Management of safety climate and the psychosocial work environment – new challenges for occupational health and safety professionals?

Introduction: The work environment and Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) practice have changed over the last number of years. A holistic OHS approach has been recommended by the authorities in this field (e.g. World Health Organisation (WHO), European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA) and the International Labour Organisation (ILO)). This involves a unified action engaging elements of the physical and psychosocial workplace with greater focus on prevention and promotion of health and wellbeing. The health and safety practitioner (HSP) has been recognised as one of the main agents for implementation of OHS. Within an organisation they act as a leader of change and a professional who shapes health and safety while safeguarding the wellbeing of individuals at work. Additionally, safety climate (SC) has been developed as an essential concept for OHS of an organisation, its productivity and the wellbeing of its workforce. Scholars and practitioners have recognised the great need for further empirical evidence on the HSP’s role in a changing work environment that increasingly requires the use of preventative measures and the assessment and management of psychosocial work-related risks. This doctoral research brings together the different concepts used in OHS and Public Health including SC, Psychosocial workplace risks, Health Promotion and OHS performance. The associations between these concepts are analysed bearing in mind the WHO Healthy Workplace Framework and three of its main components (physical and psychosocial work environment and health resources). This thesis aims to establish a deeper understanding of the practice and management of OHS in Ireland and the UK, exploring the role of HSPs (employed in diverse sectors of activity) and of SC in the OHS of organisations. Methods: One systematic review and three cross-sectional research studies were performed. The systematic review focussed on the evidence compiled for the association of SC with accidents and injuries at work, clarifying this concept’s definition and its most relevant dimensions. The second article (chapter 3) explored the association of SC with accidents and injuries in a sample of workers (n=367) from a pharmaceutical industry and compared permanent with non-permanent workers. Associations of safety climate with employment status and with self-reported occupational accidents/injuries were studied through logistic regression modelling. The third and fourth papers in this thesis investigated the main tasks performed by HSPs, their perceptions of SC, health climate (HC), psychosocial risk factors and health outcomes as well as work efficacy. Validated questionnaires were applied to a sample of HSPs in Ireland and UK, members of the Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (n=1444). Chi-square analysis and logistic regression were used to assess the association between HSPs work characteristics and their involvement in the management of Psychosocial Risk Factors, Safety Culture and Health Promotion (paper 3). Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the association between SC, HC, psychosocial risk factors and health outcomes (general health and mental wellbeing) and self-efficacy. Results: As shown in the systematic review, scientific evidence is unable to establish the widely assumed causal link between SC and accidents and injuries. Nevertheless, the current results suggested that, particularly, the organisational dimensions of SC were associated with accidents and injuries and that SC is linked to health, wellbeing and safety performance in the organisation. According to the present research, contingent workers had lower SC perceptions but showed a lower accident/injury rate than their permanent colleagues. The associations of safety climate with accidents/injuries had opposite directions for the two types of workers as for permanent employees it showed an inverse relationship while for temporary workers, although not significant, a positive association was found. This thesis’ findings showed that HSPs are, to a very small degree, included in activities related to psychosocial risk management and assessment, to a moderate degree, involved in HP activities and, to a large degree, engaged in the management of safety culture in organisations. In the final research study, SC and HC were linked to job demands-control-support (JDCS), health, wellbeing and efficacy. JDCS were also associated with all three outcomes under study. Results also showed the contribution of psychosocial risk factors to the association of SC and HC with all the studied outcomes. These associations had rarely been recorded previously. Discussion & Conclusions: Health and safety climate showed a significant association with health, wellbeing and efficacy - a relationship which affects working conditions and the health and wellbeing of the workforce. This demonstrates the link of both SC and HC with the OHS and the general strength or viability of organisations. A division was noticed between the area of “health” and “safety” in the workplace and in the approach to the physical and psychosocial work environment. These findings highlighted the current challenge in ensuring a holistic and multidisciplinary approach for prevention of hazards and for an integrated OHS management. HSPs have shown to be a pivotal agent in the shaping and development of OHS in organisations. However, as observed in this thesis, the role of these professionals is still far from the recommended involvement in the management of psychosocial risk factors and could have a more complete engagement in other areas of OHS such as health promotion. Additionally, a strong culture of health and safety with supportive management and buy-in from all stakeholders is essential to achieve the ideal unified and prevention-focussed approach to OHS as recommended by the WHO, EU-OSHA and ILO.

