As condições e o sentido do trabalho doméstico realizado por adolescentes que residem no local de emprego

The house work is a reality for girls of humble class and one of the most found forms of work among adolescent workers. Moreover, it is a mean of work which reproduces poverty and gender relations within the society. The purpose of this essay in to understand the house work in the life of adolescent workers, emphasizing the meaning produced by these teenagers concerning the job they perform. In order to achieve such goal, questionnaires were applied to 332 adolescents, under 18 years old from public schools (from EJA-supletivo) in Natal, with the purpose of mapping the registration of this activity among young students. Next, 14 adolescents were interviewed in order to recognize the meaning of this work and its repercussions over the teenagery, such as school education, socialization, relations with employers and adolescent s self-image. Later we have noticed most workers among the students from public schools are housemaids. Furthermore, this work is used as a form of social ascension and it contributes for the search for better opportunities in the state capital for adolescents who leave the countryside trying to agree to education and remuneration. This work plays an important role, which is to reproduce gender relations, as a woman works to maintain the private space as a female space and maintains the man out of this relation. Besides it reproduces class relations, ethny and generation conflicts, in which the employer replaces the control the parents have in the adolescent s life. Summing up, this study about house work have negative aspects, related to exploitation, humiliation and mistreat, as well as positive ones, for it permits the adolescent to improve his life conditions. The most important thing is to look for a mean of work in which human and workers rights are respected

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase activity in methemoglobin reduction by methylene blue and cyst amine: study on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient individuals, on normal subjects and on riboflavin-treated subjects

Os autores padronizaram métodos para a avaliação da atividade da glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase e glutationa redutase. O princípio geral do primeiro método baseou-se na formação de metahemoglobina pelo nitrito de sódio, seguido da estimulação da via das pentoses pelo azul de metileno. Foram estudados 46 indivíduos adultos, sendo 23 do sexo masculino e 23 do feminino, não deficientes em glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase (G6PD), com idades variando entre 20 e 30 anos. Os resultados revelaram que a redução da metahemoglobina pelo azul de metileno para sangue total, foram de 154.50 e 139.90 mg/min (p<0.05) respectivamente para o sexo masculino e feminino. Para hemácias lavadas os valores foram de 221.10 e 207.85 mg/min (n.s.) respectivamente. Estas observações permitiram concluir que ao se empregar hemácias lavadas e 0.7 g% de concentração de nitrito de sódio, por um lado não houve diferença entre os sexos e por outro, abreviou o tempo de leitura da quantidade residual de metahemoglobina para 90 minutos. A avaliação da atividade da glutationa redutase foi feita baseado no fato de que a cistamina (agente tiol) liga-se aos grupos SH da hemoglobina formando complexos. Estes complexos são revertidos pela ação da glutationa redutase, ocorrendo conjuntamente nesta reação a redução da metahemoglobina. Foram estudados 32 indivíduos adultos, sendo 16 do sexo masculino e 16 do feminino, não deficientes em G6PD, com idades variando entre 20 e 30 anos. Os resultados revelaram valores de redução da metahemoglobina pela cistamina de 81.27 e 91.13 mg/min (p<0.01) respectivamente para o sexo masculino e feminino. Estas observações permitiram concluir que o emprego de hemácias lavadas e 0.1 molar de concentração de cistamina torna possível a leitura da quantidade residual de metahemoglobina aos 180 minutos de incubação. A atividade da glutationa redutase avaliada por meio da redução da metahemoglobina pela cistamina, foi estudada em 14 indivíduos do sexo feminino antes e após o tratamento com 10 mg por dia de riboflavina durante 8 dias. Os resultados foram de 73.69 e 94.26 mg/min (p<0.01) antes e após o tratamento. Estas observações permitiram concluir que a oferta de riboflavina, mesmo para indivíduos normais, aumenta a atividade da glutationa redutase. Foram ainda avaliados 3 indivíduos da raça negra e deficientes em G6PD, sendo 2 do sexo masculino e 1 do feminino. Houve ativação parcial da G6PD e glutationa redutase, sendo estas alterações mais intensas nos indivíduos do sexo masculino. Considerando-se a raça e as características laboratoriais observadas, foi possível sugerir que a deficiência em G6PD verificada é do tipo Africano, bem como, permitiu considerar os indivíduos do sexo feminino coin o sendo heterozigoto para esta deficiência. Por fim, a análise dos resultados em seu conjunto permitiu concluir que os métodos propostos se mostraram eficientes para avaliar a atividade da G6PD e glutationa redutase. Esta última é dependente da via das pentoses, geradora de NADPH e da riboflavina, vitamina precursora de FAD.

