中能重离子碰撞中激发热核性质同位旋效应的实验研究

中能重离子碰撞中的核反应机制及其形成的高激发热核的性质是中能重离子物理研究的重要领域，而高激发热核性质的同位旋效应研究是这一领域的热点之一。选取了具有不同N亿比的反应体系以研究激发热核性质的同位旋效应。本论文涉及的反应系统三对共六个反应体系：55MeV／u~(40)Ar+~(58.64)Ni、30MeV/u~(40)Ar+~(112,124)Sn、35Mev／u~(36)Ar+~(112,124)Sn，这六个反应体系的N／z比分别为1.13，1.26、1.24，1.41、1.18，1.35。分别从带电粒子多重性、相对态布居核温度、关联函数等角度研究了这三对反应体系高激发热核性质的同位旋效应。在55MeV／u 40Ar+58,64Ni核反应中，用兰州4π带电粒子探测器阵列测量带电粒子多重性，研究了He和中等质量碎片的产额与反应系统的同位旋的关系，以及这种同位旋效应与反应系统的碰撞参数（即碰撞的激烈程度）、系统的激发能的变化关系。对两个反应系统，观察到带电粒子多重性中He的比分随带电粒子多重性的增加而增大，带电粒子多重性中IMF的比分随带电粒子多重性的增加而先增大，后减小的规律。两个反应系统虽然具有相同的核电荷数，但轻粒子He和中等质量碎片在多重性中的比分有明显的同位旋相关性。在30Mev／u40Sn、35MeV/u~(40)Ar~(112，124)Sn、35Mev／u 36Ar＋112,124Sn反应中用13单元望远镜探测器阵列测量了小角关联粒子。由价a关联函数提取了30Mev／u 40Ar＋112，12Sn反应系统中激发热核的态布居核温。对于不同同位旋反应系统舜UAr＋112Sn和4VAr+124Sn，提取的相对杰布居核温度分别是4.18+0.28/0.21MEV和4.10士0.22/0.20MeV；考察态布居核温度和粒子能量的关薰时，观察到两个系统的发射温度均随着粒子能量的增加而降低，缺中子系统40Ar＋l12Sn中由低能时的5.13士.30/0.26MEV降低到高能时的3.87士0.37/0.29MeV，丰中子系统40Ar＋124Sn中由低能时的5．39士0.30/0.26MeV降低到高能时的3．32士MeV。讨论了这种布居态核温度的同位旋相关性。在35Mev／u 36Ar＋112，124Sn反应中提取了洲F（3‘25）的约化速度关联函数。相对丰中子36Ar＋124Sn系统的IMF关联函数在小约化速度处反关联程度更强，表明36Ai＋124Sn系统的发射IMF的平均时间更短。用MENEKA程序提取了两个系统IMF的平均发射时间，36Ai＋112sn反应中IMF的发射时间约为150fm/c，而36Ar十124Sn反应IME的发射时间稍短，约为120fm／c。以关联IMF的单核子总能量／动量为窗条件，发现低能IMF关联函数几乎没有差别，而高能IMF关联函数在小约化速度处的差别更为明显，表明两个系统IMF关联函数的同位旋效应可能来自于IMF的早期发射。为了得到进一步的信息，我们提取了高动量窗条件下的IMF发射时间，它们比平均发射时间短，36Ar＋112Sn反应中高能IMF的发射时间约为100蒯c，而36Ai＋124Sn反应中IMF的发射时间则更短，约为50fm/c。

热核温度和激发能的实验测量

本研究利用PPAC和11组#diamond open#E-E望远镜对25MeV/u ~(40)Ar+~(108)Ag反应中的裂变碎片和轻带粒子联测量。用得到的裂变碎片角关联来确定系统的线性动量转移（LMT）。将符合测量得到的对应于不同的后角轻带电粒子能谱用MAXWELL分布来拟合其后沿。经过一些修正，由能谱得到热核的初始温度T_(ini)。在考虑反应Q值、转动能和前平衡发射之后，可以得到不同窗所对应的激发能。实验结果表明，在中心的Ar+Ag碰撞中激发能高达4.44MeV/A，温度达6MeV。在半中心碰撞中激发能达3.8MeV/A，温度达5.7MeV。在此激发能范围内，随着热核激发能升高，能级密度参数将随之增大，其趋势为A/8

