Combination of optical and on-destructivemechanicaltechniques for the measurement of maturity in peach

Increasing consumer dissatisfaction related with lack of ripeness in peach has been repeatedly reported since 1990 to the present day. There is thus, a great interest in improving the assessment of peach maturity, currently based on Magness Taylor firmness (destructive, highly variable, and time consuming) and colour (not reliable for highly coloured varieties). The present research studies as an alternative several non-destructive (ND) measurements, based on multispectral imaging, visible spectra, and low mass impact response. Their relationship with maturity, as well as the potential of their combination was studied. As a result, two rather independent (R2 = 0.3) groups of non-destructive measurements, chlorophyll related optical indexes and low mass impact (LMI) measurements, were identified. Optical measurements showed the best behaviour for assessing maturity at harvest, while LMI measurements reflected handling incidences, showing a promising potential to be used to control transport and postharvest handling.

Si and SixGe1-x NWs studied by Raman spectroscopy

Group IV nanostructures have attracted a great deal of attention because of their potential applications in optoelectronics and nanodevices. Raman spectroscopy has been extensively used to characterize nanostructures since it provides non destructive information about their size, by the adequate modeling of the phonon confinement effect. The Raman spectrum is also sensitive to other factors, as stress and temperature, which can mix with the size effects borrowing the interpretation of the Raman spectrum. We present herein an analysis of the Raman spectra obtained for Si and SiGe nanowires; the influence of the excitation conditions and the heat dissipation media are discussed in order to optimize the experimental conditions for reliable spectra acquisition and interpretation.

Medidas de propiedades dieléctricas de materiales de construcción mediante elipsometría

A set of measurements of electromagnetic properties of building materials is presented in this work. The method is based on the measurement of the polarization state of the reflected signal from the material under study at a fixed angle of incidence. From the measured data, by using the Fresnel equations, it has been obtained the dielectric constant. Measurements were done by using two horn antennas at the frequency of 9 GHz. The obtained results are compared with the free space reflexion and transmission Fresnel method and other reflection methods based on a conductor waveguide. The method explained in this work can be used for other type of materials and its main advantage is the non-destructive character and the ease implementation.

Estudio sobre la influencia del contenido de humedad de la madera en ensayos no destructivos para Pinus nigra Arn, Pinus radiata D. Don y Pinus sylvestris L.

El presente proyecto se centra en el estudio de la influencia que ejerce el contenido de humedad en la madera sobre mediciones realizadas mediante diversos ensayos no destructivos (NDT – Non Destructive Tests-). El objetivo es encontrar la relación entre el contenido de humedad de la madera de varias especies del género Pinus (Pinus nigra Arn, Pinus radiata D.Don. y Pinus sylvestris Ait.) y los resultados de diferentes NDT (penetrómetro, resistencia al arranque de tornillos y velocidad de propagación de ondas inducidas y ultrasonidos), y en caso de existir, tratar de elaborar un modelo o factor de corrección que nos permita tener en cuenta dicha influencia en futuros NDT.

Estudios de eficiencia en el uso de la luz y estimaciones de biomasa en cultivos energéticos de Salix sp. en Central New York, USA

