeeiro

The objective of this study was to evaluate the sorption and leaching of thiamethoxam in dystrophic Red-Yellow Latosol (LVAd), dystroferric Red Latosol (LVdf) and Red-Yellow Argisol (PVAd) with coffee under the effect of sewage sludge doses. There was thiamethoxam sorption decreasing at higher doses of sewage sludge in LVAd and LVdf. In the PVAd, sorption was higher in samples that received the highest dose of sewage sludge. At 150 days after the application of thiamethoxam, the compound began to be detected in the effluent, in all soils. Dissolved organic carbon had no influence on the thiamethoxam leaching.

Espectroscopia no infravermelho médio e análise sensorial aplicada à detecção de adulteração de café torrado por adição de cascas de café

Mid-infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics were used to identify adulteration in roasted and ground coffee by addition of coffee husks. Consumers' sensory perception of the adulteration was evaluated by a triangular test of the coffee beverages. Samples containing above 0.5% of coffee husks from pure coffees were discriminated by principal component analysis of the infrared spectra. A partial least-squares regression estimated the husk content in samples and presented a root-mean-square error for prediction of 2.0%. The triangular test indicated that were than 10% of coffee husks are required to cause alterations in consumer perception about adulterated beverages.

Correlação entre precursores e voláteis em café arábica brasileiro processado pelas vias seca, semiúmida e úmida e discriminação através da análise por componentes principais

The influence of pre-processing of arabica coffee beans on the composition of volatile precursors including sugars, chlorogenic acids, phenolics, proteins, aminoacids, trigonelline and fatty acids was assessed and correlated with volatiles formed during roasting. Reducing sugars and free aminoacids were highest for natural coffees whereas total sugars, chlorogenic acids and trigonelline were highest for washed coffees. The highest correlation was observed for total phenolics and volatile phenolics (R= 0.999). Experimental data were evaluated by Principal Components Analysis and results showed that washed coffees formed a distinct group in relation to semi-washed and natural coffees.

Ácidos orgânicos de baixa massa molar em solos e materiais orgânicos

Determination of organic acids in soils and organic materials is important due to the important role they play in improving the soil's physical, chemical and microbiological conditions. This study identified and quantified low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOA) in soils (dystroferric Red Latosol, dystrophic Red-Yellow Latosol and Quartzarenic Neosol) and organic materials (cow, pig, chicken, quail and horse manures, sawdust, coconut fiber, pine bark, coffee husks, biochar, organic substrate, sewage sludges 1 and 2, garbage compost, pig slurry compost). The following acids were identified: acetic, citric, D-malic, formic, fumaric, maleic, malonic, oxalic, quinic, shikimic, succinic and tartaric.

Efeito do solvente na extração de ácidos clorogênicos, cafeína e trigonelina em Coffea arabica

In this research work the effects of four solvents and their mixtures on the extraction of chlorogenic acids, caffeine and trigonelline in crude extracts of four coffee cultivars, traditional red bourbon, IAPAR59, IPR101 and IPR108 cultivars, were investigated by UV spectrophotometry and UV spectra obtained from RP-HPLC-DAD. The experimental results and the principal component analysis of UV spectra showed that the effect of solvent extraction of the metabolites does not depend on cultivars, because the spectral characteristics are similar, but the concentrations are different. The UV and UV-DAD spectra for four simplex centroid design mixtures were also similar but the concentrations of caffeine, trigonelline and the chlorogenic acids are different and depend on the solvent used in the extraction.

Detecção de Xylella fastidiosa em germoplasma de cafeeiro

A bactéria Xylella fastidiosa possui uma ampla gama de plantas hospedeiras que inclui espécies de pelo menos 28 famílias de mono e dicotiledôneas. Em cafeeiro (Coffea spp.), a ocorrência dessa bactéria foi relatada previamente em cultivares da espécie Coffea arabica. Estudos foram realizados para determinar a presença de X. fastidiosa em diferentes espécies e híbridos interespecíficos de cafeeiro. As amostragens foram realizadas em dois anos consecutivos. As espécies de cafeeiro examinadas foram: C. kapakata, C. canephora, C. racemosa, C. arabica, C. dewevrei, C. stenophylla e C. eugenioides. Também foram incluídos neste estudo híbridos interespecíficos de C. arabica: C. arabica x C. dewevrei, C. arabica x C. eugenioides, C. arabica x C. racemosa e C. arabica x C. robusta. Foram coletadas amostras de ramos plagiotrópicos de diferentes plantas para cada espécie e híbrido. A detecção de X. fastidiosa nas amostras foi realizada utilizando os testes serológicos de DAS-ELISA e imunofluorescência indireta. A bactéria foi detectada nas sete espécies e nos quatro híbridos de cafeeiro examinados. Entretanto, as plantas aparentemente não apresentavam sintomas de infecção por X. fastidiosa. A espécie C. arabica apresentou a maior proporção de amostras positivas e maiores valores de absorbância no teste de DAS-ELISA. Em contraste, as espécies C. racemosa e C. dewevrei foram as que apresentaram menores proporções de amostras positivas para presença de X. fastidiosa, como também menores valores de absorbância no teste de DAS-ELISA.

