Taxonomic sufficiency of polychaete taxocenes for estuary monitoring

The polychaetes assemblage structure was used in order to investigate taxonomic sufficiency in a heavily polluted tropical bay. Species abundance was aggregated into progressively higher taxa matrices (genus, family, order) and was analyzed using univariate and multivariate techniques. Polychaetes distribution in Guanabara Bay (GB) was in accordance with a pollution gradient, probably ruled by the organic enrichment, consequent effects of hypoxia and altered redox conditions coupled with prevailing patterns of circulation. Within the sectors of GB, an increasing gradient in species richness and occurrence was observed, ranging from the azoic and impoverished stations in the inner sector to a well-structured community in terms of species composition and abundance inhabiting the outer sector. Multivariate statistical analysis showed similar results when species were aggregated into genera and families, while greater difference occurred at coarser taxonomic identification (order). The literature about taxonomic sufficiency has demonstrated that faunal patterns at different taxonomic levels tend to become similar with increased pollution. In GB, an analysis carried out solely at family level is perfectly adequate to describe the environmental gradient, considered a useful tool for a quick environmental assessment. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Combined levels of carotenoids and vitamin E in diets for gilthead seabream broodstocks (Sparus aurata L.): effect on the quality of egg spawning and composition

Watanabe et al. (1991 a,b) state that, vitamin E and carotenoids perform an essential role on the quality of egg spawning. Vitamin E is one of the main nutrients for the reproduction of fish (Izquierdo et al., 2001), and it has been proved that its inclusion in diets for broodstocks favors the quality of egg spawning in several species of fish (Watanabe and Takashima,1977; Takeuchi et al., 1981; Watanabe et al., 1985, 1991 a,b; Sutjaritvongsanon, 1987; Watanabe, 1990; Schimittou, 1993; Mushiake et al., 1993; Dube, 1996; Shiranee and Natarajan, 1996; Izquierdo et al., 2001; Morehead et al., 2001; Fernández- Palacios et al., 2005). On the other hand, the carotenoids which also perform an antioxidizing function (including the protection of lipids from oxidation), have been involved in the reproductive processes of marine organisms: crustaceans (Liñan-Cabello et al., 2002), marine fish (Watanabe y Kiron, 1995; Verakunpiriya et al., 1997 a,b; Vassallo-Agius et al., 2001 a,b,c, 2002; Watanabe and Vassallo-Agius 2003) and fresh water fish (Ahmadi et al., 2006). The results of this study suggest that the recommended levels of n-3 HUFA in diets for gilthead sea bream broodstocks could be increased up to 3,5 % when supplemented jointly with carotenoids from paprika oleoresin and vitamin E, thus favoring the quality of spawning.

Photocatalytic degradation of phenolic compounds with new TiO2 catalysts

[EN] New TiO2 catalysts have been synthesised by means of a sol–gel method in which aggregates have been selected before thermal treatment. Sieving and calcination temperature have been proved to be key factors in obtaining catalysts with greater photoactivity than that of Degussa P-25. These new catalysts have been characterized by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), BET surface area, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The different parameters studied were compared to those obtained from two commercial catalysts (Degussa P-25 and Hombikat-UV100). The photocatalytic efficiency of the new catalysts was evaluated by the degradation of various phenolic compounds using UV light (maximum around 365 nm, 9mW). The catalyst sieved and calcinated at 1023 K, ECT-1023t, showed phenol degradation rates 2.7 times higher than those of Degussa P-25. Also in the degradation of different phenolic compounds, this catalyst showed a higher activity than that of the commercial one. The high photoactivity of this new catalyst has been attributed to the different distribution of surface defects (determined from FTIR studies) and its increased capacity to yield H2O2

Las unidades ambientales homogéneas como herramienta para la ordenación territorial y la caracterización de litorales áridos

[ES] En Canarias, en las últimas dos décadas se ha generalizado en la actividad de ordenación territorial el empleo de las denominadas unidades de diagnóstico, que fueron reguladas en 1995 por el Decreto 35/95 de Evaluación Ambiental (hoy derogado). Las unidades ambientales homogéneas se han convertido en una herramienta del planificador. La validez de las mismas, los problemas y ventajas que ofrecen en la práctica, es analizada en este artículo de cara a la ordenación y gestión litorales. Desde la praxis se valora la eficacia de esta metodología en las costas orientales de Canarias y su posible extrapolación a otros territorios continentales, comprobando su validez y eficacia en las cercanas costas saharianas y su espacio litoral.

