Limnological studies of a freshwater tropical impoundment : Powai Lake. 1: Morphometry and physical features

Powai Lake, an impoundment, came into existence in 1891 when the riverlet Dhanisar was dammed to conserve rainwater for drinking purpose. However, the water was found to be unpotable and the lake was leased out to the Angling Association, Bombay, exclusively for angling and sports. The lake is located about 27 km in the northeast of Bombay city at a height of 55m above MSL. It is rainfed with an average rainfall of 2,400 mm. The maximum waterspread area is 220 ha with a maximum capacity of 8.11 million m super(3) in the peak monsoon period when the water overflows the dam. There is no drawdown from the lake. Fluctuation in the water level is mainly due to evaporation and percolation. Transparency is low mainly due to suspended organic particles. There is hardly any difference in the water temperatures of surface and bottom, hence the annual heat budget is low at 2,818 cal m super(-2).

Seasonal and spatial distribution of Chlorophyll a in the north Arabian Sea bordering Pakistan

The average integrated chlorophyll a values for a 30-m deep surface layer in the north Arabian Sea bordering Pakistan ranged from negligible amounts to as high as 0.53μg chl. a 1ˉ¹(15.9mg mˉ²) during the period January 20, 1977 to June 4, 1977. The values, in general, decreased offshore except for the westernmost part of the Makran shelf, where unexpectedly high values were recorded over deep water. Seasonal distribution showed very high values in January (northeast monsoon season) which, with a few exceptions, gradually decreased to very low values in May, and then increased in June. The January peak may be related to winter cooling of surface waters resulting in convection and the June peak to the onset of southwest monsoon season in May. Coastal water shallower than 30m showed no seasonality and were often sites of intense phytoplankton blooms.

A new species and a new variety of Amphisolenia Stein from the north Arabian Sea bordering Pakistan

A new species Amphisolenia nizamuddinii Mansoor and Saifullah sp. nov. and a new variety Amphisolenia schroederi var. pakistanensis Mansoor and Saifullah var. nov. are hereby described from Pakistan's shelf and deep sea vicinity during the transition period between the northeast and southwest monsoon seasons.

Y chromosome haplotypes reveal prehistorical migrations to the Himalayas

By using 19 Y chromosome biallelic markers and 3 Y chromosome microsatellite markers, we analyzed the genetic structure of 31 indigenous Sino-Tibetan speaking populations (607 individuals) currently residing in East, Southeast, and South Asia. Our results showed that a T to C mutation at locus M122 is highly prevalent in almost all of the Sino-Tibetan populations, implying a strong genetic affinity among populations in the same language family. Furthermore, the extremely high frequency of H8, a haplotype derived from M122C, in the Sino-Tibetan speaking populations in the Himalayas including Tibet and northeast India indicated a strong bottleneck effect that occurred during a westward and then southward migration of the founding population of Tibeto-Burmans. We, therefore, postulate that the ancient people, who lived in the upper-middle Yellow River basin about 10,000 years ago and developed one of the earliest Neolithic cultures in East Asia, were the ancestors of modem Sino-Tibetan populations.

Heat budget studies of the north Arabian Sea during summer and winter seasons, 1992

In this study heat budget components and momentum flux for August and January 1992 over the north Arabian Sea are computed. The marine meteorological data measured on board during the cruises of PAK-US joint project (NASEER) are used for the computation. Significant differences were found in the heat budget components as well as in the momentum flux during different monsoon periods over the north Arabian Sea. The latent heat flux was always positive and attributed to the large vapour pressure gradient. The computed moisture and latent heat fluxes in January were higher than August The highest value of latent heat flux 309 W/m2 at station 8 was evaluated. These higher latent heat fluxes were due to the large vapour pressure gradient, air-sea temperature difference, the wind speed, and the prevailing wind direction (from north and northeast). Negative values of sensible heat fluxes in both seasons indicate that the heat transfer was from the atmosphere to the ocean. The negative values of net heat gain indicate that the sea surface field became an energy sink: or the sea surface supplied more energy to the atmosphere than it received from it. Large variation in the momentum flux mainly attributed to the variation in the wind speed. Aerial averages of heat and momentum fluxes were also computed.

Occurrence of Phaeocystis in mangrove creeks near Karachi

Phaeocystis is a prymnesiophycean flagellate which occurs preferably in cooler regions of the world and there are many accounts of its occurrence, life history, culture and seasonal abundance. On the other hand, information from warmer regions is extremely scarce. The present paper is a first report of its occurrence from the warmer area of northeast Arabian Sea.

