The role of AKT-mediated phosphorylation in suppression of MAD1 and the development of new approach in protein complex detection

MAX dimerization protein 1 (MAD1) is a basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factors that recruits transcription repressor such as HDAC to suppress target genes transcription. It antagonizes to MYC because the promoter binding sites for MYC are usually also serve as the binding sites for MAD1 so they compete for it. However, the mechanism of the switch between MYC and MAD1 in turning on and off of genes' transcription is obscure. In this study, we demonstrated that AKT-mediated MAD1 phosphorylation inhibits MAD1 transcription repression function. The association between MAD1 and its target genes' promoter is reduced after been phosphorylated by AKT; therefore, consequently, allows MYC to occupy the binding site and activates transcription. Mutation of such phosphorylation site abrogates the inhibition from AKT. In addition, functional assays demonstrated that AKT suppressed MAD1-mediated transcription repression of its target genes hTERT and ODC. Cell cycle and cell growth were also been released from inhibition by MAD1 in the presents of AKT. Taken together, our study suggests that MAD1 is a novel substrate of AKT and AKT-mediated MAD1 phosphorylation inhibits MAD1function; therefore, activates MAD1 target genes expression. ^ Furthermore, analysis of protein-protein interaction is indispensable for current molecular biology research, but multiplex protein dynamics in cells is too complicated to be analyzed by using existing biochemical methods. To overcome the disadvantage, we have developed a single molecule level detection system with nanofluidic chip. Single molecule was analyzed based on their fluorescent profile and their profiles were plotted into 2 dimensional time co-incident photon burst diagram (2DTP). From this 2DTP, protein complexes were characterized. These results demonstrate that the nanochannel protein detection system is a promising tool for future molecular biology. ^

Organization of the inferotemporal cortex in the macaque monkey: Connections of areas PITv and CITvp

Visual cortex of macaque monkeys consists of a large number of cortical areas that span the occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal lobes and occupy more than half of cortical surface. Although considerable progress has been made in understanding the contributions of many occipital areas to visual perceptual processing, much less is known concerning the specific functional contributions of higher areas in the temporal and frontal lobes. Previous behavioral and electrophysiological investigations have demonstrated that the inferotemporal cortex (IT) is essential to the animal's ability to recognize and remember visual objects. While it is generally recognized that IT consists of a number of anatomically and functionally distinct visual-processing areas, there remains considerable controversy concerning the precise number, size, and location of these areas. Therefore, the precise delineation of the cortical subdivisions of inferotemporal cortex is critical for any significant progress in the understanding of the specific contributions of inferotemporal areas to visual processing. In this study, anterograde and/or retrograde neuroanatomical tracers were injected into two visual areas in the ventral posterior and central portions of IT (areas PITv and CITvp) to elucidate the corticocortical connections of these areas with well known areas of occipital cortex and with less well understood regions of inferotemporal cortex. The locations of injection sites and the delineation of the borders of many occipital areas were aided by the pattern of interhemispheric connections, revealed following callosal transection and subsequent labeling with HRP. The resultant patterns of connections were represented on two-dimensional computational (CARET) and manual cortical maps and the laminar characteristics and density of the projection fields were quantified. The laminar and density features of these corticocortical connections demonstrate thirteen anatomically distinct subdivisions or areas distributed within the superior temporal sulcus and across the inferotemporal gyrus. These results serve to refine previous descriptions of inferotemporal areas, validate recently identified areas, and provide a new description of the hierarchical relationships among occipitotemporal cortical areas in macaques. ^

Risk and protective factors associated with depression among racial and ethnic mothers of adolescents

