Fios do novelo: crianças negras, educação e trabalho em Vassouras, 1871 a 1910

Nosso trabalho analisa o processo de escolarização de crianças negras em Vassouras, de 1871 a 1910. Intencionamos unir as reflexões do campo da História e da História da Educação, para compreender a organização da sociedade e a inserção da escola nessa cidade, destacando a presença das crianças negras nos bancos escolares. Para conhecer a organização social de Vassouras dialogamos com Raposo (1978) e Stein (1990), dois historiadores cujas obras marcam a história da cidade. Seguindo a mesma trilha, analisamos a produção dos historiadores ligados ao Vale do Paraíba, tais como: Salles (2008), Muaze (2008) e Gomes (2006) para compreender a formação das famílias e seus títulos de nobreza. Também dialogamos com os professores Góes e Florentino (1997) e Mattos (1998) para compreender a formação da família escrava e o significado da liberdade. Na História da Educação destacamos os estudos desenvolvidos por: Gondra e Schueler (2008), que sinalizam que há poucos estudos sobre o processo de escolarização de negros, afrodescendentes e índios no período imperial. Esse quadro apontado pelos autores citados anteriormente já começou a mudar. O estudo de Silva (2000) sobre a escola para meninos negros na Corte foi um dos pioneiros na perspectiva histórica. Igualmente desbravador do campo foi a pesquisa realizada por Barros (2005) sobre o processo de escolarização de negros em São Paulo. Os trabalhos de Fonseca (2002 e 2009) desmistificam a tese de ausência de crianças negras nas escolas das Gerais. Gonçalves (2005) faz um balanço da questão e apresenta novas lacunas em áreas onde ainda não há pesquisas sobre os negros na Educação, entre elas a província do Rio de Janeiro. Este estudo buscou preencher essa lacuna a partir de documentos que se encontravam em diferentes acervos da cidade e do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Nessas instituições coletamos: pedidos de Soldada, o jornal O Vassourense, verbetes de dicionários tecnológicos de Direito e verbetes do dicionário bibliográfico Velho Sobrinho. Em Vassouras encontramos os Mapas de Frequência Escolar e os Ofícios remetidos ao diretor da Instrução Pública. O processo histórico de educação dos libertos, iniciado com a Lei do Ventre Livre em 1871, em Vassouras pode ser acompanhado pelos Mapas de Frequência Escolar, e esses documentos nos permitem acompanhar até que idade essa criança negra permanecia na escola e também conhecer a sua saída para o mundo do trabalho. O ano de 1910 foi estabelecido para acompanhar o movimento interno, da própria documentação existente nos acervos de Vassouras, que após esse período apresentavam lacunas que dificultavam a montagem de uma série que permitisse uma análise das questões educacionais em paralelo com as questões sociais e econômicas. Adotamos como suporte teórico metodológico o Paradigma Indiciário proposto por Ginzburg (1989), que busca reconstruir as sociedades de tempos pretéritos a partir de vestígios, pistas e indícios presentes nos documentos. Também nos auxiliaram na leitura dos documentos os livros escritos por Elias (1993, 1994, 2000 e 2001), nos quais buscávamos base para ler o mundo das letras e o mundo do trabalho da sociedade vassourense no final do Império e início da República