Geographic and Educational Factors and Risk of the First Peritonitis Episode in Brazilian Peritoneal Dialysis Study (BRAZPD) Patients

Background and objectives Peritonitis remains as the most frequent cause of peritoneal dialysis (PD) failure, impairing patient's outcome. No large multicenter study has addressed socioeconomic, educational, and geographic issues as peritonitis risk factors in countries with a large geographic area and diverse socioeconomic conditions, such as Brazil.Design, setting, participants, & measurements Incident PD patients recruited from 114 dialysis centers and reporting to BRAZPD, a multicenter observational study, from December 2004 through October 2007 were included. Clinical, dialysis-related, demographic, and socioeconomic variables were analyzed. Patients were followed up until their first peritonitis. Cox proportional model was used to determine independent factors associated with peritonitis.Results In a cumulative follow-up of 2032 patients during 22.026 patient-months, 474 (23.3%) presented a first peritonitis episode. In contrast to earlier findings, PD modality, previous hemodialysis, diabetes, gender, age, and family income were not risk predictors. Factors independently associated with increased hazard risk were lower educational level, non-white race, region where patients live, shorter distance from dialysis center, and lower number of patients per center.Conclusions Educational level and geographic factors as well as race and center size are associated with risk for the first peritonitis, independent of socioeconomic status, PD modality, and comorbidities. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6: 1944-1951, 2011. doi: 10.2215/CJN.11431210

Termodinâmica de um gás de fótons no contexto de eletrodinâmicas não-lineares

The objective of this dissertation is the development of a general formalism to analyze the thermodynamical properties of a photon gas under the context of nonlinear electrodynamics (NLED). To this end it is obtained, through the systematic analysis of Maxwell s electromagnetism (EM) properties, the general dependence of the Lagrangian that describes this kind of theories. From this Lagrangian and in the background of classical field theory, we derive the general dispersion relation that photons must obey in terms of a background field and the NLED properties. It is important to note that, in order to achieve this result, an aproximation has been made in order to allow the separation of the total electromagnetic field into a strong background electromagnetic field and a perturbation. Once the dispersion relation is in hand, the usual Bose-Einstein statistical procedure is followed through which the thermodynamical properties, energy density and pressure relations are obtained. An important result of this work is the fact that equation of state remains identical to the one obtained under EM. Then, two examples are made where the thermodynamic properties are explicitly derived in the context of two NLED, Born-Infelds and a quadratic approximation. The choice of the first one is due to the vast appearance in literature and, the second one, because it is a first order approximation of a large class of NLED. Ultimately, both are chosen because of their simplicity. Finally, the results are compared to EM and interpreted, suggesting possible tests to verify the internal consistency of NLED and motivating further developement into the formalism s quantum case

Características clínicas associadas à evolução desfavorável na miocardiopatia periparto

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar as características clínicas de mulheres com diagnóstico prévio de miocardiopatia periparto e verificar as características associadas à evolução desfavorável. MÉTODOS: Variáveis clínicas, obstétricas e ecocardiográficas foram estudadas em 12 pacientes com miocardiopatia periparto, avaliadas no momento do diagnóstico e em consulta atual, quando foram divididas em dois grupos: GF (n= 6, sem alterações cardíacas) e GD (n= 6, com cardiomegalia e disfunção ventricular persistentes). As comparações foram feitas com o teste t de Student e exato de Fisher (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: No diagnóstico, a idade média das pacientes (8 brancas e 4 negras/pardas) foi de 24±7,4 anos; todas em classe funcional IV (NYHA) e 8 relataram hipertensão gestacional ou pré-eclâmpsia. A mediana do tempo de seguimento foi de 25 meses. Dez pacientes evoluíram para classe funcional I/II. A comparação entre os grupos mostrou GD com menor fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (0,30±0,05 vs. 0,58±0,09; p<0,001) e maior diâmetro sistólico do VE (58±5mm vs. 46±3mm; p<0,001), no momento do diagnóstico. A evolução desfavorável foi mais frequente entre as pardas (p=0,01). Na avaliação atual o GD apresentou menor espessura relativa da parede (0,13±0,02 vs. 0,17±0,02; p< 0,05) e maior massa do VE (283±90g vs. 186±41g; p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes com miocardiopatia periparto prévia apresentam evolução desfavorável associada à raça negra e alterações cardíacas iniciais mais acentuadas e a evolução favorável está associada à redução da massa miocárdica e aumento da espessura relativa da parede ventricular.

Genetic and environmental factors that affect the best time of Thoroughbred horses in Brazil

On the basis of information provided by the Brazilian Association of Race Horse Breeders, we analysed the racing performance of 947 Thoroughbred horses in races held from 1985 to 1992. The performance was evaluated using the best, time of the animals. The variance component was obtained by the derivative-free restricted maximum likelihood method, and the model used contained fixed effects of the racing month and year, sex, race track, track condition, animal age, number of competitors in race, and distance, and the random animal effect. The low heritability estimate obtained (0.12) indicates that selection based on animal phenotypic value must induce small genetic changes in this trail.

