The effects of springtime mid-latitude storms on trace gas composition determined from the MACC reanalysis

The relationship between springtime air pollution transport of ozone (O3) and carbon monoxide (CO) and mid-latitude cyclones is explored for the first time using the Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate (MACC) reanalysis for the period 2003–2012. In this study, the most intense spring storms (95th percentile) are selected for two regions, the North Pacific (NP) and the North Atlantic (NA). These storms (∼60 storms over each region) often track over the major emission sources of East Asia and eastern North America. By compositing the storms, the distributions of O3 and CO within a "typical" intense storm are examined. We compare the storm-centered composite to background composites of "average conditions" created by sampling the reanalysis data of the previous year to the storm locations. Mid-latitude storms are found to redistribute concentrations of O3 and CO horizontally and vertically throughout the storm. This is clearly shown to occur through two main mechanisms: (1) vertical lifting of CO-rich and O3-poor air isentropically, from near the surface to the mid- to upper-troposphere in the region of the warm conveyor belt; and (2) descent of O3-rich and CO-poor air isentropically in the vicinity of the dry intrusion, from the stratosphere toward the mid-troposphere. This can be seen in the composite storm's life cycle as the storm intensifies, with area-averaged O3 (CO) increasing (decreasing) between 200 and 500 hPa. The influence of the storm dynamics compared to the background environment on the composition within an area around the storm center at the time of maximum intensity is as follows. Area-averaged O3 at 300 hPa is enhanced by 50 and 36% and by 11 and 7.6% at 500 hPa for the NP and NA regions, respectively. In contrast, area-averaged CO at 300 hPa decreases by 12% for NP and 5.5% for NA, and area-averaged CO at 500 hPa decreases by 2.4% for NP while there is little change over the NA region. From the mid-troposphere, O3-rich air is clearly seen to be transported toward the surface, but the downward transport of CO-poor air is not discernible due to the high levels of CO in the lower troposphere. Area-averaged O3 is slightly higher at 1000 hPa (3.5 and 1.8% for the NP and NA regions, respectively). There is an increase of CO at 1000 hPa for the NP region (3.3%) relative to the background composite and a~slight decrease in area-averaged CO for the NA region at 1000 hPa (-2.7%).

A review of Islamic mutual funds’ financial performance and investment style in Muslim and non-Muslim countries

Islamic finance has grown beyond its reputation of providing small-scale banking options and now provides investment and financing options for complex large-scale commercial transactions. Islamic investments are one area that has attracted the attention of investors due to its performance, especially during the economic downturn. The Shari’ah compliance nature of Islamic funds provides an opportunity for those Muslim investors to be part of the global investment sector who have previously been reluctant to invest in conventional mutual funds. The fact that the funds’ managers are prohibited from investing in activities such as weapons production, alcohol production and interest-bearing finance operations, makes Islamic mutual funds also attractive for those Non-Muslim investors who wish to invest ethically. Today there are hundreds of Islamic equity indices offered by Dow Jones, FTSE, MSCI and S&P. Despite the growing importance of Islamic funds, there have been limited studies exploring the performance of Islamic funds worldwide. Due to very limited data sets and not too rigorous analytical methods, these existent studies have neither investigated Islamic funds’ financial performance in noticeable detail nor analysed the investment style of more than six funds. For instance, relevant questions such as the financial performance of Islamic mutual funds’ beyond their investment styles or a difference in performance between funds from Muslim and non-Muslim countries have nearly not been investigated at all. Very recently, a study by Hoepner, Rammal and Rezec (2011) analysed the financial performance and investment style of 262 Islamic equity funds from 20 countries in five regions (Africa, Asia-Pacific, Europe, Gulf Cooperative Council-GCC, and North America). As comparison, previous studies did not even analyse 60 funds. Hoepner et al.’s study sampled a period of two decades and was therefore able to test the performance of the funds during economic booms as well as economic downturns. The findings of the study provide new insights into the performance of Islamic mutual funds in Muslim and Western markets and during financial crisis.