The central paradigm linking disadvantaged social status and mental health has been the social stress model (Horwitz, 1999), the assumption being that individuals residing in lower social status groups are subjected to greater levels of stress not experienced by individuals from higher status groups. A further assumption is that such individuals have fewer resources to cope with stress, in turn leading to higher levels of psychological disorder, including depression (Pearlin, 1989). Despite these key assumptions, there is a dearth of literature comparing the social patterning of stress exposure (Hatch & Dohrenwend, 2007; Meyer, Schwartz, & Frost, 2008; Kessler, Mickelson, & Williams, 1999; Turner & Avison, 2003; Turner & Lloyd, 1999; Turner, Wheaton, & Lloyd, 1995), and the distribution and contribution of protective factors, posited to play a role in the low rates of depression found among African- and Latino-Americans (Alegria et al., 2007; Breslau, Aguilar-Gaxiola, Kendler, Su, Williams, & Kessler, 2006; Breslau, Borges, Hagar, Tancredi, Gilman, 2009; Gavin, Walton, Chae, Alegria, Jackson, & Takeuchi, 2010; Williams, & Neighbors, 2006). Thus, this study sought to describe both the distribution and contribution of risk and protective factors in relation to depression among a sample of African-, European-, and Latina-American mothers of adolescents, including testing a hypothesized mechanism through which social support, an important protective factor specific to women and depression, operates. ^ Despite the finding that the levels of depression were not statistically different across all three groups of women, surprising results were found in describing the distribution of both risk and protective factors, in that results reported among all women who were mothers when analyzed masked differences within each ethnic group when SES was assessed, a point made explicit by Williams (2002) regarding racial and ethnic variations in women's health. In the final analysis, while perceived social support was found to partially mediate the effect of social isolation on depression, among African-Americans, the direct effect of social isolation and depression was lower among this group of women, as was the indirect effect of social isolation and perceived social support when compared to European- and Latina-American mothers. Or, put differently, higher levels of social isolation were not found to be as associated with more depression or lower social support among African-American mothers when compared to their European- and Latina-American counterparts. ^ Women in American society occupy a number of roles, i.e., that of being female, married or single, mother, homemaker or employee. In addition, to these roles, ethnicity and SES also come into play, such that the intersection of all these roles and the social contexts that they occupy are equally important and must be taken into consideration when making predictions drawn from the social stress model. Based on these findings, it appears that the assumptions of the social stress model need to be revisited to include the variety of roles that intersect among individuals from differing social groups. More specifically, among women who are mothers and occupy a myriad of other roles, i.e., that of being female, married or single, African- or Latina-American, mother, homemaker or employee, the intersection of all the roles and the social contexts that women occupy are equally important and must be taken into consideration when looking at both the types and distribution of stressors across women. Predictions based on simple, mutually exclusive categories of social groups may lead to erroneous assumptions and misleading results.^

Gene sequences of the lichen Cetraria aculeata

Lichens are symbioses between fungi (mycobionts) and photoautotrophic green algae or cyanobacteria (photobionts). Many lichens occupy large distributional ranges covering several climatic zones. So far, little is known about the large-scale phylogeography of lichen photobionts and their role in shaping the distributional ranges of lichens. We studied south polar, temperate and north polar populations of the widely distributed fruticose lichen Cetraria aculeata. Based on the DNA sequences from three loci for each symbiont, we compared the genetic structure of mycobionts and photobionts. Phylogenetic reconstructions and Bayesian clustering methods divided the mycobiont and photobiont data sets into three groups. An AMOVA shows that the genetic variance of the photobiont is best explained by differentiation between temperate and polar regions and that of the mycobiont by an interaction of climatic and geographical factors. By partialling out the relative contribution of climate, geography and codispersal, we found that the most relevant factors shaping the genetic structure of the photobiont are climate and a history of codispersal. Mycobionts in the temperate region are consistently associated with a specific photobiont lineage. We therefore conclude that a photobiont switch in the past enabled C. aculeata to colonize temperate as well as polar habitats. Rare photobiont switches may increase the geographical range and ecological niche of lichen mycobionts by associating them with locally adapted photobionts in climatically different regions and, together with isolation by distance, may lead to genetic isolation between populations and thus drive the evolution of lichens.