Fios do novelo: crianças negras, educação e trabalho em Vassouras, 1871 a 1910

Nosso trabalho analisa o processo de escolarização de crianças negras em Vassouras, de 1871 a 1910. Intencionamos unir as reflexões do campo da História e da História da Educação, para compreender a organização da sociedade e a inserção da escola nessa cidade, destacando a presença das crianças negras nos bancos escolares. Para conhecer a organização social de Vassouras dialogamos com Raposo (1978) e Stein (1990), dois historiadores cujas obras marcam a história da cidade. Seguindo a mesma trilha, analisamos a produção dos historiadores ligados ao Vale do Paraíba, tais como: Salles (2008), Muaze (2008) e Gomes (2006) para compreender a formação das famílias e seus títulos de nobreza. Também dialogamos com os professores Góes e Florentino (1997) e Mattos (1998) para compreender a formação da família escrava e o significado da liberdade. Na História da Educação destacamos os estudos desenvolvidos por: Gondra e Schueler (2008), que sinalizam que há poucos estudos sobre o processo de escolarização de negros, afrodescendentes e índios no período imperial. Esse quadro apontado pelos autores citados anteriormente já começou a mudar. O estudo de Silva (2000) sobre a escola para meninos negros na Corte foi um dos pioneiros na perspectiva histórica. Igualmente desbravador do campo foi a pesquisa realizada por Barros (2005) sobre o processo de escolarização de negros em São Paulo. Os trabalhos de Fonseca (2002 e 2009) desmistificam a tese de ausência de crianças negras nas escolas das Gerais. Gonçalves (2005) faz um balanço da questão e apresenta novas lacunas em áreas onde ainda não há pesquisas sobre os negros na Educação, entre elas a província do Rio de Janeiro. Este estudo buscou preencher essa lacuna a partir de documentos que se encontravam em diferentes acervos da cidade e do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Nessas instituições coletamos: pedidos de Soldada, o jornal O Vassourense, verbetes de dicionários tecnológicos de Direito e verbetes do dicionário bibliográfico Velho Sobrinho. Em Vassouras encontramos os Mapas de Frequência Escolar e os Ofícios remetidos ao diretor da Instrução Pública. O processo histórico de educação dos libertos, iniciado com a Lei do Ventre Livre em 1871, em Vassouras pode ser acompanhado pelos Mapas de Frequência Escolar, e esses documentos nos permitem acompanhar até que idade essa criança negra permanecia na escola e também conhecer a sua saída para o mundo do trabalho. O ano de 1910 foi estabelecido para acompanhar o movimento interno, da própria documentação existente nos acervos de Vassouras, que após esse período apresentavam lacunas que dificultavam a montagem de uma série que permitisse uma análise das questões educacionais em paralelo com as questões sociais e econômicas. Adotamos como suporte teórico metodológico o Paradigma Indiciário proposto por Ginzburg (1989), que busca reconstruir as sociedades de tempos pretéritos a partir de vestígios, pistas e indícios presentes nos documentos. Também nos auxiliaram na leitura dos documentos os livros escritos por Elias (1993, 1994, 2000 e 2001), nos quais buscávamos base para ler o mundo das letras e o mundo do trabalho da sociedade vassourense no final do Império e início da República

沿阶草族的染色体研究及系统学问题的探讨

本论文对沿阶草族Ophiopogoneae(Endl.)Kunth的研究历史作了回顾，从染色体、形态学和解剖学角度对此族作了研究，并作了数值分类和分支 系统学分析的尝试，在此基础上探讨了这个族的系统学问题． 1)本论文对此族三属37种123居群的染色体数目、基数及核型不对称性作了研究，其中19种的染色体为首次报道．它们是：P．macrostegiaHance， P.yunnanensis Wang et Tang，P.ophiopogonoides Wang et Tang,O. sarmentosus Wang et Dai,O.tienensis Wang et Tang, O.sylvicola Wang et Tang, O.fooningensis Wang et Dai, O.mairei L6vl.，O.szechuanensis Wang et Tang, O.angustiatus (Wang et Tang) S.C.Chen, O.amblyphyllus Wang et Dai,O.clavatus Wright ex Oliver,O.clivioidesD.M.Zhang et Hong, O.longiscaposus D.M.Zhang et Hong,O.umbraticola Hance,O.fuiD.M.Zhang ntHong,O.zingiberaceus Wang et Dai,O.gangxiensisd.M.Zhang et Hong,O. lo fouense L6vl. 2)在此族中首次报道了2n = 2x = 34的异基数二倍体，同时在O.umbraticola，O.japonicus,O.cLarkei中报道了2n=68的异基数二倍体，过核型和减数分裂等证明异基数是在二倍体水平上形成，并发展成倍性系列的． 3)在此族中首次报道了B染色体的存在，已确证了两种(P.macrostegia和D.tienensis)．一种尚需进一步确证(O.Larkei)． 4)通过对随体位置的系统研究，发现在此族中随体位置具有分类价值． 5)通过对8个种内多倍体、4个多倍体种的研究，表明多倍体分布于较北、海拔较高的地方，而亚洲热带地区的种，则无多倍体，同时在具异基数种类和核型较不对称种类上亦有这种分布特征;在确定了分布的多度中心的基础上，提出喜马拉雅_横断山脉到川西、川南一带是沿阶草属和山麦冬属的近代分化中心． 6)通过染色体结构和数目几个角度的研究，表明球子草属与其他两属在。染色体水平上已发生很大分化，但其属内的分化则不表现在染色体上．其他二属内部则有基数、倍性和核型不对称方面的分化．综观此族，染色体具有由核 型对称向不对称、由二倍体向多倍体、由种内多倍体向多倍体种，由单一基数向种内异基数几个方向进化的趋势． 7)通过对此族的形态观察和分析，提出茎或根状茎分枝方式是属下分类的重要依据;认为本族植物的花序是由圆锥花序简化而来，但残留着圆锥花序特征;并提出了本族花、茎、叶、根几个方面的形态演化趋势． 8)通过对此族二属21种的子房解剖，发现三属均有半下位子房，因而认为子房半下位作为分属检索性状是不合适的．此外还观察到子房着生位置在种内亦有变异，对这种变异的意义进行了探讨． 9)通过此族三属46种2变种的数值分类处理，表明本族由球子草群和沿阶草一山麦冬群两大类群组成，山麦冬属仅是与沿阶草属一个组（葶花组）并列的分类单元，其内部分化较小，而沿阶草属则较大． 10)通过46个性状计算了山麦冬属和沿阶草属共6个广布的“群内总体相 似度”(IOS)，表明山麦冬属3个种种内个体之间、种间个体之间的分化很小，且可能有杂交现象，结合染色体资料和分布特征，认为这个属的发生是个相当晚近的事件． 11)本文从形态和染色体角度，认为沿阶草族是一个自然类群;由分支系 统学分析表明，此族由二个单系类群（球子草属和沿阶草属）组成，沿阶草属含两个单系的组，其中各含3个系，山麦冬属为其中一个系．这一结果与数值 分类结果和染色体资料相符． 12)为避免单一分类方法可能导致的不合理结果，本文以自拟的一种综合分类方法，把谱系、进化、分化诸因素均予考虑，得出一个三维图象，以图象 上相对等径的球作为分类依据，得出的结果与分支系统学和数值分类结果基本一致．因此，山麦冬属作为与沿阶草属等阶的分类地位，应予重新考虑． 13）本文最后对这个族的全面修订提出几点建议. 14）此外，本文还描述了沿阶草属4个新种.