Study on the reproductive biology of Pinctada fucata (Gould) (Mollusca: Pteriidae)

Annual cycle of gonad development and spawning in pearl oyster, Pinctada ficata (Gould) in Nakhiloo, Northeast Persian Gulf, was investigated over two years from August 1994 to June 1996. Gonadal condition was assessed by staging criteria to describe gametogenic development from histological preparations of randomly collected individuals of all sizes. A bimodal gametogenic pattern with summer and autumn spawning periods was evident throughout the study. Gametogensis commenced in November-December which proceeded by major gonadal maturation during February-April. Summer spawning was observed from April to July with major spawning at the latter end. During spawning peak in July, low level of gametogensis was noticed. Gametogenic activity was picked up again in August-September which proceeded by autumn spawning from September to December. Towards the end of spawning season, incidence of gonadal inactivation increased. Minimum level of gonadal activity was observed in November. Temperature regime appears to have influential role in regulation of gametogenic and spawning processes. Gonadal development and spawning trends were similar in both sexes. P. radiaata was found to be protandrous hermaphrodite which matured as a male at shell height greater than 20 mm. Biseivality was uncommon and the sex ratio was about 1:1. Ultrastructure of gametes were investigated in the Pictada fucata (Gould). "Auxiliary cells" closely accociated with developing oocytes were observed. Each oocyte seems to be associated with only one secretory cell. which is characterized by an abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum at the onset of vitellogenesis. Contact between this cell and a developing oocytes is maintained by a desmosome-like junction which can be observed when the vitelline coat is formed. these "auxiliary or nursing cells" seem to play a tropic role in vitellogenesis, and may be involved in the formation of the vitelline coat of the oocytes. Oocytic degeneration is observed in this species, it is a continuous phenomenon of varing intensity throughout the year. The ultrastructural changes resulting in lysis of the oocyte are described. Mature spermatozoa consist of a broad, cap-shaped acrosomal vesicle, subacrosomal material, a round nucleus, two triplet substructure centrioles surrounded by four spherical mitochondria, and a flagellum anchored to the distal centriole and plasma membrane. Spermatozoa of Plucata closley resemble to those of other investigated Pteriidae. Changes in proximate composition of soft tissue and gonadal cycle of Pinctada fucata was studied. Mobilization and utilization of stored reserves are apparent during gametogenesis and gonadal maturation. Protein reserves are utilized during spermatogenesis while reserved carbohydrates form the main energy donor in oogenesis. The role of lipid as am.: energy reserve is second to that of carbohydrate.

Macrozoobenthic community of Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake of China, in the Yangtze floodplain

Poyang Lake (Poyang Hu) is located at the junction of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze (Changjiang) River, covering an area of 3283 km(2). As one of the few lakes that are still freely connected with the river, it plays an important role in the maintenance of the unique biota of the Yangtze floodplain ecosystem. To promote the conservation of Poyang Lake, an investigation of the macrobenthos in the lake itself and adjoining Yangtze mainstream was conducted in 1997-1999. Altogether 58 benthic taxa, including, 22 annelids, 8 mollusks, 26 arthropods, and 2 miscellaneous animals, were identified from quantitative samples. The benthic fauna shows a high diversity and a marine affinity. The standing crops of benthos in the lake were much higher than those in the river, being 659 individuals/m(2) and 187.3g/m(2) (wet mass) in the main lake, and 549 individuals/m(2) and 116.6 g/m(2) in the lake outlet, but only 129 individuals/m(2) and 0.4g/m(2) in the river. The dominant roup in the lake was Mollusca, comprising 63.4% of the total in density and 99.5% in biomass. An analysis of the functional feeding structure indicated that collector-filterers and scrapers were predominant in the lake, up to 42.2% and 24.7% in density and 70.2% and 29.2% in biomass, respectively, while shredders and collector-gatherers were relatively common in the river. The present study was restricted to the northern outlet and the northeast part of Poyang Lake. A scrutiny is required for the remaining areas.

