Efecto de diferentes niveles y formas de aplicación del fertilizante fosfórico en el rendimiento del frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Este experimento fue realizado en la estación Experimental “La compañía” con el objetivo de determinar el efecto de tres niveles de fósforo, cuatro formas de aplicación del fertilizante y la interacción entre estos factores en el rendimiento del frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Los niveles estudiados fueron: 50 ,100 y 200 kg/ha p2O5 más un control (sin aplicación). El fertilizante fosfórico fue aplicado de cuatro formas diferentes: al voleo, en forma convencional, en porciones entre cada dos plantas y concentrado en el fondo del surco. Los resultados indican que la mayor efecto del fertilizante aplicado, en términos de rendimiento, se obtiene cuando este se aplica concentrado en el fondo del surco. Al aplicar 50 kg/ha P2O las formas de aplicación no afectaron significativamente el rendimiento. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, el rendimiento alcanzado con la aplicación de 50 kg/ha P2O5 concentrados en el fondo del surco, es estadísticamente comparable con los rendimientos producidos en la aplicación de 100 o 200kg/ha P2O5, de cualquier forma que estos sean aplicados.

Efecto de cinco niveles de nitrógeno, cinco niveles de fósforo y uno exploratorio de potasio, en el crecimiento y desarrollo del cafeto (Coffea arabiga L.)

Este estudio se llevo a efecto en terrenos de la finca "Santa Gertrudis", de la comarca Venecia, del Departamento de Jinotega, durante el periodo de junio 1974 a febrero de 1976. En lote de café (Coffea arabiga L.) variedad de caturra, recién sembrado al terreno definitivo, se estudiaron cinco niveles de N, (0-10-20-30 y 40 g/pta/A, cinco niveles de P2O5 (0-10-20-30 y 40 g/pta/A) y dos niveles de K2O (0 y 10 g/pta/A). Se escogieron catorce tratamientos; trece provenientes de un cuadrado doble y un ultimo tratamiento complementado con potasio a los niveles de intermedios de nitrógeno y fósforo, para observar el comportamiento de este elemento bajo las condiciones del ensayo. Como fuente de elementos se usaron: Urea al 46% para nitrógeno, triple superfosfato al 46% para fósforo, y Muriato de potasio al 60% para potasio, respectivamente. Se uso un arreglo de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Los mayores incrementos de desarrollo se obtuvieron con los tratamientos 20-20-0 y 30-30-0 g/pta/A de N-P2O5 - K2O, respectivamente, equivalente a aplicar 93.52 - 93.52 - 0 y 140.28 - 140.28 - 0 kg/Ha/A de N - P2O5 - K2O, respectivamente. A niveles menores de 20-20-0 y mayores de 30-30-0 g/pta/A, no se obtuvo respuesta significativa. La relación 1-1-0 es la que dio el mayor desarrollo de plantas.

Efecto del espaciamiento entre matas y niveles de fósforo (P205) en el rendimiento de grano del maní (Arachis hypogaea L)

Con el propósito de encontrar la distancia de siembra entre matas y el nivel optimo de fertilizante fosfórico que permitiera obtener altos rendimientos de maní, se realizo el experimento: "Efecto del espaciamiento entre matas y niveles de fósforo (P2O5) en el rendimiento de grano de maní. (Arachis hypogaea L.)", en el campo experimental de la Escuela Nacional de Agricultura y Ganadería. Se estableció la siembra el día 11 de Julio de 1968, habiéndose cosechado 95 días después. Durante el ciclo vegetativo de las plantas se registraron caracteristicas agronomicas, ademas, del rendimiento de capsula, dias a la floracion, altura de plantas, enfermedades, peso de 100 capsulas, numero de semillas en 100 capsulas, numero de granos por onza, porcentaje de grano y madurez. En este experimento se uso el diseño de bloques al azar con arreglo de parcelas en franjas, por ser este el que se ajustaba a los propósitos y ademas ofrecía mayores ventajas en cuanto al manejo de las plantas en el campo. La respuesta a los niveles de fósforo (P2O5) y a las distancias de siembra mostró tendencia cuadrática, a esta se adecuo la ecuación del caso para así determinar el nivel optimo de fertilizante fosfórico que resulto ser 155 kilogramos por hectárea. La distancia de siembra con la que se obtuvieron los mayores rendimientos fue de 10 centímetros. Se observo que el nivel de 155 kilogramos de P2O5 por hectárea duplico los rendimientos de capsula-

