Arvoja näkyvissä : Kaunokirjallisuuden etiikka Ludwig Wittgensteinin filosofian valossa

The goal of this dissertation was to study whether it is possible and meaningful to apply Ludwig Wittgenstein s distinction between saying (Sagen) and showing (Zeigen) to ethically oriented literary criticism. The following questions were used as the primary guidelines: 1. Is it possible, in the context of literary criticism, to put in practice Wittgenstein s ethical conceptions, which are quite theoretical and metaphysical by nature? 2. If so, what practical literary devices do authors use if they want to demonstrate their ethical values within the frame of a fictional work? 3. Does philosophy offer useful ethical consepts that open us new and interesting readings in fiction? The philosophical background of Wittgenstein s distinction is clarified in chapter I. This clarification is based on his main works, Tractatus logico-philosophicus and Philosophishe Untersuchungen, the published correspondence between Wittgenstein and Paul Engelmann, and selected Wittgenstein research and papers. Analyzing ethics and it s expression in Georg Trakl s poetry further elucidates Wittgenstein s concept of showing. The concept that a literary work is an act of an author was used as a starting point. The presumption was that analyzing this act of an author will reveal how ethical values can be demonstrated in literature. Categorizing an author s act at different levels of literary expression provides the structure of this study. In chapters IV - XIII literary devices useful for demonstrating ethics are examined and explained using examples from the works of Joseph Conrad, Charles Dickens, Nikolay Leskov, Ludwig Uhland, Eino Leino, Pentti Haanpää and Maria Jotuni. The concepts and views of researchers and writers such as Mihail Bahtin, Peter Juhl, E. D. Hirsch, Peter Lamarque and Stein Haugom Olsen are used. The concepts outlined in previous chapters are then applied in three case studies: Aeschylus s Oresteia trilogy, J-L. Runeberg s poem Sven Dufva and Sofi Oksanen s novel Puhdistus (Purge). On the whole, Wittgenstein s idea that ethical values can be demonstrated (shown) by means of literature is revealed as a fruitful point of departure for a more exact ethical reading, offering a new perspective on literary works.

The Contribution of Rare Species to Community Phylogenetic Diversity across a Global Network of Forest Plots

Niche differentiation has been proposed as an explanation for rarity in species assemblages. To test this hypothesis requires quantifying the ecological similarity of species. This similarity can potentially be estimated by using phylogenetic relatedness. In this study, we predicted that if niche differentiation does explain the co-occurrence of rare and common species, then rare species should contribute greatly to the overall community phylogenetic diversity (PD), abundance will have phylogenetic signal, and common and rare species will be phylogenetically dissimilar. We tested these predictions by developing a novel method that integrates species rank abundance distributions with phylogenetic trees and trend analyses, to examine the relative contribution of individual species to the overall community PD. We then supplement this approach with analyses of phylogenetic signal in abundances and measures of phylogenetic similarity within and between rare and common species groups. We applied this analytical approach to 15 long-term temperate and tropical forest dynamics plots from around the world. We show that the niche differentiation hypothesis is supported in six of the nine gap-dominated forests but is rejected in the six disturbance-dominated and three gap-dominated forests. We also show that the three metrics utilized in this study each provide unique but corroborating information regarding the phylogenetic distribution of rarity in communities.

Positive Relationships between Association Strength and Phenotypic Similarity Characterize the Assembly of Mixed-Species Bird Flocks Worldwide

Competition theory predicts that local communities should consist of species that are more dissimilar than expected by chance. We find a strikingly different pattern in a multicontinent data set (55 presence-absence matrices from 24 locations) on the composition of mixed-species bird flocks, which are important sub-units of local bird communities the world over. By using null models and randomization tests followed by meta-analysis, we find the association strengths of species in flocks to be strongly related to similarity in body size and foraging behavior and higher for congeneric compared with noncongeneric species pairs. Given the local spatial scales of our individual analyses, differences in the habitat preferences of species are unlikely to have caused these association patterns; the patterns observed are most likely the outcome of species interactions. Extending group-living and social-information-use theory to a heterospecific context, we discuss potential behavioral mechanisms that lead to positive interactions among similar species in flocks, as well as ways in which competition costs are reduced. Our findings highlight the need to consider positive interactions along with competition when seeking to explain community assembly.

A novel in-situ polymer derived nano ceramic MMC by friction stir processing

Fiction stir processing (FSP) is a solid state technique used for material processing. Tool wear and the agglomeration of ceramic particles have been serious issues in FSP of metal matrix composites. In the present study, FSP has been employed to disperse the nanoscale particles of a polymer-derived silicon carbonitride (SiCN) ceramic phase into copper by an in-situ process. SiCN cross linked polymer particles were incorporated using multi-pass ESP into pure copper to form bulk particulate metal matrix composites. The polymer was then converted into ceramic through an in-situ pyrolysis process and dispersed by ESP. Multi-pass processing was carried out to remove porosity from the samples and also for the uniform dispersion of polymer derived ceramic particles. Microstructural observations were carried out using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) of the composite. The results indicate a uniform distribution of similar to 100 nm size particles of the ceramic phase in the copper matrix after ESP. The nanocomposite exhibits a five fold increase in microhardness (260HV(100)) which is attributed to the nano scale dispersion of ceramic particles. A mechanism has been proposed for the fracturing of PDC particles during multi pass FSP. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