Crecimiento y recubrimiento de Azorella monantha Clos (Apiaceae) en los altos Andes Centrales de Mendoza, Argentina

Azorella monantha Clos (Apiaceae) es una planta en cojín que se desarrolla desde 2900 a 4000 m s.n.m. en los Andes Centrales de Mendoza, Argentina. Su población comprende individuos de diferentes formas y tamaño. Estos cojines muestran alta ocurrencia en sitios llanos y base de laderas donde hasta se superponen formando carpetas o alfombras más o menos continuas. Ellos presentan el fenómeno de recubrimiento al cubrir todos los obstáculos que aparecen en la expansión de sus crecimientos como bloques de piedras, ripio, plantas y hasta sus propios individuos. Estos hechos de recubrimientos señalan la alta capacidad de estos cojines de ocupar los espacios disponibles. En el área estudiada su crecimiento en diámetro lateral fue de 1,15 a 1, 90 cm/año (promedio de 1, 52 cm/año). Observaciones y mediciones de los cojines revelan el carácter agresivo de los mismos sobre los obstáculos y plantas invasoras que temporalmente ocupan los sitios de los espacios vacíos abiertos en sus superficies. Con esto último se demuestra su carácter totalmente opuesto al de una verdadera nodriza como se le atribuye a él y a otros cojines andinos.

Tab.1: Representative bulk-rock and trace element chemistry

High-pressure/low-temperature metabasites occupy a definite geological position within the structure of the Polar Urals and have a very important bearing on the understanding of the early history of the Ural Mountains. Recently obtained geological, petrographic, geochemical and isotope data allow some conclusions on this history. The metabasites of the Khord"yus and Dzela complexes contain relics of a Neoproterozoic (578 ±8 Ma) oceanic crust. This crust formed part of the base of the early Paleozoic (500 Ma) ensimatic island arc and experienced Ca-Al-Si±Na metasomatism and, probably, partial melting with the formation of boninite melts. However, so far no boninite volcanics have been found. The metabasites at the base of the island arc took part in the collision and as a consequence experienced glaucophane schist and greenschist facies metamorphism during the collision and obduction over the passive Baltic margin 350 ±11 Ma ago.

Notas sobre la experiencia

Muchas lecturas, textos, debates, programas de investigación en teoría de la comunicación, cultura y arte incluyen un tópico recurrente que pasa desapercibido ante las distintas interpretaciones. Éste comenzó a inquietarnos lo suficiente como para prestar mayor atención a los planteos que de él teníamos. Por esta razón decidimos ensayar en estas líneas algunas ideas recuperadas en ciertas lecturas sobre la experiencia. ¿Por qué ocuparnos de la experiencia? Desde hace un tiempo cierto discurso contemporáneo (a veces caracterizado como posmoderno) repite/repetimos que la experiencia, el sentir en el presente, cambió en una dirección totalmente nueva. No pocos debates se concentran en describir este nuevo escenario, intentando responder la pregunta disparada por la línea anterior: ¿qué direcciones tomó la experiencia contemporánea? Y por supuesto el interrogante es acompañado por otra duda con una mirada más escéptica: la experiencia contemporánea ¿es más rica o profunda que en el pasado?

(Table 1) Characteristics of Klebsormidium (filamentous green algae) strains from the Antarctic, Arctic and Slovakia