Molecular Characterization and Physical Mapping of Two Classes of 5S rDNA in the Genomes of Gymnotus sylvius and G. inaequilabiatus (Gymnotiformes, Gymnotidae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Comparative gas exchange performance during the wet season of three Brazilian Styrax species under habitat conditions of cerrado vegetation types differing in soil water availability and crown density

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The role of riverine forests for food supply for the omnivorous fish Brycon opalinus Cuvier, 1819 (Characidae) in the Serra do Mar, Southeast Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Actinic cheilitis: Clinical and histological features

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical and histological features of actinic cheilitis (AC).Patients and Methods: A total of 29 patients with AC were clinically evaluated, and incisional biopsies were performed to confirm the clinical diagnosis. Histological features were analyzed, and dysplasia was classified as mild, moderate, or severe. The chi(2) test was used for the following variables: gender, age, race, and smoking habits. The degree of dysplasia was related to these variables (Fisher's test) to test for independence between them (P <.05).Results: of the patient group, 72.41% were male, 75.86% were overage 40 years, 93.10% were white, and 72.41% were nonsmokers. Clinically, all patients presented with multifocal lesions. The following manifestations were seen: dryness, atrophy, scaly lesions, swelling of the lip, erythema, ulceration, blurred demarcation between the lip vermilion border and the skin, marked folds along the lip vermilion, white spots or plaques, crusts, blotchy areas, and areas of pallor. Keratosis, granulosis, hyperplasia, acanthosis, or atrophy and dysplasia were found in the epithelial tissue; elastosis, inflammatory infiltrate, and vasodilatation were found in the connective tissue. Dysplasia was mild in 10.34% of the patients, moderate in 27.59%, and severe in 62.07%. Absence of sample homogeneity was observed in regard to gender, age, race, and smoking habits. It was not possible to reject the hypothesis of independence between mild, moderate, or severe dysplasia and gender, age, race, and smoking habits.Conclusions: Dryness, atrophy, and scaly lesions were the most common clinical findings observed. Dysplasia, inflammatory infiltrate, and vasodilatation, as well as elastosis, were the most common histological findings observed. Gender, age, race, or smoking habits were not related to the degree of dysplasia in the sample. (c) 2008 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.

Mucus extravasation and retention phenomena: a 24-year study

Background: Mucoceles are benign lesions related to the minor salivary glands and their respective ducts frequently affecting oral structures which are generally asymptomatic. Mucoceles are generally characterized by swollen nodular lesions preferentially located on the lower lip and differ from the so-called ranulas, which are lesions located on the floor of the mouth and related to the sublingual or submandibular glands.Methods: The objective of the present study was to analyze data such as age, gender, race and site of the lesion of 173 mucocele cases diagnosed at the Discipline of Stomatology, Sao Jose dos Campos Dental School, UNESP, over a period of 24 years (April 1980 to February 2003).Results: of the 173 cases analyzed, 104 (60.12%) were females and 69 (39.88%) were males. Age ranged from 4 to 70 years (mean +/- SD: 17 +/- 9.53) and most patients were in the second decade of life (n = 86, 49.42%); white (n = 124, 71.68%). The lower lip was the site most frequently affected by the lesions (n = 135, 78.03%), whereas the lowest prevalence was observed for the soft palate, buccal mucosa, and lingual frenum.Conclusion: In this study, mucoceles predominated in white female subjects in the second decade of life, with the lower lip being the most frequently affected site.

Early cephalometric characteristics in Class III malocclusion

OBJECTIVE: Early identification of craniofacial morphological characteristics allows orthopedic segmented interventions to attenuate dentoskeletal discrepancies, which may be partially disguised by natural dental compensation. To investigate the morphological characteristics of Brazilian children with Class III malocclusion, in stages I and II of cervical vertebrae maturation and compare them with the characteristics of Class I control patients. METHODS: Pre-orthodontic treatment records of 20 patients with Class III malocclusion and 20 control Class I patients, matched by the same skeletal maturity index and sex, were selected. The craniofacial structures and their relationships were divided into different categories for analysis. Angular and linear measures were adopted from the analyses previously described by Downs, Jarabak, Jacobson and McNamara. The differences found between the groups of Class III patients and Class I control group, both subdivided according to the stage of cervical vertebrae maturation (I or II), were assessed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), complemented by Bonferroni's multiple mean comparisons test. RESULTS: The analysis of variance showed statistically significant differences in the different studied groups, between the mean values found for some angular (SNA, SNB, ANB) and linear variables (Co - Gn, N - Perp Pog, Go - Me, Wits, S - Go, Ar - Go). CONCLUSION: Assessed children displaying Class III malocclusion show normal anterior base of skull and maxilla, and anterior positioning of the mandible partially related to increased posterior facial height with consequent mandibular counterclockwise rotation.