Dynamics of bigeye (Thunnus obesus) and yellowfin (T. albacares) tuna in Hawaii’s pelagic fisheries: analysis of tagging data with a bulk transfer model incorporating size-specific attrition

Tag release and recapture data of bigeye (Thunnus obesus) and yellowfin tuna (T. albacares) from the Hawaii Tuna Tagging Project (HTTP) were analyzed with a bulk transfer model incorporating size-specific attrition to infer population dynamics and transfer rates between various fishery components. For both species, the transfer rate estimates from the offshore handline fishery areas to the longline fishery area were higher than the estimates of transfer from those same areas into the inshore fishery areas. Natural and fishing mortality rates were estimated over three size classes: yellowfin 20–45, 46–55, and ≥56 cm and bigeye 29–55, 56–70, and ≥71 cm. For both species, the estimates of natural mortality were highest in the smallest size class. For bigeye tuna, the estimates decreased with increasing size and for yellowfin tuna there was a slight increase in the largest size class. In the Cross Seamount fishery, the fishing mortality rate of bigeye tuna was similar for all three size classes and represented roughly 12% of the gross attrition rate (includes fishing and natural mortality and emigration rates). For yellowfin tuna, fishing mortality ranged between 7% and 30%, the highest being in the medium size class. For both species, the overall attrition rate from the entire fishery area was nearly the same. However, in the specific case of the Cross Seamount fishery, the attrition rate for yellowfin tuna was roughly twice that for bigeye. This result indicates that bigeye tuna are more resident at the Seamount than yellowfin tuna, and larger bigeye tunas tend to reside longer than smaller individuals. This may result in larger fish being more vulnerable to capture in the Seamount fishery. The relatively low level of exchange between the Sea-mount and the inshore and longline fisheries suggests that the fishing activity at the Seamount need not be of great management concern for either species. However, given that the current exploitation rates are considered moderate (10–30%), and that Seamount aggregations of yellowfin and bigeye tuna are highly vulnerable to low-cost gear types, it is recommended that further increases in fishing effort for these species be monitored at Cross Seamount.