轻核区质子滴线附近奇异核#beta#延迟质子衰变研究

远离#beta#稳定线的原子核所具有的特性是否与稳定区附近的核的性质相同，一直是核物理学家所关注的问题，实验上通过对缺中子区奇异核#beta#~+延迟粒子衰变的研究，可以精确测定与核性质有关的各个参数，这将对核结构理论研究产生重要的影响。本论文将首先介绍奇异核#beta#~+延迟粒子衰变研究的历史及其理论，接着介绍关于此研究的实验技术，最后详尽阐述对~(19)Na、~(65)Se和~(20)Na的研究

中子核和铅区核的结构研究

我们首先用Woods-Saxon势对一些丰中子核进行了系统的计算．计算表明在Woods-Saxon势中考虑一个对称能项，Woods-Saxon势就能够很好的描述丰中子核的密度分布，单粒子能级结构和中子质子的均方根半径．用Woods Saxon势的计算结果表明中子皮是丰中子远离β稳定线核的普遍现象。2S1/2轨道与1d 5/2轨道的交又和2s1d壳与1p壳的壳崩渍是中子晕形成的重要原因，也是中子晕与中子皮的一个重要区别．壳模型的计算能够很好的再现9《A《14和3《Z《5丰中子核的许多性质，这表明了，改进壳模型的有效相互作用，壳模型可能能够描述远离核的性质． 我们208Ti一类核和206Pb的一些性质进行了系统的壳模型计算．计算结果表明，K-H和SDI等有效相互作用对描述208Ti一类核和206Pb的高激发态仍然是有效的，计算结果也表明，如果208Hg可供利用的β衰变能比206Hg小，则可以预计208Hg的半寿命比206Hg要长.计算还证实了在反应209Bi（ρ，a )206Pb中激发的206Pb激发态结构，与205Tl低激发态结构相似，即这些态可以用h9/2轨道上的一个质子与205T1的低激发态的弱耦合来描述，此即所谓的对应的相似多重态的概念． 最后，我们对11Li等中子晕核的束缚机制提出了一种新的关联机制和讨论了用壳模型描述集体运动的方法．

中能区~(40)Ar + ~(197)Au/~(159)Tb/~(nat)Ag反应中高激发热核性质研究

通过对中能区Ar+Au/Tb/Ag反应中高激发核的发射时标、发射次序、发射机制、核温度、集体运动等衰变特性的研究，提取了轻粒子和中等质量碎片（IMF）的发射时间，IMF发射时间随束流能的升高而变短，发射机制逐渐由相继衰变过渡至多重碎裂。研究了轻粒子和碎片间的发射次序，对高能粒子和碎片，轻粒子先于碎片发射，而低能时，则为碎片先于轻粒子发射。IMF发射成分与角度和碰撞参数有关，前角区来自于弹核碎裂，后角区来自于类靶热核的蒸发。在平面和出平面研究表明，中速粒子和碎片为在平面发射占主导，即存在类转动效应；对轻粒子，转动效应随粒子质量增加而增加；对中速产物均观测到该效应随碰撞参数饿增大而增大。采用几种不同的方法提取了热核的核温度，研究了不同方法之间的区别。