Amenagement du territoire autour des sites Seveso: comparaison entre les approches en Italie et en region Wallonne

Il continuo verificarsi di gravi incidenti nei grandi impianti industriali ha spinto gli Stati membri dell’Unione Europea a dotarsi di una politica comune in materia di prevenzione dei grandi rischi industriali. Anche a seguito della pressione esercitata dall’opinione pubblica sono state implementate, nel corso degli ultimi quarant’anni, misure legislative sempre più efficaci per la prevenzione e la mitigazione dei rischi legati ad attività industriali particolarmente pericolose. A partire dagli ultimi anni dello scorso secolo, l’Unione Europea ha emanato una serie di direttive che obbligano gli Stati membri ad essere garanti della sicurezza per l’uomo e per l’ambiente nelle zone circostanti a stabilimenti a rischio di incidente rilevante. In quest’ottica è stata pubblicata nel 1982 la Direttiva Seveso I [82/501/EEC], che è stata ampliata nel 1996 dalla Direttiva Seveso II [96/82/CE] ed infine emendata nel dicembre 2003 dalla Direttiva Seveso III [2003/105/CE]. Le Direttive Seveso prevedono la realizzazione negli Stati membri di una valutazione dei rischi per gli stabilimenti industriali che sono suscettibili a incendi, esplosioni o rilasci di gas tossici (quali, ad esempio, le industrie chimiche, le raffinerie, i depositi di sostanze pericolose). La Direttiva Seveso II è stata trasposta in legge belga attraverso “l’Accord de Coopération” del 21 giugno 1999. Una legge federale nel giugno del 2001 [M.B. 16/06/2001] mette in vigore “l’Accord de Coopération”, che è stato in seguito emendato e pubblicato il 26 aprile del 2007 [M.B. 26/04/2007]. A livello della Regione Vallona (in Belgio), la tematica del rischio di incidente rilevante è stata inclusa nelle disposizioni decretali del Codice Vallone della Pianificazione Territoriale, dell’Urbanismo e del Patrimonio [CWATUP]. In questo quadro la Regione Vallona ha elaborato in collaborazione con la FPMs (Faculté Polytechnique de Mons) una dettagliata metodologia di analisi del rischio per gli stabilimenti a rischio di incidente rilevante. In Italia la Direttiva Seveso II è stata recepita dal Decreto Legislativo n°334 emanato nell’agosto del 1999 [D. Lgs. 334/99], che ha introdotto per la prima volta nel quadro normativo italiano i concetti fondamentali di “controllo dell’urbanizzazione” e “requisiti minimi di sicurezza per la pianificazione territoriale”. Il Decreto Legislativo 334/99 è attualmente in vigore, modificato ed integrato dal Decreto Legislativo n°238 del 21 settembre 2005 [D. Lgs. 238/05], recepimento italiano della Direttiva Seveso III. Tra i decreti attuativi del Decreto Legislativo 334/99 occorre citare il Decreto Ministeriale n°151 del 2001 [D. M. 151/01] relativo alla pianificazione territoriale nell’intorno degli stabilimenti a rischio di incidente rilevante. L’obiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi, che è stato sviluppato presso la Faculté Polytechnique di Mons, è quello di analizzare la metodologia di quantificazione del rischio adottata nella Regione Vallona, con riferimento alla pianificazione territoriale intorno agli stabilimenti a rischio di incidente rilevante, e di confrontarla con quella applicata in Italia. La metodologia applicata in Vallonia è di tipo “probabilistico” ovvero basata sul rischio quale funzione delle frequenze di accadimento e delle conseguenze degli scenari incidentali. Il metodo utilizzato in Italia è “ibrido”, ovvero considera sia le frequenze che le conseguenze degli scenari incidentali, ma non la loro ricomposizione all’interno di un indice di rischio. In seguito al confronto teorico delle due metodologie, se ne è effettuato anche una comparazione pratica tramite la loro applicazione ad un deposito di GPL. Il confronto ha messo in luce come manchino, nella legislazione italiana relativa agli stabilimenti a rischio di incidente rilevante, indicazioni di dettaglio per la quantificazione del rischio, a differenza di quanto accade nella legislazione belga. Ciò lascia all’analista di rischio italiano una notevole arbitrarietà nell’effettuare ipotesi ed assunzioni che rendono poi difficile la comparazione del rischio di stabilimenti differenti. L’auspicio è che tale lacuna possa essere rapidamente superata.