人与大猩猩、黑猩猩和猩猩亲缘关系的探讨

有关人猿超科的系统发育仍然存在争议。争论焦点在人与大猩猩和黑猩猩哪个关系更近一点。酪氨酸酶是黑色素合成中的关键酶，酪氨酸酶基因的突变将导致白化病。测定了人猿超科中大猩猩、黑猩猩、猩猩和长臂猿酪氨酸酶基因全部5个外显子的DNA序列。结合已发表人的序列，用简约法构建了基因树。结果表明，人与大猩猩的关系比黑猩猩要近一些。

Genome 10K: A Proposal to Obtain Whole-Genome Sequence for 10 000 Vertebrate Species

The human genome project has been recently complemented by whole-genome assessment sequence of 32 mammals and 24 nonmammalian vertebrate species suitable for comparative genomic analyses. Here we anticipate a precipitous drop in costs and increase in sequ

The sequence and de novo assembly of the giant panda genome

Using next-generation sequencing technology alone, we have successfully generated and assembled a draft sequence of the giant panda genome. The assembled contigs (2.25 gigabases (Gb)) cover approximately 94% of the whole genome, and the remaining gaps (0.05 Gb) seem to contain carnivore-specific repeats and tandem repeats. Comparisons with the dog and human showed that the panda genome has a lower divergence rate. The assessment of panda genes potentially underlying some of its unique traits indicated that its bamboo diet might be more dependent on its gut microbiome than its own genetic composition. We also identified more than 2.7 million heterozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the diploid genome. Our data and analyses provide a foundation for promoting mammalian genetic research, and demonstrate the feasibility for using next-generation sequencing technologies for accurate, cost-effective and rapid de novo assembly of large eukaryotic genomes.

Stress within the postseizure time window inhibits seizure recurrence

Recurrence is a key characteristic in the development of epilepsy. It remains unclear whether seizure recurrence is sensitive to postseizure stress. Here, tonic-clonic seizures were induced with a convulsive dose of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), and acute seizure recurrence was evoked with a subconvulsive dose of the drug. We found that stress inhibited seizure recurrence when applied 30 minutes or 2 hours, but not 4 hours, after the tonic-clonic seizure. The time-dependent anti-recurrence effect of stress was mimicked by the stress hormone corticosterone and blocked by co-administration of mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor antagonists. Furthermore, in a PTZ-induced epileptic kindling model, corticosterone administered 30 minutes after each seizure decreased the extent of seizures both during the kindling establishment and in the following challenge test. These results provide novel insights into both the mechanisms of and therapeutic strategies for epilepsy. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Molecular phylogeography and population structure of a mid-elevation montane frog Leptobrachium ailaonicum in a fragmented habitat of southwest China

Leptobrachium ailaonicum is a vulnerable anuran restricted to a patchy distribution associated with small mountain streams surrounded by forested slopes at mid-elevations (approximately 2000-2600 m) in the subtropical Mount Wuliang and Mount Ailao ranges in southwest China (Yunnan Province) and northern Vietnam. Given high habitat specificity and lack of suitable habitat in lower elevations between these ranges, we hypothesized limited gene flow between populations throughout its range. We used two mitochondrial genes to construct a phylogeographic pattern within this species in order to test our hypothesis. We also examined whether this phylogeographic pattern is a response to past geological events and/or climatic oscillations. A total of 1989 base pairs were obtained from 81 individuals of nine populations yielding 51 unique haplotypes. Both Bayesian and maximum parsimony phylogenetic analyses revealed four deeply divergent and reciprocally monophyletic mtDNA lineages that approximately correspond to four geographical regions separated by deep river valleys. These results suggest a long history of allopatric separation by vicariance. The distinct geographic distributions of four major clades and the estimated divergence time suggest spatial and temporal separations that coincide with climatic and paleogeographic changes following the orogeny and uplift of Mount Ailao during the late Miocene to mid Pliocene in southwest China. At the southern distribution, the presence of two sympatric yet differentiated clades in two areas are interpreted as a result of secondary contact between previously allopatric populations during cooler Pleistocene glacial cycles. Analysis of molecular variance indicates that most of the observed genetic variation occurs among the four regions implying long-term interruption of maternal gene flow, suggesting that L ailaonicum may represent more than one distinct species and should at least be separated into four management units corresponding to these four geographic lineages for conservation. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Nuclear matrix of the most primitive eukaryote Archezoa