The freezing and desiccation tolerance of 12 Klebsormidium strains, isolated from various habitats (aero-terrestrial, terrestrial, and hydro-terrestrial) from distinct geographical regions (Antarctic - South Shetlands, King George Island, Arctic - Ellesmere Island, Svalbard, Central Europe - Slovakia) were studied. Each strain was exposed to several freezing (-4°C, -40°C, -196°C) and desiccation (+4°C and +20°C) regimes, simulating both natural and semi-natural freeze-thaw and desiccation cycles. The level of resistance (or the survival capacity) was evaluated by chlorophyll a content, viability, and chlorophyll fluorescence evaluations. No statistical differences (Kruskal-Wallis tests) between strains originating from different regions were observed. All strains tested were highly resistant to both freezing and desiccation injuries. Freezing down to -196°C was the most harmful regime for all studied strains. Freezing at -4°C did not influence the survival of studied strains. Further, freezing down to -40°C (at a speed of 4°C/min) was not fatal for most of the strains. RDA analysis showed that certain Antarctic and Arctic strains did not survive desiccation at +4°C; however, freezing at -40°C, as well as desiccation at +20 °C was not fatal to them. On the other hand, other strains from the Antarctic, the Arctic, and Central Europe (Slovakia) survived desiccation at temperatures of +4°C, and freezing down to -40°C. It appears that species of Klebsormidium which occupy an environment where both seasonal and diurnal variations of water availability prevail, are well adapted to freezing and desiccation injuries. Freezing and desiccation tolerance is not species-specific nor is the resilience only found in polar strains as it is also a feature of temperate strains.

Unidos y separados : La configuración de un peronismo progresista en la década del `80

En la tesina buscamos exponer las principales discusiones que atravesó un grupo de intelectuales peronistas durante la presidencia de Alfonsín, nucleados en la revista Unidos. El perfil innovador de la publicación dirigida por Carlos 'Chacho' Alvarez constituirá el escenario de debates de un peronismo dispuesto a emprender una revisión y renovación de su propia identidad. Nuestro trabajo comprende una descripción de la Renovación Peronista comandada por Antonio Cafiero, para luego centrarse en las controversias desatadas al interior de Unidos. Entre los varios debates gestados en la publicación, la Tesina centra su atención en los que ocuparon mayor espacio dentro de la misma: las discusiones en torno al carácter movimientista del peronismo, la caracterización del alfonsinismo, y las dos construcciones políticas que comenzaban a tomar forma hacia desde mediados de '80: la Renovación cafierista y el menemismo. Analizar las distintas posiciones adoptadas por quienes forman parte de la publicación nos permitirá apreciar los ejes problemáticos del progresismo peronista, que en la década del ´80 fue encarnado por la revista Unidos

Produçao do conhecimento em Educaçao Física : Algumas reflexoes a partir do Brasil

This paper aims to problematize knowledge production in Physical Education (PE) from the Brazilian context. From a hermeneutic perspective, it questions the nature of its knowledge considering the difficulties arising from the objects/subjects diversity, methodological approaches and epistemological perspectives. From historic and controversial theory-practice relationship, it identifies some research problems of the area, since it is heiress of the Western dualism in its different aspects. We understand that overcoming the epistemological classical notion places us before other types of research and knowledge validation. It also recognizes that the autonomy enjoyed by science is a concession of a Democratic and Republican Society (therefore, it is always relative) and that it is constantly threatened by instrumental and political perspectives. With regards to intervention problems, we consider that they should occupy a prominent place inside research concerns, even if it means radicalize this interdisciplinary character of Physical Education. We concludes that in these disciplinary field boundaries, and with an effort to link them with pedagogical challenges, knowledge production can contribute to shape a Physical Education identity.

Los profesores y la transmisión de la historia argentina reciente: entre el currículum y el contexto

El pasado cercano, traumático, doloroso y abierto de los años 70-80, signados por la violencia política y el terrorismo de Estado, se encuentra en la agenda de la transmisión escolar. Como contenido de historia y ciencias sociales y de diversos actos de conmemoración, esta historia reciente interpela a las instituciones escolares y a los profesores. ¿Cómo se construyen las prácticas docentes en torno a esta historia reciente? ¿Qué lecturas y traducciones realizan los profesores de las prescripciones oficiales? ¿Qué lugar ocupa la historia reciente en la enseñanza de la historia argentina del siglo XX? ¿Cómo se materializan las conmemoraciones y clases alusivas acerca del tema? Estas preguntas han guiado nuestra indagación y nuestro diálogo con profesores de Ciudad y Provincia de Buenos Aires (que ejercen en secundaria, EGB3 o Polimodal) A partir de la voz de estos protagonistas, el trabajo pretende reconstruir la trama que participa en la transmisión de la historia reciente; un entramado cruzado, entre otros elementos, por la propia historia de la enseñanza de la historia, las tradiciones escolares y las políticas institucionales.