Il risparmio delle risorse alla scala abitativa e di insediamento. Tecnologie non convenzionali e valutazione ambientale attraverso metodologia LCA.

Nel corso del mio lavoro di ricerca mi sono occupata di identificare strategie che permettano il risparmio delle risorse a livello edilizio e di approfondire un metodo per la valutazione ambientale di tali strategie. La convinzione di fondo è che bisogna uscire da una visione antropocentrica in cui tutto ciò che ci circonda è merce e materiale a disposizione dell’uomo, per entrare in una nuova era di equilibrio tra le risorse della terra e le attività che l’uomo esercita sul pianeta. Ho quindi affrontato il tema dell’edilizia responsabile approfondendo l’ambito delle costruzioni in balle di paglia e terra. Sono convinta che l’edilizia industriale abbia un futuro molto breve davanti a sé e lascerà inevitabilmente spazio a tecniche non convenzionali che coinvolgono materiali di semplice reperimento e posa in opera. Sono altresì convinta che il solo utilizzo di materiali naturali non sia garanzia di danni ridotti sull’ecosistema. Allo stesso tempo ritengo che una mera certificazione energetica non sia sinonimo di sostenibilità. Per questo motivo ho valutato le tecnologie non convenzionali con approccio LCA (Life Cycle Assessment), approfondendo gli impatti legati alla produzione, ai trasporti degli stessi, alla tipologia di messa in opera, e ai loro possibili scenari di fine vita. Inoltre ho approfondito il metodo di calcolo dei danni IMPACT, identificando una carenza nel sistema, che non prevede una categoria di danno legata alle modifiche delle condizioni idrogeologiche del terreno. La ricerca si è svolta attraverso attività pratiche e sperimentali in cantieri di edilizia non convenzionale e attività di ricerca e studio sull’LCA presso l’Enea di Bologna (Ing. Paolo Neri).

The applicability of non-local LCI data for LCA

This study evaluated how applicable European Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) data are to assessing the environmental impacts of the life cycle of Brazilian triple superphosphate (TSP). The LCI data used for the comparison were local Brazilian LCI data, European LCI data in its original version from the ecoinvent database and a modified version of the European LCI data, which had been adapted to better account for the Brazilian situation. We compared the three established datasets at the level of the inventory as well as for their environmental impacts, i.e. at the level of Life Cycle Environmental Assessment (LCIA). The analysis showed that the European LCIs (both the original and the modified ones) considered a broader spectrum of background processes and environmental flows (inputs and outputs). Nevertheless, TSP production had in all three cases similar values for the consumption of the main raw materials. The LCIA results obtained for the datasets showed important differences as well. Therefore we concluded that the European data in general lead to much higher environmental impacts than the Brazilian data. The differences between the LCIA results obtained with the Brazilian and the European data can be basically explained by the methodological differences underlying the data. The small differences at the LCI level for selected inputs and outputs between the Brazilian and the European LCIs from ecoinvent indicate that the latter can be regarded as applicable for characterizing the Brazilian TSP.

Expert opinion on toxicity profiling--report from a NORMAN expert group meeting.

This article describes the outcome and follow-up discussions of an expert group meeting (Amsterdam, October 9, 2009) on the applicability of toxicity profiling for diagnostic environmental risk assessment. A toxicity profile was defined as a toxicological "fingerprint" of a sample, ranging from a pure compound to a complex mixture, obtained by testing the sample or its extract for its activity toward a battery of biological endpoints. The expert group concluded that toxicity profiling is an effective first tier tool for screening the integrated hazard of complex environmental mixtures with known and unknown toxicologically active constituents. In addition, toxicity profiles can be used for prioritization of sampling locations, for identification of hot spots, and--in combination with effect-directed analysis (EDA) or toxicity identification and evaluation (TIE) approaches--for establishing cause-effect relationships by identifying emerging pollutants responsible for the observed toxic potency. Small volume in vitro bioassays are especially applicable for these purposes, as they are relatively cheap and fast with costs comparable to chemical analyses, and the results are toxicologically more relevant and more suitable for realistic risk assessment. For regulatory acceptance in the European Union, toxicity profiling terminology should keep as close as possible to the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) terminology, and validation, standardization, statistical analyses, and other quality aspects of toxicity profiling should be further elaborated.