La productividad es un factor importante que influye en la viabilidad económica de un cultivo energético de sauce y maximizarla se convierte en un tema primordial. Esta investigación está directamente relacionada con dicha característica. La productividad varía según los clones cultivados, que pueden ser mejorados y seleccionados genéticamente. Los programas genéticos requieren de una información previa (productividad media en función del porte y número de los tallos, características de las hojas, resistencia a las plagas, etc.) que ayudará a obtener clones más productivos y resistentes. Por ello, nuestra investigación consta de dos estudios: (1) Evaluación de la eficiencia del uso de la luz o LUE (Light Use Efficiency). El incremento de biomasa y la eficiencia del uso de la luz (LUE) fue estudiado en 15 clones del genero Salix durante los meses de junio a septiembre de 2011 en Belleville (Central New York, USA). Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: (1) Evaluar la eficiencia del uso de la luz en la explicación a la variación en la producción de biomasa y (2) Determinar si existen diferencias significativas entre clones evaluando el índice de área foliar (LAI) y algunos componentes de las hojas (N, P, K,…). Se concluye que la variación de biomasa está relacionada con la cantidad de luz interceptada y con la eficiencia de su uso. Dicha información debe de ser transferida para ayudar a mejorar genéticamente los futuros clones a comercializar, con el fin de maximizar la productividad y aumentar la resistencia a plagas. (2) Estimación de biomasa a través de modelos de regresión. Los estudios de investigación relacionados con la productividad requieren estimaciones no destructivas de la biomasa aérea. Sin embargo, el nivel de precisión requerido y la inversión de tiempo son excesivos para operaciones comerciales con grandes extensiones (plantaciones de 10.000 ha). Por esta razón, se estudia el nivel de especificidad (específico, intermedio y general) en la toma de datos de campo sobre los mismos 15 clones (12 de ellos se pueden agrupar en 5 grupos según su genotipo origen) del genero Salix, empleados en el estudio anterior. Para todos los niveles estudiados se observaron diferencias significativas. Pero desde nuestro punto de vista, las diferencias obtenidas no son relevantes. Para validar los modelos finalmente seleccionados se calcularon los porcentajes de error entre la biomasa estimada por los modelos de regresión calculados y la biomasa real obtenida tras los pesajes de biomasa, todo ello se realizó para cada clon según nivel de especificidad. ABSTRACT Productivity is an important factor in the economic viability of a willow crop´s, therefore, maximize it becomes a major factor. This study is directly related to this feature. Productivity, among other factors, may vary depending on different clones, which can be improved and selected genetically. Genetic programs require prior information (average productivity, size and number of stems, leaf characteristics, resistance to pests, etc.) to help you get more productive clones resistant to local pests. Our research consists of two studies: (1) Evaluation of the efficiency of use of light (LUE, Light Use Efficiency). The increase of biomass and light use efficiency (LUE) was tested on 15 clones of the genus Salix during June and September 2011 in Belleville (Central New York, USA). The objectives of this study were: (1) evaluate the light use efficiency and its relationship with the variation in biomass production and (2) determine whether there are significant differences between clones evaluating the leaf area index (LAI) and some traits of the leaves (N, P, K). We studied the correlation with the light use efficiency. It is concluded that the variation of biomass was related to the amount of light intercepted and its efficiency. Such information must be transferred to help improve future genetically clones to market in order to maximize productivity and increase resistance to pests. (2) Estimation of biomass through regression models. Research studies related to productivity estimates require precision and non destructive biomass. However, the level of accuracy required and the investment of time are excessive for large commercial operations with extensions (plantations of 10,000 ha). Precisely for this reason, we study the level of specificity (specific, intermediate and general) in making field data on the same 15 clones (12 of them can be grouped into five groups according to their genotype origin) of the genus Salix, employees in the previous study. For all levels studied some significant differences were observed. But from our practical standpoint, the differences are not relevant. Finally, to validate the selected models, we calculated the percent of bias between estimated biomass (by the regression models) and real biomass obtained after the weighing of biomass, all this process was done for each clone by level of specificity.

Clasificación de madera estructural de gran escuadría de Pinus sylvestris l. mediante métodos no destructivos