The radio counter-jet of the QSO 3C 48

We present multi- frequency radio observational results of the quasar 3C 48. The observations were carried out with the Very Large Array ( VLA) at five frequencies, 0.33, 1.5, 4.8, 8.4, and 22.5 GHz, and with the Multi- Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network ( MERLIN) at the two frequencies of 1.6 and 5 GHz. The source shows a one- sided jet to the north within 1", which then extends to the northeast and becomes diffuse. Two bright components ( N2 and N3), containing most of the flux density, are present in the northern jet. The spectral index of the two components is alpha(N2) similar to -0.99 +/- 0.12 and alpha(N3) similar to - 0.84 +/- 0.23 ( S proportional to nu(alpha)). Our images show the presence of an extended structure surrounding component N2, suggestive of strong interaction between the jet and the interstellar medium ( ISM) of the host galaxy. A steep- spectrum component, labelled S, located 0.25 " southwest to the flat- spectrum component which could be the core of 3C 48, is detected at a significance of > 15 sigma. Both the location and the steepness of the spectrum of component S suggest the presence of a counter- jet in 3C 48.

东北3省人类活动与水土流失关系的演进

受人类对土地过度垦殖及不合理耕作利用的影响,水土流失正在成为制约我国东北地区耕地可持续利用和粮食生产的主要因素。在对历史资料甄别与整理的基础上,分析近代以来东北3省区人口、土地利用变化及其与水土流失关系的演变。结果表明:到20世纪中期,东北地区人口压力达到60~70人/km2,伴随着生活方式的转变,机械化技术的应用,林草湿地被垦殖,森林覆盖率降到30%,垦殖率达30%,使区域性水土流失问题日益严重。

激光衍射法与吸管法对东北黑土区土壤粒径分布测定的差异性研究

目前激光衍射法(laser diffraction method,LD)逐步被用于土壤颗粒粒径分布(particle size distribution, PSD)的分析,为了对比LD法和吸管法测定东北黑土区土壤PSD的差异性,采用LD法和吸管法分别对东北黑土区宾州河流域36个土壤剖面不同层次178个土壤样品的PSD值进行了测定与分析。结果表明,同吸管法相比,LD法低估了土壤的黏粒含量,平均低估幅度19.69%,而高估了土壤的粉粒和砂粒含量,平均高估幅度分别为14.66%和5.13%。LD法所得PSD结果依据美国土壤质地分类制判定的土壤质地,相对于吸管法总体由粉黏质偏向粉砂质方向。建立了LD法与吸管法测定PSD结果的转换模型,将LD法测定的PSD结果利用转换模型校正后,其测定的各土壤粒级同吸管法相比,准确度达96.97%～98.71%,判定土壤质地的准确率也达83.15%。

东北黑土有机碳、全氮空间分布及其特性研究

土壤有机碳、全氮的空间分布及特性研究一直是土壤学研究的热点，研究东北黑土有机碳、全氮的空间分布和特性可以为东北黑土退化机理及可持续利用提供理论依据。本文以东北黑土区1200个样点为基础，依据尺度分布理论，采用宏观统计分析和微观化学分析相结合，研究了黑土有机碳、全氮空间分布规律；黑土有机碳与其它养分之间的关系；黑土有机碳、全氮在团聚体中的富集以及黑土活性有机碳、氮的区域分布特性。本次研究是继第二次土壤普查以来对黑土有机碳系统研究，首次摸清了东北黑土有机碳库的现状和分布规律，及其与其它养分库的关系，采用经典统计学方法绘制了黑土有机碳空间分布图；对影响有机碳库和养分的驱动因素进行了分析，发现了黑土有机碳库的“经向”和“纬向”分布规律；总结了黑土有机碳库频数分布特征，以及自第二次土壤普查以来几十年间的变化。探讨了土壤有机碳空间分布的驱动因子，绘制了土壤有机碳、全氮的空间分布等值线图，阐明了土壤活性有机碳、氮库的空间分布对土壤有机碳库的贡献： 1、土壤有机碳、全氮水平空间分布在纬向上主要受温度控制，在经向上主要受水分控制，黑土有机碳与纬度的显著相关（r=0.70188, P<0.01），与黏粒显著正相关（r=0.43, P<0.01），与砂粒显著负相关（r=-0.44, P<0.01）。 2、土壤有机碳、全氮垂直空间分布在一定深度内受温度控制，水分状况作用较小，黏粒在深度剖面作用不显著，随着土壤深度的增加，土壤有机C和全N含量降低。 3、土壤团聚体组分中有机碳、全氮含量与纬度呈正相关关系，大团聚体和微团聚体更易受水热条件影响，大团聚体的有机碳富集因子E≥1的趋势明显而微团聚体及粉＋黏组分有机碳的富集因子E≤1的趋势明显，说明大团聚体中有机碳具有累积趋势而微团聚体和粉＋黏组分中有机碳处于消耗状态。 4、黑土其它养分的分布均非正态分布，有机碳与全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效钾和速效磷之间的相关关系分别为0.795、-0.295、0.801、0.244和0.036，只有有机碳和速效磷之间没有相关性，而与其它养分在P<0.01水平呈显著相关。 5、土壤活性有机碳和活性有机氮随纬度增加活性组分增大，土壤活性有机碳的比例较小，说明黑土有机物料输入较低；黑土活性有机氮含量差别不大，说明微生物活动相似。

