Flame-propagation rates in ammonia-air combustion at high pressure

The reluctance of ammonia to be ignited easily and the necessity to advance the spark for optimum performance in combustion engines led to this investigation. Ionization gap techniques showed that long induction times and slow flame speed were both contributors to the observed phenomena. The most important factor in determining combustion characteristics of ammonia was found to be the extent of predissociation prior to attempted ignition. There was evidence from combustion gas analysis that NO + was the probable most abundant ion contributing to succesful application of the ionization gap techniques, and that the NO + was probably produced in the pyrolysis of ammonia rather than by equilibrium reactions. © 1967 Combustion Institute.

Bacterial and pathological study of caudal fin rot in brood stocks of Salmo trutta caspius from the propagation and breeding center of Shahid Bahonar of Kelardasht region

In order to study caudal fin rot with emphasis on Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens in Salmo trutta caspius from the salmonids propagation and breeding center of Shahid Bahonar of kelardasht region, One hundred and eighty brood stocks having fin damage symptoms were chosen. Two bacterial samples from each fish were cultured on Aeromonas and Pseudomonas specific media. Biochemical tests, API2OE identification system and antibiogram test using six antibiotic disks were performed for diagnosing isolates bacteria and finding suitable antibiotic. Thirty samples from caudal fin of damaged fishes were fixed in 10% formalin and 51.tm microscopic sections were prepared using standard scatological methods and then stained by Haematoxylin-Eosin staining method to observe the pathological changes and also Maccallum-Goodpasture staining method to observe the bacterial colonies. In second stage of the study, bacterial samples were taken from thirty brood stocks using similar method at the first stage of sampling. For isolation and biochemical diagnosis of Aeromonas and Pseudormonas genus, the samples were analyzed by molecular research included PCR amplification (using 16S rDNA genes of the genus pseudomonas and 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer of the genus Aeromonas) and restriction analysis by four restriction enzymes for each genus. The results of biochemical tests showed that isolated bacteria were belonged to Aeromonas caviae and Aeromonas hydrophila (subspecies anaerogenes), Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas alcaligenes while the results of API2OE identification system showed that the isolated bacteria belonged to Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Restriction analysis of Aeromonas samples with Hin6l, Csp6I, Taql, and Tasl revealed three samples were different from others while restriction analysis of Pseudomonas samples with Alul, Hinfl, Rsal, and Trull showed at least five species or biovars. The results of antibiogram test showed all Aeromonas samples were sensitive to Trimethoprim, Chloramphenicol and Nitrofurazone, mostly to Nalidixic acid and Chloramphenicol, while most of samples were resistant to Erythromycin and Oxytetracycline. Pseudomonas samples were only sensitive to Nitrofurazone and mostly resistant to Oxytetracycline, Nalidixic acid, Erythromycin, Trimethoprim and Chloramphenicol. The results of light microscope study showed hyperplasia and spongiosis of the malpigian cells of epidermis, increasing of melanin pigments underlying epidermis; sever necrosis in both epidermis and dermis and also sloughing the epidermis in some cases. Occurrence of clefts through the epithelium, neovascularization, hyperemia and mild inflammatory response in dermis and separation of the fin rays also were observed. No bacterial colonies were found in the sections.

Seed and vegetative propagation methods for the rare Florida native species Chionanthus pygmaeus (pygmy fringetree)