When theories become practice—a metaphorical analysis of adult-education school-leaders’ talk

Marketization has changed the education system. If we say that education is a market, this transforms the understanding of education and influences how people act. In this paper, adult-education school-leaders’ talk is analysed and seven metaphors for education are found: education as administration, market, matching, democracy, policy work, integration and learning. Exploring empirical metaphors provides a rich illustration of coinciding meanings. In line with studies on policy texts, economic metaphors are found to dominate. This should be understood not only as representing liberal ideology, as is often discussed in analyses of policy papers, but also as representing economic theory. In other words, contemporary adult education can be understood as driven by economic theories. The difference and relation between ideology and theory should be further examined since they have an impact on our society and on our everyday lives.

Scoping review of adherence promotion theories in pelvic floor muscle training : 2011 ics state-of-the-science seminar research paper I of IV

Aims This paper, the first of four emanating from the International Continence Society's 2011 State-of-the-Science Seminar on pelvic-floor-muscle training (PFMT) adherence, aimed to summarize the literature on theoretical models to promote PFMT adherence, as identified in the research, or suggested by the seminar's expert panel, and recommends future directions for clinical practice and research. Methods Existing literature on theories of health behavior were identified through a conventional subject search of electronic databases, reference-list checking, and input from the expert panel. A core eligibility criterion was that the study included a theoretical model to underpin adherence strategies used in an intervention to promote PFM training/exercise. Results A brief critique of 12 theoretical models/theories is provided and, were appropriate, their use in PFMT adherence strategies identified or examples of possible uses in future studies outlined. Conclusion A better theoretical-based understanding of interventions to promote PFMT adherence through changes in health behaviors is required. The results of this scoping review and expert opinions identified several promising models. Future research should explicitly map the theories behind interventions that are thought to improve adherence in various populations (e.g., perinatal women to prevent or lessen urinary incontinence). In addition, identified behavioral theories applied to PFMT require a process whereby their impact can be evaluated.

Préférences musicales alternatives et ajustement psychosocial à la fin de l’adolescence : une approche développementale semi-paramétrique

Essai doctoral présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur en psychologie (D. Psy,), option clinique

Comment les superviseurs agissent-ils pour améliorer l’environnement psychosocial des employés ? Risques visés, leviers et obstacles rencontrés