Crystallization and Si incorporation mechanisms of SAPO-34

In this study of the synthesis of SAPO-34 molecular sieves, XRD, SEM, XRF, IR and NMR techniques were applied to monitor the crystalloid, structure and composition changes of the samples in the whole crystallization process in order to get evidence for the crystallization as well as Si incorporation mechanism of SATO-34. XRD results revealed that the crystallization contained two stages. In the first 2.5 h (the earlier stage), high up to similar to80% of relative crystallinity could be achieved and the crystal size of SAPO-34 was almost the same as that of any longer time, indicating a fast crystallization feature of the synthesis. In this stage, IR revealed that the formation of SAPO-34 framework structure was accompanied by the diminution of hydroxyls, suggesting that crystal nuclei of SAPO-34 may arise from the structure rearrangement of the initial gel and the condensation of the hydroxyls. NMR results reveal that the template and the ageing period are crucial for the later crystallization of SAPO-34. Preliminary structure units similar to the framework of SAPO-34 have already formed before the crystallization began (0 h and low temperature). Evidence from IR, NMR, and XRF shows that the formation of the SAPO-34 may be a type of gel conversion mechanism, the solution support and the appropriate solution circumstance are two important parameters of the crystallization of SAPO-34. Meanwhile, NMR measurements demonstrated that about 80% of total Si atoms directly take part in the formation of the crystal nuclei as well as in the growth of the crystal grains in the earlier stage (<2.5 h). Evidence tends to support that Si incorporation is by direct participation mechanism rather than by the Si substitution mechanism for P in this stage (<2.5 h). In the later stage (>2.5 h), the relative content of Si increased slightly with a little decrease of Al and P. The increase of Si(4Al) and the appearance of the Si(3Al), Si(2Al), Si(1Al) and Si(OAl) in this stage suggest that substitution of the Si atoms for the phosphorus and for the phosphorus and aluminum pair takes place in the crystallization. The relationship among structure, acidity and crystallization process is established, which suggests a possibility to improve the acidity and catalytic properties by choosing a optimum crystallization time, thus controlling the number and distribution of Si in the framework of SAPO-34. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

Spatio-temporal patterns and driving forces of urban land expansion in china during the economic reform era

Along with its economic reform, China has experienced a rapid urbanization. This study mapped urban land expansion in China using high-resolution Landsat Thematic Mapper and Enhanced Thematic Mapper data of 1989/1990, 1995/1996 and 1999/2000 and analyzed its expansion modes and the driving forces underlying this process during 1990-2000. Our results show that China's urban land increased by 817 thousand hectares, of which 80.8% occurred during 1990-1995 and 19.2% during 1995-2000. It was also found that China's urban expansion had high spatial and temporal differences, such as four expansion modes, concentric, leapfrog, linear and multi-nuclei, and their combinations coexisted and expanded urban land area in the second 5 y was much less than that of the first 5 y. Case studies of the 13 mega cities showed that urban expansion had been largely driven by demographic change, economic growth, and changes in land use policies and regulations.

Epitaxy-Assisted Creation of PCBM Nanocrystals and Its Application in Constructing Optimized Morphology for Bulk-Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells

PCBM (a C-60 derivative) is so far the most successful electron acceptor for bulk-heterojunction polymer photovoltaic (PV) cells. Here we present a novel method epitaxy-assisted creation of PCBM nanocrystals and their homogeneous distribution in the matrix using freshly cleaved mica sheet as the substrate. The highly matched epitaxy relationship between the unit cell of PCBM crystal and crystallographic (001) surface of mica induces abundant PCBM nuclei, which subsequently develop into nanoscale crystals with homogeneous dispersion in the composite film.

Control for oriented growth of large size KCl crystals by the competition between spontaneous and induced nucleation/growth on a Langmuir-Blodgett film

Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film of stearic acid was used as template to induce the nucleation and growth of KCl crystals when the KCl solution was cooled from 50 to 25 degrees C. When the LB film template was vertically dipped into the solution, only induced crystals with (1 1 0) orientation were formed. However, if the template was horizontally placed into solutions, both the induced nuclei at the solution/film interface and spontaneous nuclei formed in solution were simultaneously absorbed onto the LB film, and then grew further to form crystals. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and optical microscopy images showed that the orientation and morphology of the crystals were controlled properly by changing the orientation and position of the LB films in the solutions.

A strategy to prepare ultrafine dispersed Fe2O3 nanoparticles

In this article, a novel strategy was applied to prepare dispersed ultrafine alpha-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. The initial Fe(OH)(3) nanoparticles were synthesized by the reaction of NaOH and FeCl3 in alcohol. With the new-formed nanoparticles as nuclei, NaCl crystallized and encapsulated the particles into solid cages. As a result, the nanoparticles were prevented from aggregating and growing. The composite of Fe(OH)(3) and NaCl was calcined and then washed by water to obtain the pure alpha-Fe2O3 nanoparticles.