Chionanthus pygmaeus Small (pygmy fringetree) (Oleaceae) is an endemic and rare Florida species, which has an attractive, small habit giving it great potential for use in managed landscapes. Members of the genus Chionanthus are difficult to propagate via cuttings and possess complex seed dormancies that are not well understood. Conservation of pygmy fringetree and its potential for commercial propagation for use in managed landscapes is contingent on a better understanding of its complex seed dormancy and enhancement of its propagation. I conducted two experiments to assess sexual and asexual propagation methods for pygmy fringetree. The first experiment was conducted to determine what factors are involved in overcoming seed dormancy. Various scarification treatments, which mimicked conditions seeds are exposed to in the wild, were investigated to determine their effects on germination of 20-year-old seeds originally collected from the species’ native range. Treatments included endocarp removal, sulfuric acid, boiling-water, and smoke-water treatments. Prior to treatment initiation, seed viability was estimated to be 12%. Treated seeds went through two cold- and two warm-stratification periods of 4°C and 25°C, respectively, in a dark growth chamber. After 180 days, none of the treatments induced early germination. Seeds were then tested for viability, which was 11%. Seed dormancy of the species is apparently complex, allowing some of the seeds to retain some degree of viability, but without dormancy requirements satisfied. The second experiment was conducted to assess if pygmy fringetree could be successfully propagated via hardwood or root cuttings if the appropriate combination of environmental conditions and hormones were applied. Hardwood and root cuttings were treated with either 1000 ppm IBA talc, 8000 ppm IBA talc, or inert talc. All cuttings were placed on a mist bench in a greenhouse for 9 weeks. Hardwood cuttings were supplemented with bottom heat at 24 °C. No treatments were successful in inducing adventitious root formation. I conclude that pygmy fringetree seeds possess complex dormancy that was not able to be overcome by the treatments utilized. However, this result is confounded by the age of the seeds used in the experiment. I also conclude that vegetative propagation of pygmy fringetree is highly dependent on the time of year cuttings are harvested. Further research of both seed and asexual propagation methods need to be explored before pygmy fringetree can be propagated on a commercial scale.

The Influence of Propagation Model and Sectorization over WCDMA Capacity

In this paper we use a dynamic model that we have developed for WCDMA capacity analysis using MATLAB and a GIS based planning tool, to estimate the capacity of a mobile system under different conditions like number of cells, propagation model, sectorization and handover margin.

Laser beam control, combining, and propagation in atmospheric turbulence

This dissertation is concerned with the control, combining, and propagation of laser beams through a turbulent atmosphere. In the first part we consider adaptive optics: the process of controlling the beam based on information of the current state of the turbulence. If the target is cooperative and provides a coherent return beam, the phase measured near the beam transmitter and adaptive optics can, in principle, correct these fluctuations. However, for many applications, the target is uncooperative. In this case, we show that an incoherent return from the target can be used instead. Using the principle of reciprocity, we derive a novel relation between the field at the target and the scattered field at a detector. We then demonstrate through simulation that an adaptive optics system can utilize this relation to focus a beam through atmospheric turbulence onto a rough surface. In the second part we consider beam combining. To achieve the power levels needed for directed energy applications it is necessary to combine a large number of lasers into a single beam. The large linewidths inherent in high-power fiber and slab lasers cause random phase and intensity fluctuations occurring on sub-nanosecond time scales. We demonstrate that this presents a challenging problem when attempting to phase-lock high-power lasers. Furthermore, we show that even if instruments are developed that can precisely control the phase of high-power lasers; coherent combining is problematic for DE applications. The dephasing effects of atmospheric turbulence typically encountered in DE applications will degrade the coherent properties of the beam before it reaches the target. Finally, we investigate the propagation of Bessel and Airy beams through atmospheric turbulence. It has been proposed that these quasi-non-diffracting beams could be resistant to the effects of atmospheric turbulence. However, we find that atmospheric turbulence disrupts the quasi-non-diffracting nature of Bessel and Airy beams when the transverse coherence length nears the initial aperture diameter or diagonal respectively. The turbulence induced transverse phase distortion limits the effectiveness of Bessel and Airy beams for applications requiring propagation over long distances in the turbulent atmosphere.

