Exterior of the A. Godshaw Jewelry Store; Welwyn Garden City.

The store moved to larger quarters in the 1990s.

Exterior of the A. Godshaw Jewelry Store; Welwyn Garden City.

The store moved to larger quarters in the 1990s.

A parallel-serial binary arbitration scheme for collision-free multi-access techniques

Multi-access techniques are widely used in computer networking and distributed multiprocessor systems. On-the-fly arbitration schemes permit one of the many contenders to access the medium without collisions. Serial arbitration is cost effective but is slow and hence unsuitable for high-speed multiprocessor environments supporting very high data transfer rates. A fully parallel arbitration scheme takes less time but is not practically realisable for large numbers of contenders. In this paper, a generalised parallel-serial scheme is proposed which significantly reduces the arbitration time and is practically realisable.

Portrait of Ernst Gottschalk with his wife Louise "Isa" nee Rosenthal; Welwyn Garden City, England.

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Oral Health among Iranian Preadolescents : A School-Based Health Education Intervention

The present study assessed oral health and its determinants among Iranian preadolescents, and evaluated a school-based health education programme aimed to promote their oral health. The target population of this study comprised a random sample of the third-grade school children (n = 459) of all public primary schools in 19 areas of Tehran city. The data came from a clinical examination of the children and two self-administered questionnaires: one for children, and one for mothers. The clinical dental examination was performed for recording children's oral health. The mothers' questionnaires covered background factors, oral self-care (OSC) behaviours and oral health-related knowledge and attitude statements. After baseline data collection, a community trial was designed as a 3-month school-based intervention study. For the intervention trial, the third-grade classes as the clusters were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. Three kinds of intervention were implemented, one in class, one via the parents, and one as a combination of these. One group served as controls with no intervention. The outcome measures of the study were changes in plaque and bleeding scores recorded. The results showed that mean dmft was 3.75 (SD = 2.8) for the primary teeth and mean DMFT was 0.4 (SD = 0.9) for the permanent teeth. All children had plaque on at least one index tooth and bleeding on probing in at least one index tooth occurred in 81%. About one-third (34%) of the children reported favourable OSC and less than half (46%) of the children reported brushing their teeth at least twice daily. Girls reported favourable OSC (OR = 2.0), had decay-free teeth (OR = 1.8) and treated permanent teeth (OR = 3.3) more than did boys. Mother's oral health-related aspects, i.e., mother's favourable OSC, high knowledge levels of and positive attitudes towards oral health, and active supervision of the child's tooth brushing had a positive effect on all aspects of children's oral health status and behaviours (ORs from 1.3 to 1.9). After the intervention, the results showed a strong intervention effect on healthy gingiva in both groups where parents were involved: the parental-aid group (OR = 7.7, 95% CI 2.2-27.7) and combined group (OR = 6.6, 95% CI 2.0-22.1). To improve children's oral health, community school-based oral health educational programmes should be established to include all primary schools. These programmes should benefit from the common risk factor approach and a multi-sectored approach to employ for communication between the community, the school, and the family. Oral health interventions should empower the parents' ability to improve their own oral health behaviour and then to transfer that healthy behaviour to their children.

Wedding portrait of Freddy Gottschalk and Barbara Joan Doble with guests; Welwyn Garden City, England.

Portrait includes a number of family members who were able to get to England before the war and who chose to remain there.

Unidentified man, Elizabeth Krakauer nee Gottschalk and Hans Krakauer on board the ship Koenigstein traveling from Antwerp to New York City on their emigration voyage from Germany.

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Distributed Scheduling for Multi-Hop Wireless Networks

We study the performance of greedy scheduling in multihop wireless networks where the objective is aggregate utility maximization. Following standard approaches, we consider the dual of the original optimization problem. Optimal scheduling requires selecting independent sets of maximum aggregate price, but this problem is known to be NP-hard. We propose and evaluate a simple greedy heuristic. We suggest how the greedy heuristic can be implemented in a distributed manner. We evaluate an analytical bound in detail, for the special case of a line graph and also provide a loose bound on the greedy heuristic for the case of an arbitrary graph.

The navigation and visualisation of environmental audio using zooming spectrograms

Acoustic recordings play an increasingly important role in monitoring terrestrial and aquatic environments. However, rapid advances in technology make it possible to accumulate thousands of hours of recordings, more than ecologists can ever listen to. Our approach to this big-data challenge is to visualize the content of long-duration audio recordings on multiple scales, from minutes, hours, days to years. The visualization should facilitate navigation and yield ecologically meaningful information prior to listening to the audio. To construct images, we calculate acoustic indices, statistics that describe the distribution of acoustic energy and reflect content of ecological interest. We combine various indices to produce false-color spectrogram images that reveal acoustic content and facilitate navigation. The technical challenge we investigate in this work is how to navigate recordings that are days or even months in duration. We introduce a method of zooming through multiple temporal scales, analogous to Google Maps. However, the “landscape” to be navigated is not geographical and not therefore intrinsically visual, but rather a graphical representation of the underlying audio. We describe solutions to navigating spectrograms that range over three orders of magnitude of temporal scale. We make three sets of observations: 1. We determine that at least ten intermediate scale steps are required to zoom over three orders of magnitude of temporal scale; 2. We determine that three different visual representations are required to cover the range of temporal scales; 3. We present a solution to the problem of maintaining visual continuity when stepping between different visual representations. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of the approach with four case studies.

MT10049 Pheromone component of a multi target approach to fruitspotting bug management

A pheromone-based trapping system will be developed for both A. lutescens and A. nitida to improve insecticide timing and to rationalise use.

Elisabet Eliasberg writing in her first American home after fleeing Hitler's Austria; 73 Payson Avenue, New York City Portraits Women

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Multi-time scale analysis applied to long time simulation of power systems

The results are presented of applying multi-time scale analysis using the singular perturbation technique for long time simulation of power system problems. A linear system represented in state-space form can be decoupled into slow and fast subsystems. These subsystems can be simulated with different time steps and then recombined to obtain the system response. Simulation results with a two-time scale analysis of a power system show a large saving in computational costs.

Group portrait at the farewell banquet for Dr. William Antopol from the laboratory staff of Mount Sinai Hospital; Ken's Chop House, New York city Portraits Groups

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Robustness of the partitions in grouping multi-item inventories

A recent work obtained closed-form solutions to the.problem of optimally grouping a multi-item inventory into subgroups with a common order cycle per group, when the distribution by value of the inventory could be described by a Pareto function. This paper studies the sensitivity of the optimal subgroup boundaries so obtained. Closed-form expressions have been developed to find intervals for the subgroup boundaries for any given level of suboptimality. Graphs have been provided to aid the user in selecting a cost-effective level of aggregation and choosing appropriate subgroup boundaries for a whole range of inventory distributions. The results of sensitivity analyses demonstrate the availability of flexibility in the partition boundaries and the cost-effectiveness of any stock control system through three groups, and thus also provide a theoretical support to the intuitive ABC system of classifying the items.