Atmospheric impact of Arctic Sea ice loss in a coupled ocean–atmosphere simulation

The atmospheric response to an idealized decline in Arctic sea ice is investigated in a novel fully coupled climate model experiment. In this experiment two ensembles of single-year model integrations are performed starting on 1 April, the approximate start of the ice melt season. By perturbing the initial conditions of sea ice thickness (SIT), declines in both sea ice concentration and SIT, which result in sea ice distributions that are similar to the recent sea ice minima of 2007 and 2012, are induced. In the ice loss regions there are strong (~3 K) local increases in sea surface temperature (SST); additionally, there are remote increases in SST in the central North Pacific and subpolar gyre in the North Atlantic. Over the central Arctic there are increases in surface air temperature (SAT) of ~8 K due to increases in ocean–atmosphere heat fluxes. There are increases in SAT over continental North America that are in good agreement with recent changes as seen by reanalysis data. It is estimated that up to two-thirds of the observed increase in SAT in this region could be related to Arctic sea ice loss. In early summer there is a significant but weak atmospheric circulation response that projects onto the summer North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). In early summer and early autumn there is an equatorward shift of the eddy-driven jet over the North Atlantic as a result of a reduction in the meridional temperature gradients. In winter there is no projection onto a particular phase of the NAO.

A reversal of climatic trends in the North Atlantic since 2005

In the mid-1990s the North Atlantic subpolar gyre warmed rapidly, which had important climate impacts, such as increased hurricane numbers, and changes to rainfall over Africa, Europe and North America. Evidence suggests that the warming was largely due to a strengthening of the ocean circulation, particularly the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Since the mid-1990s direct and indirect measurements have suggested a decline in the strength of the ocean circulation, which is expected to lead to a reduction in northward heat transport. Here we show that since 2005 a large volume of the upper North Atlantic Ocean has cooled significantly by approximately -0.45C or 1.5x10^22 J, reversing the previous warming trend. By analysing observations and a state-of-the-art climate model, we show that this cooling is consistent with a reduction in the strength of the ocean circulation and heat transport, linked to record low densities in the deep Labrador Sea. The low density in the deep Labrador Sea is primarily due to deep ocean warming since 1995, but a long-term freshening also played a role. The observed upper ocean cooling since 2005 is not consistent with the hypothesis that anthropogenic aerosols directly drive Atlantic temperatures.

An event of stratospheric air intrusion and its associated secondary surface cyclogenesis over the South Atlantic Ocean

This work presents an analysis of a lowermost stratospheric air intrusion event over the coast of Brazil, which may have been responsible for a secondary surface cyclogenesis over the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. The surface cyclone initiated at 0600 UTC 17 April 1999 in a cold air mass in the rear of a cold front after a primary cyclone developed over the same region. The analysis of the secondary cyclone revealed the presence of lowermost stratospheric air intrusion characterized by anomalous potential vorticity (PV), dry air, and high concentration of ozone in atmospheric column. The system developed on the eastern side of an upper level core of PV anomaly, which induced a cyclonic wind circulation at lower levels and favored the onset of the secondary cyclone. In midlevels (500 hPa), the cutoff low development contributed to reduce the propagation speed of the wave pattern. This feature seemed to (1) allow the low-level cold/dry air to heat/moisten associated with sensible and latent fluxes transferred from the ocean to the atmosphere, which intensified a baroclinic zone parallel to the coast, and (2) contribute to the long duration of the system. The present analysis indicates that this secondary cyclone development could be the result of the coupling between the PV anomaly in the upper levels and low-level air-sea interaction.