Occurrence of skeletal malocclusions in Brazilian patients with dentofacial deformities

Este estudo avaliou a ocorrência de más oclusões esqueléticas apresentadas pelos pacientes do Centro de Pesquisa e Tratamento das Deformidades Bucofaciais (CEDEFACE), na cidade de Araraquara, SP, Brasil. Foram avaliados prontuários de 381 pacientes com deformidades dentoesqueléticas, que fizeram tratamento combinado ortodôntico-cirúrgico no período entre 2000 e 2006. Após a seleção da amostra (método de conveniência), baseado nos dados da documentação pré e pós-cirúrgica, o número de pacientes foi reduzido para 171. Para classificação do levantamento, considerou-se a discrepância ântero-posterior (Classe I, II e III), raça, idade, gênero, ausência ou presença de assimetria, excesso vertical maxilar e biprotrusão maxilar, além de determinar em qual base óssea o procedimento cirúrgico foi realizado. As documentações dos pacientes foram analisadas por um examinador previamente calibrado pelo processo de repetição até que o método fosse considerado adequado (correlação intraclasse >0,94). A idade média dos pacientes foi de 23,59 anos (DP 6,93), a maioria do gênero feminino (102 pacientes) e leucoderma (160 pacientes). A má oclusão mais prevalente foi a Classe III (81 pacientes). A assimetria, o excesso maxilar vertical e biprotrusão maxilar estavam presentes em 54, 33, e 7 pacientes, respectivamente. Na maioria dos casos, as cirurgias para correção de deformidades dentoesqueléticas foram combinadas, envolvendo os dois maxilares. Com base nos resultados, conclui-se que a Classe III foi a deformidade esquelética mais prevalente e a Classe I a menos prevalente. em geral, a prevalência de deformidades esqueléticas foi maior entre as mulheres e a maioria dos pacientes apresentou uma combinação de problemas maxilares e mandibulares, o que interfere diretamente na decisão sobre o plano de tratamento mais adequado. Houve uma maior incidência de assimetria na Classe III esquelética; o excesso vertical ocorreu de forma semelhante na Classe II e III e a biprotrusão teve baixa incidência entre as más oclusões avaliadas.

A second mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene and the risk of venous thrombotic disease

We assessed the effect of a recently described mutation in the MTHFR gene (1298 A --> C) on the risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) by determining its prevalence in 190 patients with verified DVT and in age-, race- and gender-matched controls. MTHFR 1298 A --> C was found in 42.1% of patients and in 41.1% of controls. The OR for venous thrombosis was 1.07 (95% CI 0.70-1.65) for heterozygotes and 0.83 (95% CI 0.33-2.08) for homozygotes. The OR for the factor V Leiden (FVL) mutation was 3.40 (95% CI 1.22-9.48), for FII 20210 G --> A was 5.22 (95% CI 1.12-24.2) and for MTHFR 677 C --> T, 1.24 (95% CI 0.82-1.87). No significant increased risk for venous thrombosis was found when MTHFR 1298 A --> C was coinherited with FVL (OR 2.85, 95% CI 0.88-9.23), FIT 20210 G --> A (OR 7.19, 95% CT 0.87-59.4) or MTHFR 677 C --> T (OR 1.44, 95% CT 0.71-2.92). These data do not support a critical role of MTHFR 1298 A --> C in the predisposition to DVT.

Microleakage of hydrophilic adhesive systems in Class V composite restorations

Purpose: To investigate the microleakage of four hydrophilic adhesive systems: one multiple-bottles (Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus); two one-bottle (Single Bond, Stae); and one self-etching (Etch & Prime 3.0). Materials and Methods: 120 bovine incisor teeth were divided into four groups (n = 30) and Class V cavities were prepared at the cemento-enamel junction. The cavities were restored with the adhesive systems and with Z100 composite. The teeth were thermocycled 1,000 times between 5 +/- 2 degreesC and 55 +/- 2 degreesC with a dwell time of 1 min, and then placed in a 2% methylene blue dye (pH 7.0) for 4 hrs, washed and sectioned vertically through the center of the restorations. The qualitative evaluation was made by three examiners who distributed pre-established scores (0-4) for each tooth using a stereomicroscope at x30 magnification. Results: In enamel margins little microleakage was observed and the Kruskal-Wallis analysis did not show differences. In dentin margins the KruskaI-Wallis and multiple comparison analyses were applied: microleakage was significantly greater with Stae (median 3) and Scotchbond MP Plus (median 4). Single Bond (median 1) and Etch & Prime 3.0 (median 2) showed the best results in dentin margins, and the statistical analysis did not demonstrate differences in microleakage among these groups.