La excéntrica centralidad de las materias artúrica y caballeresca en la narrativa gallega y catalana de la década de 1950 (Merlín e familia de Cunqueiro y Llibre cavalleries de Perucho)

Integran este número de la revista ponencias presentadas en Studia Hispanica Medievalia VIII: Actas de las IX Jornadas Internacionales de Literatura Española Medieval, 2008, y de Homenaje al Quinto Centenario de Amadis de Gaula

La poética del relato de viaje entre la Edad Media y el siglo XXI

Resumen: Este ensayo reproduce la conferencia plenaria pronunciada en las Undécimas Jornadas Internacionales de Literatura Española Medieval en la Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina. Pone en relación la narrativa de viajes de la Edad Media con su versión contemporánea en el mundo hispánico: después de trazar un panorama general, presenta una selección de rasgos que se mantienen sin gran variación hasta los siglos XX y XXI (doble temporalidad, presencia del azar, recursos retóricos, variaciones de lo maravilloso, etc.). En la segunda parte trata la relación con las disciplinas científicas, el relato de viaje como género, el desplazamiento, la ilustración fotográfica y la complejidad de la edición, entre otros puntos. El ensayo concluye con unas breves reflexiones sobre la valoración del relato de viaje como género literario.

Fenomenología del quehacer mágico: su evolución en la literatura caballeresca castellana

Integran este número de la revista ponencias presentadas en Studia Hispanica Medievalia VIII: Actas de las IX Jornadas Internacionales de Literatura Española Medieval, 2008, y de Homenaje al Quinto Centenario de Amadis de Gaula

A política polissêmica: fazeres, dizeres e silêncio nos programas Fale com o Deputado e Fale com a Ouvidoria da Câmara dos Deputados

Estudo sobre os programas Fale com o Deputado e Fale com a Ouvidoria da Câmara dos Deputados, a fim de se captarem representações, crenças e valores sobre a política. O trabalho assume a perspectiva de uma antropologia da política, desnaturalizando conceitos como democracia, participação e representação política, para captar as concepções dos sujeitos envolvidos no diálogo proposto pela Câmara dos Deputados, por intermédio desses canais de correio eletrônico. Assim, a tese não estuda os programas Fale com o Deputado e Fale com a Ouvidoria, mas nos programas. As mensagens enviadas, juntamente com os documentos produzidos pela Casa Legislativa acerca dos programas, bem como notícias e entrevistas com parlamentares e assessores sobre eles, são suportes de expressão de significados associados ao mundo da política, muitas vezes, concebidos como excludentes. Assim, eles são veículos de expressão, mas também de ação, que expõem combinações, normalmente contrapostas, por uma espécie de ficção construída em torno da noção de modernidade: indivíduo e pessoa, diretos e favores, particular e universal. Os documentos abordados revelam conciliações e embates discursivos que acenam para distintas maneiras de os atores fazerem a política, as quais acabam por revelar entendimentos sobre como se dá a gestão interna à Casa desses programas e questionamentos a respeito dos limites e possibilidades da Internet no fazer político.

¿Es tan perjudicial la televisión que ven los jóvenes y adolescentes?

[Es] En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de un estudio piloto realizado en la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco con una muestra de sujetos con edades comprendidas entre 12 y 40 años. Dentro de una investigación más amplia donde se pretende relacionar la dieta televisiva y los valores implícitos y explícitos que se perciben en los contenidos televisivos, se exponen algunas diferencias y semejanzas respecto a los hábitos y dieta televisiva de los diferentes grupos de edad. Los datos encontrados nos permiten concluir que los programas más visionados no son los más perniciosos para adolescentes y jóvenes, ni tampoco que el visionado de la televisión impida el desarrollo de otro tipo de actividades.

Nota sobre el cine “de romanos” en el siglo XXI

[ES] A la vista del sorprendente éxito de Gladiator (Ridley Scott, 2000) y del aparente revival del cine “de romanos” en el siglo XXI, puede tener su interés una reflexión sobre este fenómeno cultural y social. Ese es el objetivo de este texto, que analiza las diferentes películas rodadas en la última década y los debates surgidos en torno a la relación entre historia y ficción. En el texto se tratan igualmente los cambios sociológicos y culturales sufridos por las sociedades occidentales, muy diferentes de las de la edad dorada del peplum en el siglo XX, por ejemplo en torno al papel de la mujer o la opinión sobre la guerra, y que afectan a los esquemas tradicionales de este peculiar género cinematrográfico.

Toward canonical trophic aggregations

The attractiveness of the trophic concept is that it was the first attempt at a holistic perspective on an ecosystem which met with any degree of success. Just as temperature, pressure, and volume allow one to characterize the incomprehensible multitude of particulate motions in a simple gas, the hope is that a small set of figures, such as trophic storages or trophic efficiencies, permit one to compare two ecosystems with overwhelmingly disparate complexities. Thus, if it were possible to demonstrate that an arbitrary network of ecosystem flows could be reduced to a trophic configuration, the aggregation process thus defined would become a key component of the evolving discipline of "macroscopic ecology" (see also Odum 1977 and Ulanowicz 1979).

Redeeming America's Fall from Grace between Utopian and Dystopian horizons: The case of George Lucas's Star Wars trilogy

Eterio Pajares, Raquel Merino y José Miguel Santamaría (eds.)