Quantificação de metais (Al, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn e Cu) nos sedimentos do sistema estuarino das Ilhas de Tinharé-Boipeba (Bahia - Brasil)

O sistema estuarino das Ilhas de Tinharé-Boipeba está inserido na região do Baixo Sul baiano (Bahia Brasil), costa nordeste brasileira, e conectam-se com o oceano através de três saídas principais, Morro de São Paulo, Boipeba e Barra dos Carvalhos. Informações relacionadas à presença de metais no sedimento são quase inexistentes para a região. Nestes estuários foram coletadas 40 amostras de sedimento, onde analisou-se a concentração de metais (Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb e Zn) através da extração com água-régia, segundo o protocolo do material de referência BCR-701 (RAURET et al., 2001). Baixas concentrações de metais foram registradas nas proximidades das saídas para o mar e no Canal de Garapuá e Rio Grande. Altas concentrações, porém praticamente dentro dos valores de referência na CONAMA 344/04, foram registradas no Rio Una, na maior parte do Rio Cairu, Rio das Almas, em quase todas as estações, no braço leste do Rio Cairu e na porção intermediária do Rio dos Patos. As concentrações dos metais (mg.kg1) apresentaram valores entre os seguintes intervalos, Al (3,57 x 104 a 3,19 x 102), Cu (1,02 x 102 a 0,35), Fe (4,33 x 104 a 2,05 x 102), Mn (1,44 x 103 a 2,73), Pb (6,67 x 101 a 2,66) e Zn (5,08 x 102 a 3,18). Através da análise estatística ACP (Análise dos Componentes Principais) e dos gráficos de correlação entre a granulometria do sedimento (areia, silte e argila) e os metais, observou-se maiores concentrações de metais com o aumento do percentual de silte e diminuição do percentual de areia. Também se identificou uma forte correlação entre a ocorrência do fósforo e a presença de metais. Acredita-se que a principal espécie química em questão seja o fosfato (PO43 ou P2O5) que é uma base dura, onde a ligação com os metais se dá pelo oxigênio, sendo o caráter iônico relevante. Não foi identificada uma correlação entre a presença de metais e a argila, fato atribuído ao baixo teor dessa granulometria para todas as amostras do estudo e a composição da argila desses estuários

PIXE and ICP-AES analysis of early glass unearthed from Xinjiang (China)

Early glasses (about 1066 BC-220 AD) unearthed from Xinjiang of China were chemically characterized by using PIXE and ICP-AES. It was found that these glasses were basically attributed to PbO-BaO-SiO2 system, K2O-SiO2 system, Na2O-CaO-SiO2 system and Na2O-CaO-PbO-SiO2 system. The results from the cluster analysis showed that some glasses had basically similar recipe and technology. The PbO-BaO-SiO2 glass and the K2O-SiO2 glass were thought to come from the central area and the south of ancient China, respectively. The part of the Na2O-CaO-SiO2 glass (including the Na2O-CaO-PbO-SiO2 glass) might be imported from Mesopotamia, while the other part might be locally produced. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Origin of Chinese ancient glasses;study on the earliest Chinese ancient glasses

The earliest Chinese ancient glasses before the West Han Dynasty (200 BC) from different regions are studied. The glass samples were unearthed from Hunan, Hubei, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangdong and Xinjiang of China. The chemical composition of these glasses samples is analyzed by proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) method and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). It is shown that the glass chemical compositions belong to barium-lead silicate BaO-PbO-SiO2, potash soda lime silicate K2O (Na2O)-CaO-SiO2 (K2O/Na2O > 1), soda potash lime silicate Na2O (K2O)-CaO-SiO2 (K2O/Na2O < 1) and potash silicate K2O-SiO2 glass systems, respectively. The origins of the earliest Chinese ancient glasses are discussed from the archaeological and historical points of view. These four types of Chinese ancient glasses were all made in Chinese territory using local raw materials. The glass preparation technology was related to the Chinese ancient bronze metallurgy and proto-porcelain glaze technology. The glass technology relationship between the East and the West is analyzed at the same time.