Evidence of a genetic bottleneck in an El Nino affected population of South American fur seals, Arctocephalus australis

The South American fur seal, Arctocephalus australis, was one of the earliest otariid seals to be exploited by humans: at least 6000 years ago on the Atlantic coast and 4000 on the Pacific coast of South America. More than 750,000 fur seals were killed in Uruguay until 1991. However, a climatological phenomenon-the severe 1997-1998 El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-was responsible for the decline of 72% Of the Peruvian fur seal population due to starvation as a consequence of warming of sea-surface temperatures and primary productivity reduction. Currently, there is no precise information on global population size or on the species` conservation status. The present study includes the first bottleneck test for the Pacific and Atlantic populations of A. australis based on the analysis of seven microsatellite loci. Genetic bottleneck compromises the evolutionary potential of a population to respond to environmental changes. The perspective becomes even more alarming due to current global warming models that predict stronger and more frequent ENSO events in the future. Our analysis found moderate support for deviation from neutrality-equilibrium for the Pacific population of fur seals and none for the Atlantic population. This difference among population reflects different demographic histories, and is consistent with a greater reduction in population size in the Pacific. Such an event could be a result of the synergic effects of recurrent ENSO events and the anthropogenic impact (sealing and prey overfishing) on this population.

Fine structure of Mytella falcata (Bivalvia) gill filaments

Bivalve filter feeders are sessile animals that live in constant contact with water and its pollutants. Their gill is an organ highly exposed to these conditions due to its large surface and its involvement in gas exchanges and feeding. The bivalve Mytella falcata is found in estuaries of Latin America, on the Atlantic as well as the Pacific Coast. It is commonly consumed, and sometimes is the only source of protein of low-income communities. In this study, gill filaments of M. falcata were characterized using histology, histochemistry and transmission electron microscopy for future comparative studies among animals exposed to environmental pollutants. Gill filaments may be divided into abfrontal, intermediate and frontal zones. Filaments are interconnected by ciliary discs. In the center of filaments, haemocytes circulate through a haemolymph vessel internally lined by an endothelium and supported by an acellular connective tissue rich in polysaccharides and collagen. The abfrontal zone contains cuboidal cells, while the intermediate zone consists of a simple squamous epithelium. The frontal zone is composed of five columnar cell types: one absorptive, mainly characterized by the presence of pinocytic vesicles in the apical region of the cell; one secretory, rarely observed and three ciliated with abundant mitochondria. All cells lining the filament exhibit numerous microvilli and seem to absorb substances from the environment. PAS staining was observed in mucous cells in the frontal and abfrontal zones. Bromophenol blue allowed the distinction of haemocytes and detection of a glycoprotein secretion in the secretory cells of the frontal region. The characteristics of M. falcata gill filaments observed in this study were very similar to those of other bivalves, especially other Mytilidae, and are suitable for histopathological studies on the effect of water-soluble pollutants. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Additional observations on the gross morphology and microstructure of Baccaconularia Hughes, Gunderson et Weedon, 2000, a Cambrian (Furongian) conulariid from the north-central USA

Baccaconularia Hughes, Gunderson et Weedon, 2000, from the Furongian Series (Cambrian System) of the north-central USA, has been interpreted as a conulariid cnidarian, based on a suite of gross morphological similarities shared only with other post-Cambrian genera currently assigned to this group. Closely spaced, squarish to subrectangular facial nodes of Baccaconularia are aligned in distinct longitudinal files. Nodes also display a subtler, more or less rectilinear transverse alignment, though this pattern commonly is disrupted by offset parallel to the longitudinal files. In their shape and pattern of arrangement, the nodes of Baccaconularia are most similar to the squarish to elongate nodes of Pseudoconularia Bouček, 1939. Longitudinal node files of Baccaconularia may also be compared with the longitudinal facial ridges of Conularia cambria Walcott, 1890 from the Furongian of Wisconsin. Apical angles of Baccaconularia range from approximately 13° to 14.5°. Scanning electron imaging of B. cf. robinsoni shows that its thin, phosphatic skeleton is finely lamellar, with the thickness of individual lamellae measuring approximately 1 μm. The skeleton also exhibits microscopic circular pores and crater-like pits that range from approximately 5 to 10 μm in diameter. These pores and pits are similar in size, geometry, areal density and pattern of arrangement to those of many post-Cambrian conulariids. Microscopic circular pores are documented here for the first time in the genus Archaeoconularia Bouček, 1939 from the Upper Ordovician of the Czech Republic. Although the origin of the pores and pits is open to alternative interpretations, the discovery of these features and fine lamination in Baccaconularia strengthens the argument that this genus is a Cambrian conulariid. © 2006 Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS.

