Resposta do manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivado em solos corrigidos com calcário e escória silicatada: Caracterí sticas agronômicas e produção de matéria seca

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

La conformación del Area de Libre Comercio de las Américas, ALCA: aspectos institucionales y comerciales

Resumen En la Cumbre de las Américas, celebrada en Miami en diciembre de 1994 se acordó establecer un Área de Libre Comercio de las Américas (ALCA), a fin de crear un espacio continental de libre comercio antes del 2005. Desde una perspectiva institucional, el ALCA reconoce sus antecedentes en la Iniciativa de las Américas (IA), que privilegiaba las negociaciones entre grupos de países, en detrimento de las bilaterales. En un principio se había planteado como una propuesta de profundizar las reformas económicas implantadas por los países latinoamericanos con objeto de abrir sus economías a la competencia externa y permitir que el mercado se transformara en el principal asignador de recursos. El ALCA representa el más importante acuerdo de integración regional firmado entre países desarrollados y no desarrollados con miras a establecer el libre flujo comercial entre sus economías. Coherente con las disposiciones multilaterales de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC), el acuerdo pretende incorporar a la negociación la inversión en bienes y servicios siguiendo reglas comerciales definidas y transparentes; compras del sector público y políticas de competencia; y sentar las bases para la inclusión de temas tales como la agricultura y acceso a mercados, servicios e inversión, políticas de competencia y subsidios, procedimientos antidumping y derechos compensatorios. La actual estructura de negociación se compone de la presidencia, el comité de negociaciones comerciales, los grupos de negociación y el grupo consultivo sobre economías pequeñas. Los beneficios comerciales del ALCA se han concebido utilizando el análisis tradicional de las uniones aduaneras de creación y desviación de comercio, aunque se reconoce que este acuerdo, único en la historia, puede tener consecuencias impredecibles. Entre los obstáculos a su pleno cumplimiento sobresalen la ausencia de una política definida de 'vía rápida' y de un liderazgo significativo. Entre los posibles escenarios de conformación del ALCA, se distingue entre uno real, en el que los países pequeños y grandes cumplen con los compromisos adoptados, y otro llamado formal, en el que el ALCA se integra de manera incompleta por la ausencia de países o de algún país clave, por lo que carecería de significado político y económico. En el plano económico el ALCA se concibe como una unidad geográfica con 757 millones de personas, un producto interno bruto (PIB) de 8 billones de dólares y un comercio total de 2.4 billones de dólares. Uno de los fines de la creación de un área de libre comercio apunta al aprovechamiento del potencial del comercio intramericano. En principio, dicho potencial así como su materialización se reflejarían en la intensidad esperada de un intercambio comercial bilateral desde un país exportador hacia un país importador. A su vez la intensidad puede medirse mediante el grado de correspondencia o similitud entre la composición de las exportaciones e importaciones de los países del hemisferio americano. Este análisis de similitud puede llevarse a cabo entre países grandes y pequeños. En este documento se analiza en dos grandes apartados la institucionalidad del ALCA y el potencial del comercio vinculado con dicho tratado. Los aspectos institucionales incluyen los antecedentes del acuerdo 1, la estructura significativa actual, los beneficios derivados del comercio y los posibles escenarios de conformación del ALCA. Los aspectos económicos se centran en el cálculo de indicadores de similitud en los flujos comerciales de los países, utilizando una muestra de 15 miembros que integrarían el ALCA. Entre éstos no se incluyó a los Estados Unidos porque su estrecha relación comercial con los latinoamericanos podría sesgar los resultados obtenidos. Así, los indicadores de similitud en los flujos comerciales internacionales se limitarían a reflejar la intensidad comercial de países latinoamericanos seleccionados en ausencia de vínculos comerciales con los Estados Unidos. La metodololgía seguida es la propuesta por Van Beers y Linnemann (1993). Una vez obtenidos los indicadores de similitud por país y luego estos mismos a nivel de capítulo, se procedió a estimar su poder explicativo de los flujos comerciales actuales utilizando ecuaciones de gravedad.