Au cours des dernières décennies, le monde du travail a subi de grands bouleversements qui se manifestent aujourd’hui par une augmentation des problèmes de santé psychologique en milieu de travail. Pour prévenir les problèmes de santé mentale au travail, il est désormais reconnu que les interventions préventives visant à modifier l’organisation du travail et, par la même occasion, les différentes contraintes de l’environnement psychosocial (EPS) de travail sont les plus efficaces. Dans le cadre de ces interventions organisationnelles, les superviseurs jouent un rôle crucial pour agir en prévention auprès des employés, notamment en raison de leur position centrale au sein de la hiérarchie organisationnelle. Leurs comportements ainsi que leurs actions peuvent donc avoir un impact aussi bien positif que négatif sur l’environnement psychosocial de leurs subordonnés. Toutefois, les superviseurs sont également soumis à des conditions de travail difficiles, telles qu’une charge de travail élevée ou de longues heures de travail consécutives, par exemple. Face à un tel paradoxe, il est pertinent d’approfondir les connaissances concernant ce qu’il leur est possible de faire pour améliorer l’EPS de leurs subordonnés et comment ils s’y prennent. Ainsi, le présent mémoire cherche à répondre à la question de recherche suivante : Comment les superviseurs agissent-ils pour améliorer l’EPS du travail des employés? Cette étude vise à documenter les risques visés par les actions entreprises par les superviseurs ainsi que les leviers et les obstacles qu’ils rencontrent. Afin de comprendre comment les déterminants de l’ensemble du milieu de travail influencent l’action des superviseurs sur l’EPS des employés, les résultats de cette recherche, provenant de quatre entretiens collectifs tenus dans deux municipalités de tailles différentes et impliquées dans la démarche « Entreprise en santé », ont été examinés sous l’angle du modèle théorique de l’activité réelle de travail, utilisé en ergonomie. Un répertoire de 33 types d’actions favorables à l’amélioration de l’EPS des employés a été obtenu, permettant de comprendre comment les superviseurs opérationnalisent les principes de prévention. La latitude décisionnelle est d’ailleurs le facteur de risque sur lequel le plus de participants ont rapporté au moins une action. En tout, 23 leviers ainsi que 34 obstacles ont été rapportés. L’utilisation de la marge de manoeuvre par les superviseurs est ressortie comme un moyen important de pallier leur manque de latitude décisionnelle formelle. Pour conclure, cette étude met en évidence que les interventions organisationnelles visant la prévention en santé mentale doivent être adaptées au contexte organisationnel (climat organisationnel, changements à l’organisation du travail, ressources et contraintes des acteurs). Il a aussi été constaté que les superviseurs récupèrent les occasions de changement à l’organisation du travail pour y intégrer leurs objectifs de gestion des risques à la santé mentale, même s’ils ont été initiés dans un autre but (souvent pour des motifs économiques). Notre étude met également en lumière que pour agir positivement sur l’EPS des employés, les superviseurs doivent avoir de la latitude décisionnelle ainsi que de la marge de manoeuvre, être soutenus et formés adéquatement.

Sécurité d’attachement mère-enfant et qualité de la relation élève-enseignant : liens spécifiques et effets modérateurs du niveau de risque psychosocial et du sexe de l’enfant

Cette étude vise à examiner les liens entre la sécurité d’attachement mère-enfant et les trois dimensions de la relation élève-enseignant, soit la proximité, la dépendance et les conflits. Plus encore, elle vise à examiner si les relations entre ces deux construits sont influencées ou modérées par le sexe de l’enfant et le niveau risque psychosocial auquel l’enfant est exposé. Quatre-vingt-neuf (89) dyades mère-enfant ont été évaluées. La sécurité d’attachement est mesurée à domicile lorsque l’enfant est âgé de 15 et de 18 mois et également en laboratoire deux semaines après la visite à domicile. De manière à évaluer la qualité de la relation élève-enseignant, les enseignantes des enfants ont été sollicitées vers la fin de la première année scolaire (environ 7 ans) afin de compléter un questionnaire. Dans un premier temps, les résultats obtenus suggèrent que les liens significatifs entre nos deux concepts sont spécifiques à seulement certaines dimensions de la relation élève-enseignant. De plus, les résultats montrent un effet de modération entre la sécurité d’attachement et le niveau de risque psychosocial dans la prédiction de la qualité de la relation élève-enseignant, plus spécifiquement au niveau des conflits. Quant au sexe de l’enfant, aucun effet significatif n’est trouvé sur la relation entre les deux concepts.