一批中国古代镶嵌玻璃珠化学成分的检测报告

结合外束质子激发X荧光（proton induced X-ray emission,PIXE）和能量色散X射线荧光（energy dispersive X-ray emission,EDXRF）分析技术,对中国新疆、湖北、四川、广东出土的古代镶嵌玻璃珠的化学成分进行了检测.结果表明：新疆拜城克孜尔墓地出土的西周-春秋时期镶嵌玻璃珠为CaO-MgO-SiO2玻璃,战国时期中国境内的PbO-BaO-SiO2和Na2O-CaO-SiO2镶嵌玻璃珠是同时存在的.本文亦对相关问题进行了一些讨论,并提出了部分今后的工

中国出土的一批战国古玻璃样品化学成分的检测

对化学成分体系的确定是中国古代玻璃研究中很重要的一个方面，为此，用外束质子激发X荧光技术（PIXE）、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱分析（ICP-AES）等方法，对新疆、湖北、河南和重庆等地区出土的一批战国时期的玻璃珠（包含镶嵌玻璃珠）、玻璃璧样品进行了检测。结果表明，战国时期中国境内同时存在PbO-BaO-siO2、K2O-SiO2、Na2O-CaO-SiO2三种硅酸盐玻璃，分布的地域范围从中国的新疆东部一直到长江、黄河流域，以及南方的四川、贵州等地区。中国古代的PbO-BaO-SiO2和K2O-SiO玻

广西合浦地区出土汉代古玻璃的质子激发X荧光分析

采用改进的外束质子激发x射线荧光、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱分析等技术，对广西合浦地区出土的一批汉代古玻璃样品的化学成分和结构特性等进行了检测。结果表明：两汉时期，合浦地区的古代玻璃存在K2O—SiO2、PbO-BaO-SiO2、PbO—SiO2、Na2O-K2O-PbO-SiO2、（Na2O）K2O-CaO—SiO2等多种类型，但绝大多数为K2O—SiO2玻璃。表面风化可引起K2O-SiO2玻璃表面K2O等助熔剂的流失和富硅层的形成。综合化学成分以及器型特征，认为我国汉代K2O—SiO2玻璃制造技术可

中国古代玻璃的起源--中国最早的古代玻璃研究

研究了西汉（公元前200年）以前不同地区的最早的中国古代玻璃．古玻璃样品出土于新疆维吾尔自治区、湖北省、湖南省、四川省、云南省、广东省和贵州省等地．用质子激发X光荧光技术、能量分散X光荧光技术和电感耦合等离子发射光谱等方法测定了玻璃的化学成分．这些古玻璃样品的化学成分属于以下玻璃系统：Na2O（K2O）-CaO—SiO2（K2O：Na2O〈1），K2O（Na2O）-CaO—SiO2（K2O：Na2O〉1），K2O—SiO2和BaO—PbO—SiO2．从考古和历史学观点讨论了这些最早的中国古代玻璃的起源，指

掺铒碲-钨-钠玻璃基质的光谱性质研究

制备了用于离子交换法制备光波导器件的掺铒碲-钨-钠玻璃基质。应用扎得-奥菲而特(Judd—Ofelt)理论计算了玻璃样品的三个强度参量，由强度参量计算了Er^3+离子的自发跃迁几率、荧光分支比等光谱参量；应用麦克库玻(McCumber)理论，计算了Er^3+离子在1．5μm的受激发射截面，荧光测试发现Er^3+离子的荧光半峰全宽可达65nm。比较了Er^3+离子在不同玻璃基质中的光谱特性。结果表明，Er^3+离子在碲-钨-钠玻璃中具有较高的受激发射截面和较宽的荧光半峰全宽，可以用于宽带光波导器件的制备。

掺铒碲酸盐玻璃的热力学稳定性和光谱性质的研究

分析了掺Er^3+碲酸盐玻璃的热力学稳定性能，研究了掺Er^3+碲酸盐玻璃的吸收和荧光光谱性质；应用Judd-Ofelt理论计算了碲酸盐玻璃中Er^3+离子的强度参数Ω(Ω2=4．79×10^-20cm^2,Ω4=1．52×10^-20cm^2，Ω6=0．66×10^-20cm^2)，计算了离子的自发跃迁几率，荧光分支比；应用McCumber理论计算了Er^3+的受激发射截面(σe=10．40×10^-21cm^2)、Er^3+离子^4I13／2→^4I15／2发射谱的荧光半高宽(FWHM=65．5nm)