Esta Tesis Doctoral aborda el estudio de algunas técnicas no destructivas para la clasificación de madera de pino silvestre (Pinus sylvestris L.) de procedencia española y de gruesa escuadría para uso estructural. Para la estimación del módulo de elasticidad y de la resistencia se han aplicado técnicas basadas en la propagación de una onda a través de la madera: onda de ultrasonidos (Sylvatest) o de impacto (Microsecond Timer) en dirección longitudinal, o vibración en dirección longitudinal y transversal (PLG). Para la estimación de la densidad se han utilizado métodos puntuales basados en el penetrómetro (Pilodyn) y en la resistencia al arranque de un tornillo. Las variables obtenidas han sido relacionadas con los resultados de la clasificación visual y con las propiedades de la madera determinadas mediante ensayo mecánico. Además, se ha estudiado la influencia de la humedad de la madera en la velocidad de propagación de la onda para definir factores de corrección a los equipos comerciales utilizados en esta Tesis Doctoral. La muestra de estudio está formada por 244 piezas procedentes de El Espinar, Segovia, con dimensiones nominales 150 x 200 x 4000 mm (218 piezas) y 100 x 150 x 3000 mm (26 piezas). De todas las piezas se tomaron datos de dimensiones, contenido de humedad y clasificación visual según la norma UNE 56544. En las primeras 218 vigas se aplicaron las técnicas de ultrasonidos, onda de impacto y vibraciones, se determinó la densidad de cada pieza completa y se ensayaron según la norma UNE-EN 408 para obtener el módulo de elasticidad global (en todos los casos) y local (en un porcentaje), así como de la tensión de rotura. Se extrajeron tres rebanadas para los ensayos puntuales y para el cálculo de la densidad. En las otras 26 piezas se repitieron los ensayos (transmisión de onda, vibración y clasificación visual) durante el proceso de secado natural, desde que la madera se encontraba húmeda (en torno al 40 %) hasta la humedad de equilibrio higroscópico (en torno al 9%). Respecto a la clasificación visual no se han observado diferencias significativas entre la calidad MEG o las rechazadas. Se han estudiado las consecuencias del secado (principalmente las deformaciones) y no se ha encontrado justificación para que estos defectos penalicen la clasificación. Para la densidad, el mayor R2 obtenido ha sido de un 47% a partir del uso combinado de los dos equipos puntuales (penetrómetro y arranque de tornillo). Para el módulo de elasticidad y la tensión de rotura, la mejor relación se ha obtenido a partir de la técnica de vibración longitudinal, con unos coeficientes de 79% y un 52% respectivamente. Se ha estimado que el aumento de un punto porcentual en el contenido de humedad de la madera produce una pérdida de velocidad de onda del 0,58% para Sylvatest y Microsecond Timer, y del 0,71% para PLG. Estos valores son generalizables para un rango de humedades entre 9 y 25 %. Abstract This Doctoral Thesis approach the study of some non-destructive techniques as a classification method for structural use of Scots pine wood of Spanish origin with large cross section. To estimate the modulus of elasticity and strength have been used techniques based on the propagation of a wave through the timber: ultrasonic wave (Sylvatest) or stress wave (Microsecond Timer) in longitudinal direction, or vibration in longitudinal and transversal direction (PLG). Local probing methods have been applied to estimate the density, based on penetrometer (Pilodyn) and the screw withdrawal resistance meter. The different variables obtained were compared with the results of the visual grading and the values of the properties of the wood determined by the standardized test of the pieces. Furthermore, the influence of the moisture content of the wood on the velocity of propagation of the waves through the timber has been analyzed in order to establish a correction factor for the commercial devices used in this Doctoral Thesis. The sample tested consists of 244 pieces from El Espinar, Segovia, with nominal dimensions 150 x 200 x 4000 mm (218 pieces) and 100 x 150 x 3000 mm (26 pieces). Data collection about dimensions, moisture content and visual grading according to the UNE 56544 standard were carried out on all the pieces. The first 218 pieces were tested by non destructive techniques based on ultrasonic wave, stress wave and vibration, the density was measured on each piece and bending test according to the UNE-EN 408 standard was carried out for calculating the global modulus of elasticity (all the pieces) and the local one (only a representative group), as well as the bending strength. Three slices were removed for implementing the local probing and to calculate the density. In the other 26 pieces the tests (wave transmission, vibration and visual grading) were repeated during the natural drying process, from wet timber (around 40 % moisture content) up to the equilibrium moisture content (around 9%). Regarding the visual grading no significant differences were observed between MEG or rejected pieces. The effects of drying (deformations) have been studied, and justification for the specification hasn't been found. To estimate the density, the greater R2 obtained was 47% by using both penetrometer and screw withdrawal. For the modulus of elasticity and bending strength, the best relationship has been found with the longitudinal vibration, with coefficients of 79% and 52% respectively. It has been estimated that an increase of a point of the moisture content of the wood produces a decrease on the velocity obtained from ultrasonic or stress wave of 0,58%, and 0,71 % for the one obtained from vibration. Those values can be generalized for a range of moisture content from 9 to 25 %.

Application of photoreflectance to advanced multilayer structures for photovoltaics

Photoreflectance (PR) is a convenient characterization tool able to reveal optoelectronic properties of semiconductor materials and structures. It is a simple non-destructive and contactless technique which can be used in air at room temperature. We will present experimental results of the characterization carried out by means of PR on different types of advanced photovoltaic (PV) structures, including quantum-dot-based prototypes of intermediate band solar cells, quantum-well structures, highly mismatched alloys, and III?V-based multi-junction devices, thereby demonstrating the suitability of PR as a powerful diagnostic tool. Examples will be given to illustrate the value of this spectroscopic technique for PV including (i) the analysis of the PR spectra in search of critical points associated to absorption onsets; (ii) distinguishing signatures related to quantum confinement from those originating from delocalized band states; (iii) determining the intensity of the electric field related to built-in potentials at interfaces according to the Franz?Keldysh (FK) theory; and (v) determining the nature of different oscillatory PR signals among those ascribed to FK-oscillations, interferometric and photorefractive effects. The aim is to attract the interest of researchers in the field of PV to modulation spectroscopies, as they can be helpful in the analysis of their devices.