Information technology for development of small and medium-sized exporters in Latin America and East Asia

Includes bibliography

Status of agrifood regulatory coordination under the North American Free Trade Agreement

Includes bibliography

Integración puerto ferrocarril: Desafíos y oportunidades para América Latina

El presente boletín FAL, analiza el papel que una buena integración modal entre los recintos portuarios y el ferrocarril tiene en la competitividad portuaria.

Transandean railroads: the interruption of service and prospects for resumption

Building the infrastructure and then operating a railroad which starts on the Pacific coast of South America and which, a few score kilometres inland, must climb close to 4,000 metres above sea level in the Andes mountains has always presented challenges both for the civil engineers responsible for its construction and for the managers in charge of its operation.As at mid-2001, two of the four transandean railroads that ran 20 years ago are out of service, owing to adverse weather conditions, and a third is not operating as a result of institutional problems.Nevertheless, two of the three railroads that are now shut down could resume service soon. Furthermore, there is a possibility that a new transandean railroad could be built that would cross the Andes mountains further south, at an altitude of less than 1,750 meters.

Latin America and the Caribbean in the World Economy 2014: Regional integration and value chains in a challenging external environment

The 2014 edition of Latin America and the Caribbean in the World Economy: Regional integration and value chains amid challenging external conditions has four chapters. Chapter I examines the main features of the international context and their repercussions for world and regional trade. Chapter II looks at Latin American and Caribbean participation in global value chains and confirms that the region, with the exception of Mexico and Central America, has only limited linkages with the three major regional value chains of Asia, Europe and North America. This chapter also looks at how participation in value chains may contribute to more inclusive structural change, by analysing three core microeconomic aspects. Chapter III identifies various spheres in which regional integration and cooperation can help strengthen production integration between the economies of Latin America and the Caribbean. The fourth chapter explores the intra- and extraregional trade relations of the countries of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and considers how to strengthen production integration in the subregion by taking advantage of linkages beyond trade and building on commercial and production complementarities among the members. The chapter also reviews the differences between the countries in terms of income, population and production and export structure, in a context of marked macroeconomic vulnerability.

Distribuição e conservação de aves migratórias neárticas da ordem Charadriiformes (famílias Charadriidae e Scolopacidae) no Brasil