Impactos de la modernización en los chacareros frutícolas del Alto Valle rionegrino

El objetivo del este trabajo es conocer los comportamientos productivos de los chacareros frutícolas, de cara a la modernización diferencial de la actividad. La estrategia metodológica propone un diseño de tipo estructurado, con triangulación de métodos cuanti y cualitativos, sobre una muestra selectiva de productores familiares de la localidad de Allen. El estudio revela que frente a los crecientes requerimientos de calidad y sanidad para la comercialización, emergen una nueva heterogeneización de las posiciones estructurales de los productores familiares capitalizados, con marcada vinculación a los comportamientos laborales familiares complementarios/suplementarios y connotaciones para sus senderos de reproducción social

Expansión urbana sobre tierras indígenas. El pueblo de La Toma en la Real Audiencia de Buenos Aires

A partir del estudio del caso de La Toma entre fines del siglo XVIII y principios del siglo XIX, se abordan los conflictos por las tierras de aquella parte de la población indígena encomendada y asentada en la jurisdicción de Córdoba, que fue reducida en "pueblos de indios" en el siglo XVII y que logró preservar el control sobre sus tierras comunales durante los dos siglos siguientes. Específicamente, se reconstruyen los intentos del cabildo, la Compañía de Jesús y los vecinos españoles por ocupar de hecho las tierras de ese pueblo de indios asentado en las cercanías de la ciudad de Córdoba y por legalizar esa situación, así como las estrategias indígenas de defensa de sus derechos, que contaron con el apoyo de los funcionarios la Real Audiencia de Buenos Aires y permitieron eludir las trabas impuestas por la justicia local.

Debates y polémicas en la conformación del campo historiográfico correntino a fines del siglo XIX

En la segunda mitad del siglo XIX se inició la conformación de un espacio historiográfico en Corrientes impulsado por diversos factores que contribuyeron a su delineación, comoel interés del Estado por reafirmar sus derechos sobre los territorios que habían pertenecido a las antiguas misiones y por reivindicar el lugar que sus elites dirigentes consideraban debía ocupar en el orden institucional creado por la Constitución de 1853. Ambos propósitos implicaban también un creciente interés por reforzar la identidad correntina frente al inicio de un proceso de construcción de una identidad nacional que comenzaba a esbozarse en los años ochenta.En este contexto surgen figuras notables como Ramón Contreras y Manuel Florencio Mantilla, quienes se volcarán a los estudios históricos para satisfacer estas demandas. A partir de sus obras seestablecieron vínculos con historiadores e instituciones de Buenos Aires y se desarrollaron debates y polémicas a través de la prensa, que permitieron ir definiendo un espacio historiográfico con sus autoridades y sus reglas de trabajo.

Aproximación a la obra periodística de Tomás Eloy Martínez : Representaciones de lo nacional e imágenes de escritor

El presente trabajo aborda la obra periodística de Tomás Eloy Martínez publicada en sus últimas antologías. En el análisis, se priorizan los modos en que su escritura frecuenta los géneros híbridos, la construcción de la imagen de escritor que emerge en estos escritos, y el lugar que busca ocupar en el campo literario e intelectual argentino (Bourdieu, 2003). Por último, se indaga en la concepción de cultura desde la cual Tomás Eloy Martínez interpreta la realidad y en las representaciones o imágenes de país que colabora en construir durante los noventa y a partir de la crisis del 2001