Commande optimale d'un satellite à propulsion électrique utilisant les perturbations pour l'élimination des débris orbitaux en basse altitude

Depuis le lancement du premier satellite Spoutnik 1 en 1957, l’environnement spatial est de plus en plus utilisé et le nombre de débris orbitaux se multiplie naturellement, soit par des explosions, des collisions ou tout simplement par les opérations normales des satellites. Au-delà d'un certain seuil, la densité des débris orbitaux risque de créer une réaction en chaîne incontrôlée : l’effet Kessler. L’élimination des débris orbitaux en basse altitude permettrait de limiter cette réaction et ainsi de préserver l’environnement spatial afin de pouvoir l’utiliser de façon sécuritaire. L’élimination des débris orbitaux est une opération complexe et coûteuse. Elle consiste à déplacer des objets spatiaux inactifs vers une orbite basse pour mener à leur désintégration dans la basse atmosphère terrestre. En utilisant les perturbations orbitales, il est possible de réduire le coût du carburant requis pour effectuer les manœuvres orbitales nécessaires à l’élimination de ces débris. L'objectif principal de cette étude consiste à développer une procédure et une stratégie de commande autonome afin de modifier l'orbite des satellites non opérationnels (débris) pour mener à leur désintégration naturelle tout en optimisant les facteurs carburant et temps. Pour ce faire, un modèle d’atmosphère basé sur le modèle de Jacchia (1977) est développé. Un modèle de la dynamique du satellite inclut aussi les perturbations principales, soit : traînée atmosphérique, non sphéricité et distribution non uniforme de la masse de la Terre. Ces modèles ainsi qu'un algorithme de commande optimale pour un propulseur électrique sont développés et le tout est validé par simulations numériques sur Matlab/Simulink. Au terme de cette étude, les conditions optimales dans lesquelles il faut laisser un débris afin qu'il se désintègre dans la basse atmosphère de la Terre en quelques semaines seront données (type d'orbite : altitude, inclinaison, etc.) ainsi que le coût en carburant pour une telle mission. Cette étude permettra de prouver qu'il est possible de réaliser des missions d'élimination des débris orbitaux tout en réduisant les coûts associés aux manœuvres orbitales par l'utilisation des perturbations naturelles de l'environnement.

Propagation des ondes longitudinales dans le noyau terrestre d'après les séismes profonde des Iles Fidji

Observations from three deep focus earthquakes, of focal depth 600 km, originating in the Fiji Islands region, have permitted to trace the travel-time curves for the longitudinal waves travelling through the earth's core. Of principal importance is the travel-time table for the phase PKP1 which has been given upto 158° and for which the data so far were incomplete. Other important phases observed between 103 and 143° have been illustrated and their travel-time curves drawn.

Propagation des ondes longitudinales dans le noyau terrestre: résumé et conclusion

Six earthquakes (magnitude 6 to 7) in the Fiji Islands, New Hebrides and Sulawesi, divided in two groups of depth h=100 to 200 km and h= 600 km, were studied through more than a thousand of seismographic observations in 16 months.

Sistematic, population genetics, propagation and conservation of Prunus azorica (Rosaceae)

Tese de Doutoramento, Biologia (Ecologia Vegetal), 25 de Junho de 2013, Universidade dos Açores.

Sistematics, population genetics, propagation and conservation of Picconia azorica (Tutin) Knobl. (Oleaceae)

Tese de Doutoramento, Biologia (Ecologia Vegetal), 24 de Junho de 2013, Universidade dos Açores.

La sécrétion de la protéine tau : mécanisme de propagation de la pathologie de tau dans la maladie d’Alzheimer