Estudio comparativo de cuatro factores: depresión, somatización, ansiedad y agotamiento en dos empresas colombianas

En el transcurso de los últimos años se ha evidenciado con mayor frecuencia la influencia de factores sociales en el desarrollo de síntomas como estrés, depresión, ansiedad, somatización, entre otras. Dentro del ámbito laboral han surgido enfermedades que parten de condiciones sociales y de la interrelación de sus empleados dentro de la organización. Este estudio tuvo como finalidad revisar y analizar la información referente a la influencia de los entornos laborales y factores psicosociales que pueden incurrir en el desarrollo de psicopatología en el trabajo. Como apoyo en el análisis de las distintas teorías que surgen alrededor de esta temática y teniendo como marco de referencia la descripción de los factores que influyen en el desarrollo de estas, se aplicó, el cuestionario QDS4 adaptado por Castillo (2010), cuestionario que buscó analizar las diferentes sintomatologías en dos empresas de distintos sectores en la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia. Generando un sondeo sobre la presencia y posible desarrollo de estas cuatro sintomatologías dentro de cada una de las organizaciones.

Self-report depressive symptoms do not directly predict suicidality in nonclinical individuals: Contributions toward a more psychosocial approach to suicide risk

Although suicidality is associated with mental illness in general and depression in particular, many depressed individuals do not attempt suicide and some individuals who attempt to or do die by suicide do not present depressive symptoms. This article aims to contribute to a more psychosocial approach to understanding suicide risk in nonclinical populations. In advocating a psychosocial perspective rather than a depression-focused approach, this article presents four diverse studies that demonstrate sampling and measurement invariance in findings across different populations and specific measures. Study 1 tests the mediation effects of 2 interpersonal variables, thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness, in the association between depressive symptoms and recent suicidality. Studies 2 and 3 evaluate the contribution of hopelessness and psychache, beyond depressive symptoms, to suicidality. Study 4 tests the contribution of life events behind depressive symptoms, and other relevant sociodemographic and clinical variables, to the estimation of “future suicidality.” Overall, results demonstrate that depressive symptoms do not directly predict suicidality in nonclinical individuals, but that other psychosocial variables mediate the association between depressive symptoms and suicidality or predict suicidality when statistically controlling for depressive symptoms. The article contributes to understanding some of the nonpsychopathological factors that potentially link depressive symptoms to suicide risk and that might themselves contribute to suicidality, even when controlling for depressive symptoms.

Investigation of the Impacts of Parental Chronic Illness on Youth Caregiving Experiences and Psychosocial Adjustment.

Objective: Parental chronic illness has an impact on several aspects of offspring’s life. Three major impediments to research progress in this field are undeveloped and untested theoretical frameworks, no clear conceptualization of youth caregiving, and no available instrument to assess such construct in Italian. To address these weaknesses, the aims of this PhD dissertation were: (1) to investigate the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Young Caregiver of Parents Inventory-Revised (YCOPI-R); (2) to empirically examine a model of the effects of parental illness on youth and family functioning innovatively analyzing the role of psychological flexibility; (3) to test a refined conceptualization of youth caregiving. Methods: A total of 501 adolescents aged 11 to 24 (295 young caregivers and 206 young noncaregivers) completed a questionnaire regarding youth caregiving, parental illness, and youth adjustment. In the first study, young caregivers were compared to noncaregivers, while the other studies used only the young carers subgroup. Results: The first study indicated that the Italian version of the YCOPI-R demonstrated sound psychometric and was able to discriminate between young caregivers and noncaregivers. The second study underlined the key protective role of psychological flexibility in shaping youth adjustment and family functioning in the context of parental illness. The third study innovatively clarified the nature of youth caregiving, indicating that it is a tripartite construct related to both positive and negative youth adjustment outcomes. Conclusions. This PhD project drew attention towards youth of chronically ill parents, a segment of the young population which is presently almost completely neglected in Italy by health policies and healthcare providers. This PhD project ultimately shed light into the processes through which parental illness results in detrimental youth outcomes and highlighted avenues for interventions that target empirically supported mechanisms which ameliorate the detrimental effects of parental illness on youth.