Phosphine-Free Synthesis of High-Quality CdSe Nanocrystals in Noncoordination Solvents: "Activating Agent" and "Nucleating Agent" Controlled Nucleation and Growth

CdSe nanocrystals (NCs) are prepared in noncoordination solvents (1-octadecene (ODE) and paraffin liquid) with Ion g-chain primary alkylamine as the sole ligand, ODE-Se, and cadmium fatty acid salt as precursors. The obtained NCs meet the four fundamental parameters for high-quality NCs: high crystallinity, narrow size distribution, moderate photoluminescence quantum yield, and broad range size tunableness. Further, by simply regulating the relative molar ratio of alkylamine to cadmium precursor, the regular sized "nuclei" and final obtained NCs can be produced predictably within a certain size range.

Constructing Thin Polythiophene Film Composed of Aligned Lamellae via Controlled Solvent Vapor Treatment

Thin poly(3-butylthiophene) (P3BT) film composed of aligned lamellae attached to the edge of the original film has been achieved via a controlled solvent vapor treatment (C-SVT) method. The polarized optical microscopy operated at both single-polarization and cross-polarization modes has been used to investigate the alignment of the fiber-like lamellae. A numerical simulation method is used to quantitatively calculate angle distributions of the lamellae deviated from the film growth direction. Prepatterned P3BT film edge acts as nuclei which densely initialize subsequent crystal growth by exhausting the materials transported from the partially dissolved film. The growth of new film upon crystallization is actually a self-healing process where the two-dimensional geometric confinement is mainly responsible for this parallel alignment of P3BT crystals. The solvent vapor pressure should be carefully chosen so as to induce crystal growth but avoid liquid instability which will destroy the continuity of the film.

Orientation of Syndiotactic Polystyrene Crystallized in Cylindrical Nanopores

Syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) nanorods with different diameters have been prepared by using anodic aluminum oxide templates, and the orientation of the sPS crystals in the nanorods has been investigated by FT-IR spectroscopy. It is found that the c axis of the beta' crystals preferentially oriented perpendicular to the axis of the nanorod, and the degree of orientation is lower as the diameter of the nanorod decreases. This unexpected result is attributed to nuclei formed at the surface of the nanopores and their subsequent growth, in addition to the preferential growth compatible with the pore direction by the nuclei formed in the bulk film and in the nanorods.

Crystallization behavior of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) in poly(epsilon-caprolactone) and poly(vinyl methyl ether) mixtures

The morphological development and crystallization behavior of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) in miscible mixtures of PCL and poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) were investigated by optical microscopy as a function of the mixture composition and crystallization temperature. The results indicated that the degree of crystallinity of PCL was independent of the mixture composition upon melt crystallization because the glass-transition temperatures of the mixtures were much lower than the crystallization temperature of PCL. The radii of the PCL spherulites increased linearly with time at crystallization temperatures ranging from 42 to 49 degrees C. The isothermal growth rates of PCL spherulites decreased with the amount of the amorphous PVME components in the mixtures. Accounting for the miscibility of PCL/PVME mixtures, the radial growth rates of PCL spherulites were well described by a kinetic equation involving the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter and the free energy for the nuclei formation in such a way that the theoretical calculations were in good agreement with the experimental data. From the analysis of the equilibrium melting point depression, the interaction energy density of the PVME/PCL system was calculated to be -3.95 J/cm(3).

Time-dependent DNA condensation induced by amyloid beta-peptide

The major protein component of the amyloid deposition in Alzheimer's disease is a 39-43 residue peptide, amyloid beta (A beta). A beta is toxic to neurons, although the mechanism of neurodegeneration is uncertain. Evidence exists for non-B DNA conformation in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease brains, and A beta was reportedly able to transform DNA conformation in vitro. In this study, we found that DNA conformation was altered in the presence of A beta, and A beta induced DNA condensation in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, A beta sheets, serving as condensation nuclei, were crucial for DNA condensation, and Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions inhibited A beta sheet-induced DNA condensation. Our results suggest DNA condensation as a mechanism of A beta toxicity.