Dans la maladie d’Alzheimer, il existe deux marqueurs histopathologiques : les plaques amyloïdes composées de la protéine amyloïde-bêta et les enchevêtrements neurofibrillaires (NFTs) composés de la protéine tau agrégée. Dans le cerveau, la propagation de la pathologie de tau est observée le long des circuits neuronaux connectés synaptiquement, selon une séquence de stades, caractérisés par le Docteur Braak en 1991. Chez les patients, le degré de démence corrèle avec le nombre de NFTs. Ces derniers apparaissent dans des régions précises du cerveau et se propagent, de manière prédictible, le long des projections neuronales à des stades plus tardifs de la pathologie. Il reste à éclaircir la manière dont les NFTs se propagent dans les différentes régions du cerveau. Dans notre laboratoire, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que la propagation de tau pourrait se produire par un processus de transmission de cellule à cellule. Ainsi, la protéine tau serait tout d’abord sécrétée par un neurone, puis endocytée par un neurone adjacent. Nos travaux de recherche se sont concentrés sur la sécrétion de la protéine tau. Dans une première étape, nous avons démontré l’existence de la sécrétion active de tau dans l’espace extracellulaire, en utilisant des modèles in vitro de cellules non neuronales et neuronales. Par la suite, nous avons caractérisé les formes de protéines tau sécrétées. Enfin dans un dernier temps, nous avons exploré les voies de sécrétion de la protéine tau ainsi que les mécanismes régulant ce phénomène. Nous avons réussi à moduler la sécrétion de tau en reproduisant plusieurs insultes observées dans la maladie d’Alzheimer. Nos recherches nous ont permis d’identifier l’appareil de Golgi comme étant une organelle dont la fragmentation augmente la sécrétion de la protéine tau. A la lumière de cette découverte, nous avons été capable de moduler la sécrétion de tau en ciblant spécifiquement l’activité de cdk5 et l’expression de rab1A contrôlant la morphologie du Golgi. Ainsi, nous avons réussi à diminuer significativement la sécrétion de la protéine tau. Nos travaux de recherche proposent de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques pour la maladie d’Alzheimer, visant à diminuer la propagation de la pathologie de tau par de nouveaux mécanismes cellulaires.

Data-Driven Wildfire Propagation Modeling with FARSITE-EnKF

The goal of this study is to provide a framework for future researchers to understand and use the FARSITE wildfire-forecasting model with data assimilation. Current wildfire models lack the ability to provide accurate prediction of fire front position faster than real-time. When FARSITE is coupled with a recursive ensemble filter, the data assimilation forecast method improves. The scope includes an explanation of the standalone FARSITE application, technical details on FARSITE integration with a parallel program coupler called OpenPALM, and a model demonstration of the FARSITE-Ensemble Kalman Filter software using the FireFlux I experiment by Craig Clements. The results show that the fire front forecast is improved with the proposed data-driven methodology than with the standalone FARSITE model.

Cayler Cardio-Facial Syndrome: An Uncommon Condition in Newborns

Introduction: Cayler cardio-facial syndrome is a rare syndrome associated with asymmetric crying faces with congenital heart disease. We report a newborn that was diagnosed as case of Cayler Cardio-facial syndrome based on clinical features and was confirmed with FISH analysis. Case Presentation: A term male baby, born to non-consanguineous couple through normal vaginal delivery was diagnosed to have asymmetric crying faces with deviation of angle of mouth to left side at the time of birth. The baby had normal faces while sleeping or silent. Mother was known case of hypothyroidism and was on treatment. Baby was diagnosed as case of Cayler Cardio-facial Syndrome and was investigated with echocardiogram, brain ultrasound, total body X-ray examination, X-ray of cervico-thoracic vertebral column and fundus examination. Echocardiogram showed muscular VSD, brain ultrasound was normal and fundus examination showed tortuous retinal vessels. Whole body X-ray and lateral X-ray of cervico-thoracic vertebral column were not suggestive of any skeletal abnormalities. The other associated malformation was right ear microtia. Baby FISH karyotype analysis showed deletion of 22q11.2 deletion. Baby was discharged and now on follow-up. Conclusions: Cayler syndrome is a rare syndrome which must be suspected if a baby has asymmetrical cry pattern and normal facies when baby sleeps. Patient must be evaluated with echocardiography to find out associated cardiac malformations. These infants should undergo FISH analysis for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.