Apesar dos esforços de pesquisa nos últimos anos, muitos dos aspectos das migrações dos charadrídeos e escolopacídeos no Brasil permanecem desconhecidos. A maioria dos estudos em escala local ou regional revela a necessidade de uma síntese das informações em escala espacial adequada para facilitar a detecção dos grandes padrões de movimento destas espécies no país. Desta forma, esta tese teve como objetivo geral identificar os padrões de distribuição e migrações das espécies de aves das famílias Charadriidae e Scolopacidae que se reproduzem no hemisfério norte e usam o território brasileiro durante as suas migrações, visando desenvolver estratégias para a conservação do grupo. Como objetivos específicos, caracterizar as principais rotas migratórias para estas espécies; identificar as áreas críticas para a conservação utilizando os critérios propostos pela metodologia das AIAs e ACBs; avaliar o estado de conservação atual das áreas críticas para a conservação destas espécies de acordo ao Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação; avaliar se as áreas críticas são parte das áreas prioritárias para a conservação da biodiversidade brasileira; aplicar os critérios da Convenção de Ramsar e da WHSRN para identificar áreas críticas para conservação destas espécies. A base de dados foi estabelecida a partir de levantamento bibliográfico; consultas às coleções científicas de museus brasileiros e estrangeiros; utilização de bases de dados de recuperações de anilhas brasileiras e norte-americanas; dados cedidos por pesquisadores do Brasil, Argentina e Estados Unidos; dados de campo coletados pessoalmente no Pantanal (MS), litoral dos estados do Maranhão e Rio Grande do Sul. Entre os principais resultados, 19 das 24 espécies possuem um conjunto importante de dados, com as demais sendo ocasionais ou com poucas informações. Há uma maior concentração de dados na região costeira do país, com menor cobertura de áreas do interior. A Amazônia Ocidental mostrou-se a menos conhecida nos aspectos abordados, embora seja a via de passagem para algumas das espécies analisadas. O litoral entre a foz do Amazonas e São Luiz, no Maranhão foi a principal área de concentração em termos numéricos. A costa do Rio Grande do Sul foi o segundo local com maior destaque nas análises. Quinze espécies foram registradas em todos os meses do ano, demonstrando que nem todos os indivíduos migram anualmente para o hemisfério norte. Considerando as rotas globais, 8 espécies utilizam a rota do Atlântico e 10 a rota do Mississipi ou do centro da América do Norte. As outras 6 possivelmente utilizam-se das duas rotas. O conhecimento na utilização das 5 rotas propostas por Antas (1983) durante a migração sul-norte indicou que algumas espécies têm registros no interior da Amazônia, período em que possivelmente seus habitats estariam inundados. O padrão de chegada na migração norte-sul no Brasil é entre agosto e outubro, com incremento a partir de setembro. A migração sul-norte ocorre entre meados de março e abril na maioria das espécies. Durante o período não reprodutivo existe um padrão de distribuição ao longo da costa utilizado por 9 espécies, outro continental para 7 espécies no interior e ainda um terceiro, difuso, encontrado em 5 espécies que se distribuem tanto na costa quanto no interior do país. Foram identificadas 260 áreas críticas importantes para as espécies avaliadas. Observou-se que 72% das ACBs identificadas estão fora do SNUC. A sobreposição das ACBs com as Áreas Prioritárias para a Conservação revelou que 46% das primeiras estão sem indicação de importância neste programa. São elegíveis para os critérios da Convenção Ramsar 69 ACBs, enquanto 65 podem ser inseridas no programa da WHSRN. Entre as principais conclusões, o conhecimento de processos biológicos fundamentais à manutenção do ciclo de vida e o curso de suas migrações anuais, de parâmetros relacionados à mudas de penas, ganho de massa corporal, razão sexual e etária das populações migrantes são aspectos ainda insuficientemente detalhados para estas espécies no Brasil, e mesmo na América do Sul, assim como a necessidade de pesquisas que possam gerar estimativas e tendências populacionais, uma vez que em escala global várias destas espécies apresentam declínio populacional.

Distribuição espaço-temporal da ictiofauna de poças de maré de um estuário amazônico: interação de fatores

A ictiofauna de poças de maré tem sido bem estudada em regiões temperadas e tropicais do Pacifico. No Brasil, ainda é incipiente o conhecimento ecológico das poças de maré e das assembléias de peixes que as habitam. O presente estudo pretendeu investigar a composição e distribuição espaço-temporal das assembléias de peixes associadas às poças de maré em habitats de afloramento rochoso, floresta de mangue e marismas da Ilha do Areuá, estuário inferior do rio Curuçá, Norte do Brasil. Amostragens trimestrais foram realizadas entre fevereiro e novembro de 2009, durante a maré baixa de sizígia (lua nova), utilizando metodologia padronizada. As variáveis ambientais sofreram modificações ao longo do gradiente vertical e foram responsáveis pela distribuição espacial e temporal da ictiofauna no afloramento rochoso. A salinidade, profundidade média e heterogeneidade do substrato foram as variáveis que mais explicaram as variações na distribuição da ictiofauna. A comparação entre os habitats de afloramento rochoso, floresta de mangue e marismas evidenciou que as assembléias de peixes do afloramento rochoso são claramente distintas daquela presente nos habitats vegetados (floresta de mangue e marismas). Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que há preferências pela ictiofauna por determinados habitats em função das variáveis ambientais e heterogeneidade do substrato, porém mais estudos devem ser realizados levando em consideração relações inter e intra-especificas.