Tuning the Eu luminescence in glass materials synthesized in air by adjusting glass compositions

The doped Eu3+ ions can be partly reduced to Eu2+ in a series of MO-B2O3: Eu (M=Ba, Sr, Ca) glasses synthesized in air atmosphere, but not in the 12CaO-7Al(2)O(3): Eu glass. The different redox-behavior of Eu ions in these two glass systems is attributed to the different host optical basicity. It is found that a lower valence state of Eu2+ is more favorable in acidic glasses, which have lower optical basicities. A notion of the critical value of optical basicity is introduced empirically, which can be used as a guide for the selection of glass composition suitable to incorporate Eu2+ for luminescence. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of bismuth oxide on the thermal stability and Judd-Ofelt parameters of Er 3(+)/Yb3(+) co-doped aluminophosphate glasses

The Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped glasses with compositions of xBi(2)O(3)-(65-x)P2O5-4Yb(2)O(3)-11Al(2)O(3)-5BaO-15Na(2)O (where x = 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mol%) were prepared using the normal melt quench technique. The optical absorption spectra of the glasses were recorded in the wavelength range 300-1700 nm. The effect of Bi2O3 content on the thermal stability and absorption spectra of glasses was investigated. In addition, the Judd-Ofelt parameters and oscillator strengths were calculated by employing Judd-Ofelt theory. It was observed that the positions of the fundamental absorption edge and cut-off wavelength shifted towards red as the content of Bi2O3 increased. However, there were no red shifts found both in the peak wavelength and in the center of mass wavelength of all absorption bands with Bi2O3 content increasing. The results of Judd-Ofelt theory analysis showed that Judd-Ofelt parameters Omega(t), (t = 2, 4, 6) changed sharply when Bi2O3 concentration exceeded 5 mol%. The variation trends of experimental oscillator strength were similar with those of Judd-Ofelt parameters as function of Bi2O3 concentrations. Moreover, differential scanning calorimetry experiments showed that the increases of Bi2O3 content weakened the network structure and then lowered the thermal stability of the glasses. The spontaneous emission probability A(rad), branching ratio beta and the radiative lifetime tau(rad) were also calculated and analyzed. The stimulated emission cross-section of Er3+ was calculated according to the McCumber theory. It was found that the stimulated emission cross-section of Er3+ was monotonically increases with Bi2O3 content increasing. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Structural Integration of Tellurium Oxide into Mixed-Network-Former Glasses: Connectivity Distribution in the System NaPO3–TeO2

FSodium phosphate tellurite glasses in the system (NaPO3)(x)(TeO2)(1-x) were prepared and structurally characterized by thermal analysis, vibrational spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and a variety of complementary solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. Unlike the situation in other mixed-network-former glasses, the interaction between the two network formers tellurium oxide and phosphorus oxide produces no new structural units, and no sharing of the network modifier Na2O takes place. The glass structure can be regarded as a network of interlinked metaphosphate-type P(2) tetrahedral and TeO4/2 antiprismotic units. The combined interpretation of the O 1s XPS data and the P-31 solid-state NMR spectra presents clear quantitative evidence for a nonstatistical connectivity distribution. Rather the formation of homootomic P-O-P and Te-O-Te linkages is favored over mixed P-O-Te connectivities. As a consequence of this chemical segregation effect, the spatial sodium distribution is not random, as also indicated by a detailed analysis of P-31/No-23 rotational echo double-resonance (REDOR) experiments. ACHTUNGTRENUNG(TeO2)1 x were prepared and structurally characterized by thermal analysis,vibrat ional spectroscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and a variety of complementary solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. Unlike the situation in other mixed-network-former glasses,the interaction between the two network formers tellurium oxide and phosphorus oxide produces no new structural units,and no sharing of the network modifier Na2O takes place. The glass structure can be regarded as a network of interlinked metaphosphate-type P(2) tetrahedral and TeO4/2 antiprismatic units. The combined interpretation of the O 1s XPS data and the 31P solid-state NMR spectra presents clear quantitative evidence for a nonstatistical connectivity distribution. Rather,the formation of homoatomic P O P and Te O Te linkages is favored over mixed P O Te connectivities. As a consequence of this chemical segregation effect,the spatial sodium distribution is not random,as also indicated by a detailed analysis of 31P/23Na rotational echo double-resonance (REDOR) experiments.