Development of a scar marker for Pierce's Disease strains of Xylella fastidiosa

The objective of this research was to develop a primer for a polymerase chain reaction specific for Xylella fastidiosa strains that cause Pierce's Disease (PD) in grapes (Vitis vinifera). The DNA amplification of 23 different strains of X. fastidiosa, using a set of primers REP1-R (5'-IIIICGICGIATCCIGGC-3') and REP 2 (5'-ICGICTTATCIGGCCTAC-3') using the following program: 94 ºC/2 min; 35 X (94 ºC/1 min, 45 ºC/1 min and 72 ºC/1 min and 30 s) 72 ºC/5 min, produced a fragment of 630 bp that differentiated the strains that cause disease in grapes from the other strains. However, REP banding patterns could not be considered reliable for detection because the REP1-R and REP 2 primers correspond to repetitive sequences, which are found throughout the bacterial genome. The amplified product of 630 bp was eluted from the agarose gel, purified and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence information was used to identify and synthesize an specific oligonucleotide for X. fastidiosa strains that cause Pierce's Disease denominated Xf-1 (5'-CGGGGGTGTAGGAGGGGTTGT-3') which was used jointly with the REP-2 primer at the following conditions: 94 ºC/2 min; 35 X (94 ºC/1 min, 62 ºC/1 min; 72 ºC/1 min and 30 s) 72 ºC/10 min. The DNAs isolated from strains of X. fastidiosa from other hosts [almond (Prumus amygdalus), citrus (Citrus spp.), coffee (Coffea arabica), elm (Ulmus americana), mulberry (Morus rubra), oak (Quercus rubra), periwinkle wilt (Catharantus roseus), plums (Prunus salicina) and ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)] and also from other Gram negative and positive bacteria were submitted to amplification with a pair of primers Xf-1/REP 2 to verify its specificity. A fragment, about 350 bp, was amplified only when the DNA from strains of X. fastidiosa isolated from grapes was employed.

Anatomia de lesões foliares causadas pelo vírus da Mancha Clorótica do Clerodendrum, transmitido pelo ácaro Brevipalpus phoenicis em diferentes espécies

O gênero botânico Clerodendrum pertence à família Lamiaceae e compreende várias espécies ornamentais, Manchas cloróticas e necróticas em folhas de coração-sangrento foram observadas pela primeira vez em um jardim de Piracicaba, SP, associadas à infestação com Brevipalpus phoenicis (Acari: Tenuipalpidae). Exames de secções de tecidos das lesões foliares ao microscópio eletrônico revelaram ocorrência de efeitos citopáticos do tipo nuclear e concluiu-se que os sintomas eram causados por um vírus transmitido por Brevipalpus (VTB), o qual foi designado de mancha clorótica de Clerodendrum (Clerodendrum Chlorotic Spot Virus- ClCSV). O ClCSV é transmitido mecanicamente de coração-sangrento para coração-sangrento. Em ensaios preliminares foi transmitido por B. phoenicis e mecanicamente para várias outras plantas, além da ocorrência de sua disseminação natural por este ácaro para outras espécies. Visando complementar a caracterização do ClCSV foram feitos estudos sobre alterações anatômicas em folhas de plantas infectadas pelo ClCSV. Foram examinadas secções histológicas de folhas sadias e infectadas pelo ClCSV de C. x speciosum e de outras hospedeiras como Hibiscus schizopetalus, Salvia leucantha, Malvaviscus arboreus e Annona muricata. Constatou-se que o ClCSV causa alterações celulares semelhantes nas diferentes hospedeiras e os sintomas causados por este vírus são similares aos causados por outros vírus transmitidos por Brevipalpus como o vírus da leprose dos citros citoplasmático (Citrus Lepros Virus Cytoplasmic- CiLV-C) e nuclear (Citrus Leprosis Virus Nuclear- CiLV-N), mancha anular do cafeeiro (Coffee Ringspot Virus- CoRSV), mancha anular de Solanum violaefolium (Solanum violaefolium Ringspot Virus- SvRSV) e "Orchid Fleck Vírus" (OFV), representadas por hipertrofia e hiperplasia frequentemente acompanhadas de necrose nos tecidos do parênquima paliçádico e lacunoso.

Avaliação da resistência de espécies de eucalipto à ferrugem (Puccinia psidii Winter)

A incidência da ferrugem ocorre em mudas no viveiro e em plantas jovens no campo, essa doença causada por Puccinia psidii é uma das mais severas do eucalipto. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo quantificar a resistência parcial das espécies de Eucalyptus propinqua, E. citriodora, E. grandis, E. urophylla, E. microcorys, E. urograndis (E. grandis x E. urophylla), E. robusta, E. saligna, E. dunnie, E. phaeotricha à ferrugem do eucalipto. Para isso foi conduzido experimento em casa de vegetação no Departamento de Entomologia e Fitopatologia da UFRRJ. Foram utilizadas 100 mudas de eucalipto com três meses de idade, obtidas a partir de sementes. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com dez tratamentos e dez repetições, sendo uma planta por repetição. A inoculação foi realizada por meio da atomização de folhas com suspensão de uredósporos na concentração de 2x10(4) esporos/mL, obtidos a partir de pústulas frescas. Em seguida, as mudas foram incubadas em câmara úmida e escura por 48h. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de resistência: número médio de pústulas por folíolo, severidade, período latente médio e AACPD. Os dados obtidos foram transformados em e arcsen , e submetidos à análise de variância e à comparação de médias pelo teste de Scott-Knott ao nível de 5% de probabilidade, por meio do software SAEG. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre as espécies de eucalipto para os parâmetros estudados. Eucalyptus urograndis (E. grandis x E. urophylla) apresentou um menor número médio de pústulas por folíolo, menor severidade, maior período latente médio e valores menores da área abaixo da curva do progresso da doença, tendo dessa forma maior resistência parcial à ferrugem.