沈阳市城市扩展分析与模拟研究

城市扩展及其导致的土地利用/土地覆被变化作为全球环境变化的重要驱动因素，日益引起社会各界的普遍关注。新中国成立以来，沈阳市经历了快速的城市化过程，特别是进入21世纪以来，伴随着人口增长和经济发展，中心城区持续向外扩张，导致基本农田大量流失，区域景观和生态环境质量日益下降，给沈阳市的城市增长管理和可持续发展带来严峻挑战。 利用遥感(RS)、地理信息系统(GIS)和空间Logistic回归模型对1988-2004年间沈阳市的城市扩展与土地利用变化特征及其驱动力进行深入分析，并在此基础上利用基于细胞自动机(CA)的城市扩展模型－SLEUTH对历史时期(1988-2004年)的城市扩展格局进行模拟与重建，对未来(2005-2030年)不同发展条件下的城市扩展进行模拟与环境影响评估，以期为城市增长管理与区域可持续发展提供决策支持。本论文取得如下研究成果： (1) 1988-2004年间，沈阳市辖区城市面积持续增加，城市扩展强度逐渐增强；2000-2004年城市扩展规模和强度都达到最大；沈阳市城市化进程正在显著加速。城市扩展具有明显的空间分异特征：整个研究时段内，市区西南方向是城市扩展的主方向，中心城区周边(8~10km)及各级经济开发区是扩展的热点区域。 (2) 1988-2004年间，沈阳市辖区土地利用变化最主要的特征是耕地向城乡建设用地的大面积转换。持续的城市扩展导致区域景观日益破碎化和复杂化。城市和其它建设用地的景观影响日益增强，耕地的优势地位减弱，且破碎化程度增加，斑块形状日趋复杂。城市化空间梯度上的土地利用格局变化分析表明，随着城市化水平的提高，景观组成和空间配置发生了明显变化。处在城市化前沿区域的城郊地区，景观格局表现出景观多样性增加、破碎化程度加深和形状日趋复杂等特点。 (3) 1988-2004年间，沈阳市辖区城市扩展主要受到社会经济发展的推动作用和政策因素的激励与导向作用。空间Logistic回归分析显示，开发区建设与行政建制变化、道路与城镇分布、浑河和城市规划是城市空间扩展的主要影响因素。 (4) ROC曲线统计、Kappa统计与多分辨率误差估算以及景观指数从城市扩展总体预测能力、增长数量、空间位置和空间格局上给予SLEUTH模型一个全面、客观的评估。总体上来说，SLEUTH模型具有可信精度，较好地表达了沈阳市1988-2004年间城市扩展的总体趋势，对城市扩展面积的拟合精度很高。但是，与其它城市扩展模型相似，在像元尺度上对城市扩展空间位置的预测和对城市空间格局的表达还有待于提高；随着分辨率的降低，模型对城市发展中空间邻域关系的表达效果趋于提高。SLEUTH模型对城市扩展的总体模拟精度要高于空间Logistic回归模型，但是对城市扩展位置的模拟准确性低于后者。 (5) 通过分析发现，影响SLEUTH模拟准确性的主要因素包括模型结构、地方城市发展特征、模型应用的时空尺度和模型输入数据的获取与误差传递等。通过修改模型组分设置、开展模型敏感性与不确定性分析以及实行城市扩展一体化模拟可以提高SLEUTH模型的模拟效力，而具体实现方法需要深入研究。基于模型评估结果和效力提高的对策，对城市扩展演变的时空格局进行了较为准确的重建，为其相关研究提供了可靠的历史数据资料。 (6) 遵循沈阳市目前和未来的区域开发政策、最新修编的城市总体规划，以及社会对区域生态环境保护的要求，设计了五个城市发展预案，即目前趋势发展预案(CT)、区域开发政策与城市规划预案(PP)、生态可持续发展预案(ES)、紧凑式发展格局预案(CD)和特定增量发展预案(GA)。对不同预案条件下未来(2004-2030年)城市扩展面积和空间格局、城市扩展热点区域、城市景观格局变化及其景观生态效应，以及对其它类型土地资源的消耗四个方面进行了分析和比较，为沈阳市城市规划、生态建设以及可持续增长管理提供了许多有价值的决策信息。