Accumulating evidence suggests that unicellular Archezoa are the most primitive eukaryotes and their nuclei are of significance to the study of evolution of the eukaryotic nucleus. Nuclear matrix is an ubiquitous important structure of eukaryotic nucleus; its evolution is certainly one of the most important parts of the evolution of nucleus. To study the evolution of nuclear matrix, nuclear matrices of Archezoa are investigated. Giardia lamblia cells are extracted sequentially. Both embedment-free section EM and whole mount cell EM of the extracted cells show that, like higher eukaryotes, this species has a residual nuclear matrix in its nucleus and rich intermediate filaments in its cytoplasm, and the two networks connect with each other to form a united network. But its nuclear matrix does not have nucleolar matrix and its lamina is not as typical as that of higher eukaryotes; Western blotting shows that lamina of Giardia and two other Archezoa Entamoeba invadens and Trichomonas vaginali all contain only one polypeptide each which reacts with a mammalia anti-lamin polyclonal serum and is similar to lamin B (67 ku) of mammlia in molecular weight. According to the results and references, it is suggested that nuclear matrix is an early acquisition of the eukaryotic nucleus, and it and the "eukaryotic chromatin" as a whole must have originated very early in the process of evolution of eukaryotic cell, and their origin should be an important prerequisite of the origin of eukaryotic nucleus; in the iamin (gene) family, B-type lamins (gene) should be the ancestral type and that A-type lamins (gene) might derive therefrom.

SEXUAL-BEHAVIOR OF TIBETAN MACAQUES AT MT EMEI, CHINA

Data on sexual behavior were collected in six groups of semi-commensal Macaca thibetana along the trail on the slope habitat between 1987 and 1989. Ignoring the common items such as mounting, presenting etc., 20 categories of sexual behavior were described. Most of the descriptions were likely to have enlarged the behavior repertoire reported in macaques, showing a great complexity of sociosexual interactions under the principally natural condition. A great diversity of grouping appeared in the mating season. The copulatory pattern was found to be the serial type contrary to previous speculation, and the mount-to-ejaculation ratio was higher in the central subgroup, as compared with the far-peripheral adult subgroup (FAS) with less male and female rivals. An age-class subdivision of sexually active males made it possible to show that the young adult male immigrants were the most active class in sexual activity. Subgrouping form FAS was a ''space-segregation'' tactic of mating for the losers of both sexes in the competition. Some parameters of copulation were also documented.

Sexual behavior in a one-male unit of Rhinopithecus bieti in captivity

Data regarding the sexual behavior of black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) were collected in 1998 in a one-male unit in captivity by all-occurrences sampling during the mating season. Before the present study, little was known about the sexual behavior of this species. This study showed that female solicitation is mainly expressed as "prostration plus glancing laterally" (PG) or "sitting plus head moving up and down" (HM), and male solicitation is exhibited by the "grunt bared-teeth display." The mount-to-ejaculation ratio was 5.2 on average, and single-mount ejaculations (SMEs) were observed in only 4.4% of mounts on days with at least one ejaculation. Therefore, the main copulatory pattern of this species is multiple-mount ejaculation (MME). Females initiated 72% of 18 ejaculatory mounts. Females initiated more ejaculatory mounts than non-ejaculatory ones. In general, the patterns of sexual behavior in this species are similar to those reported for other Colobines. (C) 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Insight into differences in nanoindentation properties of bone.

Nanoindentation provides the ideal framework to determine mechanical properties of bone at the tissue scale without being affected by the size, shape, and porosity of the bone. However, the values of tissue level mechanical properties vary significantly between studies. Since the differences in the bone sample, hydration state, and test parameters complicate direct comparisons across the various studies, these discrepancies in values cannot be compared directly. The objective of the current study is to evaluate and compare mechanical properties of the same bones using a broad range of testing parameters. Wild type C56BL6 mice tibiae were embedded following different processes and tested in dry and rehydrated conditions. Spherical and Berkovich indenter probes were used, and data analysis was considered within the elasto-plastic (Oliver-Pharr), viscoelastic and visco-elastic-plastic frameworks. The mean values of plane strain modulus varied significantly depending on the hydration state, probe geometry and analysis method. Indentations in dry bone analyzed using a visco-elastic-plastic approach gave values of 34 GPa. After rehydrating the same bones and indenting them with a spherical tip and utilizing a viscoelastic analysis, the mean modulus value was 4 GPa, nearly an order of magnitude smaller. Results suggest that the hydration state, probe geometry and the limitations and assumptions of each analysis method influence significantly the measured mechanical properties. This is the first time that such a systematic study has been carried out and it has been concluded that the discrepancies in the mechanical properties of bone measured by nanoindentation found in the literature should not be attributed only to the differences between the bones themselves, but also to the testing and analysis protocols.