Effective field theories and their phenomenological applications

Effective field theories (EFTs) are ubiquitous in theoretical physics and in particular in field theory descriptions of quantum systems probed at energies much lower than one or few characterizing scales. More recently, EFTs have gained a prominent role in the study of fundamental interactions and in particular in the parametriasation of new physics beyond the Standard Model, which would occur at scales Λ, much larger than the electroweak scale. In this thesis, EFTs are employed to study three different physics cases. First, we consider light-by-light scattering as a possible probe of new physics. At low energies it can be described by dimension-8 operators, leading to the well-known Euler-Heisenberg Lagrangian. We consider the explicit dependence of matching coefficients on type of particle running in the loop, confirming the sensitiveness to the spin, mass, and interactions of possibly new particles. Second, we consider EFTs to describe Dark Matter (DM) interactions with SM particles. We consider a phenomenologically motivated case, i.e., a new fermion state that couples to the Hypercharge through a form factor and has no interactions with photons and the Z boson. Results from direct, indirect and collider searches for DM are used to constrain the parameter space of the model. Third, we consider EFTs that describe axion-like particles (ALPs), whose phenomenology is inspired by the Peccei-Quinn solution to strong CP problem. ALPs generically couple to ordinary matter through dimension-5 operators. In our case study, we investigate the rather unique phenomenological implications of ALPs with enhanced couplings to the top quark.

Quantum integrability as a new method for exact results on N=2 supersymmetric gauge theories and black holes

In this thesis I show a triple new connection we found between quantum integrability, N=2 supersymmetric gauge theories and black holes perturbation theory. I use the approach of the ODE/IM correspondence between Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE) and Integrable Models (IM), first to connect basic integrability functions - the Baxter’s Q, T and Y functions - to the gauge theory periods. This fundamental identification allows several new results for both theories, for example: an exact non linear integral equation (Thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz, TBA) for the gauge periods; an interpretation of the integrability functional relations as new exact R-symmetry relations for the periods; new formulas for the local integrals of motion in terms of gauge periods. This I develop in all details at least for the SU(2) gauge theory with Nf=0,1,2 matter flavours. Still through to the ODE/IM correspondence, I connect the mathematically precise definition of quasinormal modes of black holes (having an important role in gravitational waves’ obervations) with quantization conditions on the Q, Y functions. In this way I also give a mathematical explanation of the recently found connection between quasinormal modes and N=2 supersymmetric gauge theories. Moreover, it follows a new simple and effective method to numerically compute the quasinormal modes - the TBA - which I compare with other standard methods. The spacetimes for which I show these in all details are in the simplest Nf=0 case the D3 brane in the Nf=1,2 case a generalization of extremal Reissner-Nordström (charged) black holes. Then I begin treating also the Nf=3,4 theories and argue on how our integrability-gauge-gravity correspondence can generalize to other types of black holes in either asymptotically flat (Nf=3) or Anti-de-Sitter (Nf=4) spacetime. Finally I begin to show the extension to a 4-fold correspondence with also Conformal Field Theory (CFT), through the renowned AdS/CFT correspondence.

From emerging adults' unmet psychosocial needs to their problematic use of social networking sites: the mediating role of Fear of Missing Out

Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) is a pervasive apprehension that others might be having rewarding experiences from which one is absent. Consequently, individuals experiencing FoMO wish to stay constantly in contact with what others are doing and engage with social networking sites for this purpose. In recent times, FoMO has received increased attention from psychological research, as a minority of users experiencing high levels of FoMO - particularly young people - might develop a problematic social networking site use, defined as the maladaptive and excessive use of social networking sites, resulting in symptoms associated with other addictions. According to the theoretical framework of the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition- Execution (I-PACE) model, FoMO and certain motives for use may foster problematic use in individuals who display unmet psychosocial needs. However, to date, the I-PACE model has only conceptualized the general higher-order mechanisms related to the development of problematic use. Consistently, the overall purpose of this dissertation was to deepen the understanding of the mediating role of FoMO between specific predisposing variables and problematic social networking sites use. Adopting a psychological approach, two empirical and exploratory cross-sectional studies, conceived as independent research, were conducted through path analysis.