东北森林净第一性生产力对气候变化的响应

研究森林净第一性生产力（NPP）对全球气候变化的响应，是了解全球气候变化与森林生态系统相互作用关系的关键。本文在分析长白山、丰林、呼中三个研究区气候变化特征的基础上，运用生态系统过程模型PnET-II模型,模拟东北主要森林的NPP过去43年来的动态，并结合动态GCM结果（CGCM2）预测未来一百年东北主要森林NPP的变化趋势。通过与实测数据和文献资料的对比，结合模型敏感性和不确定性分析，验证和探讨了模拟结果的准确性。主要结论如下： （1）近43年的气候变化趋势表明，三个研究区的气温都有上升趋势。丰林和长白山地区20世纪90年代后期增温明显，但降水减少，表现出暖干化趋势。呼中地区90年代后的降水减少趋势并不明显,表明东北的暖干化趋势存在地区差异。未来近100年气候变化趋势预测表明，三个研究区的日最低温和日最高温都有明显的增加趋势，日最低温的增幅大于日最高温。未来100年气温变化可分成两个阶段，21世纪前半叶温度增幅较小，而后半个世纪增速明显加快。与温度的增加趋势相反，21世纪光合有效辐射有明显的下降趋势。三地的降水在21世纪都有增加,但具体年际变化趋势有差异。这些与森林生长密切相关的气候因子的变化，将会给该地区的森林生态系统带来深刻的影响。 （2）模型估算三个地区主要森林NPP值,过去43年来有下降趋势，但不显著，而且存在年代际间波动。未来一百年，随着气候变暖，三地所有森林的NPP值都有不同程度的降低，2050年前NPP变动幅度较小，2050年后有较明显的减少趋势。 （3）模拟CO2浓度增加和气候变化对NPP的双重影响，丰林和长白山的红松林和硬阔林的NPP有不同幅度的增加，而云冷杉林和落叶松的NPP都减少。气候变化对云冷杉和落叶松林的生产力影响较大。 （4）植被参数的敏感性分析表明，与光合作用有关的植被参数对NPP的预测结果影响较大；对气候参数的敏感性分析表明，森林NPP对温度的反应敏感。 （5）通过与实测值的比较，结果表明PnET-II模型能较准确地估算东北森林净第一性生产力；与其它已有文献的比较其结果表现不一，其中一个重要原因可能是PnET-II模拟时未考虑氮碳循环过程导致。

松辽平原农田土壤碳氮磷分布特征研究

本文对东北地区松辽平原不同纬度农田土壤碳氮磷剖面分布特征进行比较研究，从北到南依次采集了黑土区的海伦、哈尔滨、德惠、公主岭和棕壤区的昌图、沈阳、大石桥玉米地土壤样品。所得主要结论如下： 各样点土壤有机碳含量随土层深度的增加而下降。海伦、哈尔滨和公主岭样点40～60cm土层土壤有机碳含量及其储量显著低于0～40cm土层；海伦、哈尔滨、德惠、公主岭和昌图样点土壤水溶性有机碳表现出随深度增加先升高后降低，在沈阳和大石桥样点土壤水溶性有机碳表现出随深度而下降的趋势；各样点0～20cm土层土壤微生物量碳含量高于20～40cm土层。典型黑土区海伦点0～100cm的SOC储量为213.4t•hm-2, 棕壤区昌图、沈阳、大石桥样点分别为69.9、87.9和73.4t•hm-2，海伦点SOC储量是棕壤区三样点的3倍左右。 土壤全氮、碱解氮、硝态氮及氮储量随剖面深度增加而下降。德惠点在20～40cm土层、沈阳点在40～60cm土层、昌图点在60～80cm土层的全磷含量最低；其他样点土壤全磷、有机磷含量和磷储量总体上呈现随土层深度增加而下降的趋势。黑土区样点土壤有机磷含量在40cm以下各土层迅速下降，而棕壤区各样点20cm以下各土层差异不显著。除公主岭和大石桥点外, 其他各样点土壤Olsen-P含量在0～20cm 土层显著高于20～40cm土层。 土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、全磷和有机磷含量随纬度增加而增加。营养元素在纬度上的分异主要受成土母质、气候条件等自然因素影响，施肥、耕作等人为活动对表层土壤营养元素分布的影响较大。除土壤水溶性有机碳外，土壤碳、氮和磷之间及其与其他基本理化性质间均存在显著的相关关系。