What's Working in Family-Based Services--or, What's Left to Believe in During a Time of Such Doubt?

This article is a qualitative, personal report from the field, designed to highlight current developments in family-based theory and practice that bring hopefulness to workers and clients. The author, an experienced human services consultant and family therapist, draws from his recent experience in a number of states to identify exemplars of practice in the following areas: integrative theory building, functional family assessment, systems change in regard to inter-agency coordination and foster care, community building in low income neighborhoods, developing humility as helpers, and addressing issues of hope and spirituality with clients and with co-workers. Given the turbulent and hostile political environment for family-based services, this article challenges us to remember that effectiveness in helping others is directly related to our feelings of hopefulness about ourselves and our world.

AN OCCUPATIONAL INJURY MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT HOUSTON

The purpose of this research and development project was to develop a method, a design, and a prototype for gathering, managing, and presenting data about occupational injuries.^ State-of-the-art systems analysis and design methodologies were applied to the long standing problem in the field of occupational safety and health of processing workplace injuries data into information for safety and health program management as well as preliminary research about accident etiologies. The top-down planning and bottom-up implementation approach was utilized to design an occupational injury management information system. A description of a managerial control system and a comprehensive system to integrate safety and health program management was provided.^ The project showed that current management information systems (MIS) theory and methods could be applied successfully to the problems of employee injury surveillance and control program performance evaluation. The model developed in the first section was applied at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHSCH).^ The system in current use at the UTHSCH was described and evaluated, and a prototype was developed for the UTHSCH. The prototype incorporated procedures for collecting, storing, and retrieving records of injuries and the procedures necessary to prepare reports, analyses, and graphics for management in the Health Science Center. Examples of reports, analyses, and graphics presenting UTHSCH and computer generated data were included.^ It was concluded that a pilot test of this MIS should be implemented and evaluated at the UTHSCH and other settings. Further research and development efforts for the total safety and health management information systems, control systems, component systems, and variable selection should be pursued. Finally, integration of the safety and health program MIS into the comprehensive or executive MIS was recommended. ^

Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy Evaluation with the Radiological Physics Center Head and Neck Phantom

Validation of treatment plan quality and dose calculation accuracy is essential for new radiotherapy techniques, including volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). VMAT delivers intensity modulated radiotherapy treatments while simultaneously rotating the gantry, adding an additional level of complexity to both the dose calculation and delivery of VMAT treatments compared to static gantry IMRT. The purpose of this project was to compare two VMAT systems, Elekta VMAT and Varian RapidArc, to the current standard of care, IMRT, in terms of both treatment plan quality and dosimetric delivery accuracy using the Radiological Physics Center (RPC) head and neck (H&N) phantom. Clinically relevant treatment plans were created for the phantom using typical prescription and dose constraints for Elekta VMAT (planned with Pinnacle3 Smart Arc) and RapidArc and IMRT (both planned with Eclipse). The treatment plans were evaluated to determine if they were clinically comparable using several dosimetric criteria, including ability to meet dose objectives, hot spots, conformity index, and homogeneity index. The planned treatments were delivered to the phantom and absolute doses and relative dose distributions were measured with thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) and radiochromic film, respectively. The measured and calculated doses of each treatment were compared to determine if they were clinically acceptable based upon RPC criteria of ±7% dose difference and 4 mm distance-to-agreement. Gamma analysis was used to assess dosimetric accuracy, as well. All treatment plans were able to meet the dosimetric objectives set by the RPC and had similar hot spots in the normal tissue. The Elekta VMAT plan was more homogenous but less conformal than the RapidArc and IMRT plans. When comparing the measured and calculated doses, all plans met the RPC ±7%/4 mm criteria. The percent of points passing the gamma analysis for each treatment delivery was acceptable. Treatment plan quality of the Elekta VMAT, RapidArc and IMRT treatments were comparable for consistent dose prescriptions and constraints. Additionally, the dosimetric accuracy of the Elekta VMAT and RapidArc treatments was verified to be within acceptable tolerances.