Cumbre de las Américas 1994-2009: indicadores seleccionados

Incluye Bibliografía

Summit of the Americas 1994-2009: selected indicators

Includes bibliography

Análisis sistémico de la agriculturización en la pampa húmeda argentina y sus consecuencias en regiones extra pampeanas: sostenibilidad, brechas de conocimiento e integración de políticas

Incluye Bibliografía

Puntos de conflicto de la cooperación e integración energética en América Latina y el Caribe

Incluye Bibliografía

Trade between Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and Central American Common Market (CACM) countries: the role to play for ports and shipping services

Includes bibliography

Restoration of a degraded area using soil tillage systems in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

In Brazil the intensive agriculture use, mainly pasture, is the main cause of the presence of extensive areas of degraded lands. This study aimed to assess the impact of different soil management practices in a pasture degraded area used as garbage disposal. The experiment was performed at the Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, in Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil, from 1990 to 1996. This area has undergone a process of recovery through removal of trash deposited on the surface, in 1985, levelling of soil, followed by application of limestone, subsoiling, planting of legumes (Crotalaria juncea) and crop rotation (soybean and maize). Since 1990 only popcorn maize was grown and established plots managed with different soil tillage systems, including harrow, chisel plow, moldboard plow, no tillage, disk plow and revolving hoe. One plot was planted exclusively with guinea grass (Panicum maximum) to serve as a reference for minimum loss of soil and another grown on a downhill direction to correspond to the expected maximum erosion. There were differences in sediment loss, nutrient loss and productivity of the popcorn maize in the period analyzed. The chisel plow and no tillage treatments caused the slightest loss of soil and nutrients, compared to other tillage systems. The results show that the soil management systems influenced the physical and chemical characteristics of soil, allowing an economical and environmental recovery of the area, providing the conditions for grain agricultural production.

Glicerina bruta na dieta de bovinos de corte confinados: Efeito sobre o hemograma

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hemogram in cattle fed crude glycerin. 30 Nellore steers, were used for blood sampling, which were done each 28 days. The animals were confined for 103 days and were fed with five diets containing 0, 7.5, 15, 22.5 and 30% crude glycerin based on dry matter, formulated in a forage:concentrate ratio of 30:70. Corn silage was used as forage and the concentrate was composed by corn grain, soybean hulls, sunflower meal, glycerin, limestone, dicalcium phosphate and salt. The experimental design was a randomized block with five treatments. Orthogonal contrasts were used to determine the linear, quadratic, cubic effects and gliceryn treatments × the control one. There was no treatment effect (P>0,05) on blood concentrations of erythrocytes, hematocrit, basophils, eosinophils, band neutrophils and lymphocytes, but were linearly effect on the concentrations of platelets, hemoglobin and monocytes (P=0.009, P=0.001 and P=0.043, respectivelly), and cubic effect on the concentrations of total leukocytes and segmented neutrophils (P=0.008 and P=0.004, respectivelly). Diets for beef cattle, with forage:concentrate ratio of 30:70 added with crude glycerin promote changes in the erytrhogram and leucogram of these animals.

Composição florística de angiospermas no carste do Alto São Francisco, Minas Gerais, Brasil

The occurence of carbonatic rocks defines a typical type of relief, called karst, that, by its geomorphology and hydrology, usually differs from the surrounding landscape. In the upper São Francisco river basin, some striking remnants of vegetation associated to karst can be found, which are locally knwon as Mata de Pains. In this region, a mosaic of different physiognomies, including forests and open areas, which present noteworthy plant diversity, composes the vegetation. The aim of this study is to provide an inventory of angiosperm species in areas of carbonatic rocks outcrops in the upper São Francisco river basin karst region, as well as analyze the floristic relationship of the study area with different Brazilian phytogeographic domains. Fieldwork was performed during the period of 2002 a 2006, when collections of fertile speciemns were done in areas associated to carbonatic rock outcrops. During the study, 1512 exsicates were incorporated to BHCB herbarium collection. A total of 456 angiosperm species were inventoried, distributed in 299 genera and 77 families. Herbaceous habit was better represented, with 161 species, followed by shrubs and trees (111 species each) and lianas (73 species). The flora of the study area presents more influence of the Mata Atlântica domain (Atlantic Rain Forest), followed by, in order of importance, Cerrado, Amazonia, Caatinga, Pantanal and Pampa. Floristic surveys in different karst regions inserted in different phytogeographic domains may, together, provide useful information in understanding the phytogeografic history of Neotropical vegetation.