Youth psychosocial adjustment in the context of parental illness: risk and protective factors

Young carers might experience both psychological distress and positive changes from living with their chronically ill parent. However, little is known about why some young carers do well with their situation and experience positive outcomes, whereas others do not. In this regard, this dissertation aims to investigate how parental chronic illness affects young carers’ psychosocial adjustment through risk (i.e., unmet needs) and protective factors (i.e., benefit finding, emotion regulation). This main goal has been addressed by conducting three studies presented in Chapters 2–4. Chapter 2 has examined the mediating role of unmet needs on the relationship between illness unpredictability and youth psychosocial adjustment (i.e., quality of life and internalizing problems). In this regard, it has been found that levels of unmet needs significantly mediated the relationship between illness unpredictability and offspring health-related quality of life. In the systematic review with meta-analysis presented within Chapter 3, it has been sought to investigate the mediating role of the protective factors (i.e., benefit finding and emotion regulation) in the relationship between caregiving components and youth psychosocial adjustment in young carers. This study has shown the significant associations between caregiving components and psychosocial adjustment in young carers not only directly, but also indirectly through protective factors. Finally, to expand on previous findings, a qualitative study in Chapter 4 has examined the unique experiences of young carers, as well as the effects of the COVID-19 global pandemic. This study has yielded a deeper understanding of how protective factors may be operated during young carers’ lived experiences before and during the COVID-19 global pandemic. Overall, this dissertation has shed light on the pivotal role played by risk and protective factors in caregiving components that serve as key determinants that can enhance positive psychosocial outcomes as well as concurrently mitigate adverse psychosocial consequences among young carers.

Understanding food waste through behavioural theories in different settings

SDG 12.3 aims to promote sustainable consumption and production patterns by addressing the global food loss and waste problem. Given the multiple interrelated impacts, food waste is recognized as one of the major food system challenges. The scope of this work is to contribute to the understanding on food waste generation and potential approaches to tackle it. This work was specifically designed to achieve the following goals: 1) Understand specific factors that affect individual behaviours to generate FW at household, 2) Analyse the effective ways to reduce FW through behaviour change perspective given the catering and hospitality sector, and 3) Provide an evidence synthesis on intervention study that incorporate stakeholder insights focus on school meals. The first goal of identifying food waste drivers was achieved by the systematically reviewing on peer-reviewed and grey literature. The Motivation-Opportunity-Ability (MOA) framework was applied to frame consumer behavioural drivers and identify levers that could be potentially utilized to reduce food waste. Consumer segmentation was further discussed to provide insights for developing tailored food waste reduction interventions. The second goal required the identification on practical interventions, which has been accomplished by systematic literature review basing on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The efficiency and working mechanism of interventions were evaluated basing on the combination of MOA and behavioural change wheel. Building on the evidence of effective interventions, a roadmap was developed for policymakers and practitioners to lead their own pathway on intervention study and upscaling. The third aim has been achieved with a school meals interventions mapping and the implementation of stakeholder workshops. The method was built on the literature review and then enriched by intervention co-design dialogue among stakeholders. The overall conclusion addressed challenges of food waste determents identification, tailored reduction interventions developing, sustainable consumption promotion with school meals.

Finite group lattice gauge theories for quantum simulation

The present manuscript focuses on Lattice Gauge Theories based on finite groups. For the purpose of Quantum Simulation, the Hamiltonian approach is considered, while the finite group serves as a discretization scheme for the degrees of freedom of the gauge fields. Several aspects of these models are studied. First, we investigate dualities in Abelian models with a restricted geometry, using a systematic approach. This leads to a rich phase diagram dependent on the super-selection sectors. Second, we construct a family of lattice Hamiltonians for gauge theories with a finite group, either Abelian or non-Abelian. We show that is possible to express the electric term as a natural graph Laplacian, and that the physical Hilbert space can be explicitly built using spin network states. In both cases we perform numerical simulations in order to establish the correctness of the theoretical results and further investigate the models.