Influenza among the elderly in the Americas: A consensus statement

Influenza exacts a heavy burden on the elderly, a segment of the population that is estimated to experience rapid growth in the near future. In the past decade most developed and several developing countries have recommended influenza vaccination for those > 65 years of age. The World Health Organization (WHO) set a goal of 75% influenza vaccination coverage among the elderly by 2010, but it was not achieved. In 2011, the Technical Advisory Group at the Pan American Health Organization, Regional Office of WHO for the Americas, reiterated the influenza vaccine recommendation for older adults. Relatively little information has been compiled on the immunological aspect of aging or on reducing its impact, information particularly relevant for clinicians and gerontologist with firsthand experience confronting its effects. To fill this data gap, in 2012 the Americas Health Foundation (Washington, D.C., United States) and the nonprofit, Fighting Infectious Diseases in Emerging Countries (Miami, Florida, United States), convened a panel of Latin American clinicians and gerontologists with expertise in influenza to discuss key issues and develop a consensus statement. The major recommendations were to improve influenza surveillance throughout Latin America so that its impact can be quantified; and to conduct laboratory confirmation of influenza for all patients who have flu-like symptoms and are frail, immunosuppressed, have comorbidities, are respiratory compromised, or have been admitted to a hospital. The panel also noted that: since evidence for antivirals in the elderly is unclear, their use should be handled on a case-by-case basis; despite decreased immunological response, influenza vaccination in older adults is still crucial; indirect immunization strategies should be encouraged; and traditional infection control measures are essential in long-term care facilities.

Response surface methodology applied to the evaluation of the SO 2 sorption process in two Brazilian limestones

This paper proposes a response surface methodology to evaluate the influence of the particle size and temperature as variables and their interaction on the sulfation process using two Brazilian limestones, a calcite (ICB) and a dolomite (DP). Experiments were performed according to an experimental design [central composite rotatable design (CCRD)] carried out on a thermogravimetric balance and a nitrogen adsorption porosimeter. In the SO 2 sorption process, DP was shown to be more efficient than ICB. The best results for both limestones in relation to conversion and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area were obtained under central point conditions (545 μm and 850 C for DP and 274 μm and 815 C for ICB). The optimal values for conversion were 52% for DP and 37% for ICB. For BET surface area, the optimal values were 35 m2 g-1 for DP and 45 m2 g-1 for ICB. A relationship between conversion and pore size distribution has been established. The experiments that showed higher conversions also exhibited more pores in the region between 20 and 150 Å and larger BET surface area, indicating that the amount of smaller pores may be an important factor in the reactivity of limestones. © 2013 American Chemical Society.

Eficiência de escórias de siderurgia na cultura do feijoeiro em sistema de semeadura direta

In the no till system, soil acidity correction practice is restricted to limestone use and there is little information regarding slag. The study aimed to evaluate the amendments in soil chemical properties, yield and bean nutrient uptake according to the application forms of slags, compared to limestone, in the implantation of no till system. The experiment was conducted in the field at College of Agricultural Sciences, Botucatu (SP) from December 2010 to May2011. The treatments consisted of two application ways of seven soil acidity correctives: steel slag, blast furnace slag, ladle furnace slag, stainless steel slag (agrosilício), wollastonite, lime and calcined dolomite lime, plus one control without corrective application. Each material dose was calculated to raise the base saturation to 70%. Soil acidity was neutralized down to 20cm with limestones, whereas for wollastonite and ladle furnace slag those effects occurred down to 10cm, for steel slag, blast furnace slag and agrosilício the corrective effect was restricted to the first 5cm. The bean yield increased by application of correctives in soil acidity, without differences between the application ways.

Lodos de esgoto, escória de aciaria e lama cal na cultura da soja sob sistema plantio direto em latossolo vermelho

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Aplicação de calcário, silicato e gesso em soqueira de cana-de-açúcar sem despalha a fogo

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)