Aportes de Frederick W. Taylor : Dos caras de una misma moneda

La escuela de la administración científica es el punto de partida de la administración contemporánea. Uno de sus principales exponentes fue Frederick W. Taylor con su obra Principios de Administración Científica. Sus estudios comienzan en el año 1880, en un contexto político de corte totalmente autoritario; en lo social, la legislación laboral y sindical era muy escasa y en cuanto a lo económico, el desarrollo de la tecnología cambiaba la realidad de las organizaciones. Una de las críticas que los manuales de administración hacen al autor es que trató al hombre como a un engranaje más de la maquinaria. Si bien es cierto que en la obra se hace referencia a la productividad del hombre y de la máquina y que hay párrafos a través de los cuales podría inferirse esta asimilación hombre-máquina, no puede dejar de mencionarse que Taylor estudió al hombre y sus capacidades, con los recursos intelectuales de que dispuso, en ese contexto histórico y social al que se hace referencia. En ese marco el objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar y reflexionar sobre la mencionada obra de Taylor, plasmando diferentes perspectivas, intentando una crítica constructiva que promueva una mirada más amplia respecto de sus aportes

Autonomia e hierarquia em duas comunidades de escravos : Os casos George (Alabama, Estados Unidos, 1847) e Lino (Vassouras, Brasil, 1871)

This article seeks argue that the search for autonomy among slaves necessarily created hierarchies within the community where they were inserted. Through two cases compared, George in U.S. and Lino in Brazil, seeks to show that a notion of slave community was built by the social actors who were part of it

(Table 1) Characteristics of air temperature, sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, nutrients, and total particulate matter for Admiralty Bay and Potter Cove, King George Island, Antarctica

Since the early 1990s, phytoplankton has been studied and monitored in Potter Cove (PC) and Admiralty Bay (AB), King George/25 de Mayo Island (KGI), South Shetlands. Phytoplankton biomass is typically low compared to other Antarctic shelf environments, with average spring - summer values below 1 mg chlorophyll a (Chl a)/m**3. The physical conditions in the area (reduced irradiance induced by particles originated from the land, intense winds) limit the coastal productivity at KGI, as a result of shallow Sverdrup's critical depths (Zc) and large turbulent mixing depths (Zt). In January 2010 a large phytoplankton bloom with a maximum of around 20 mg Chl a/m**3, and monthly averages of 4 (PC) and 6 (AB) mg Chl a/m**3, was observed in the area, making it by far the largest recorded bloom over the last 20 yr. Dominant phytoplankton species were the typical bloom-forming diatoms that are usually found in the western Antarctic Peninsula area. Anomalously cold air temperature and dominant winds from the eastern sector seem to explain adequate light : mixing environment. Local physical conditions were analyzed by means of the relationship between Zc and Zt, and conditions were found adequate for allowing phytoplankton development. However, a multiyear analysis indicates that these conditions may be necessary but not sufficient to guarantee phytoplankton accumulation. The relation between maximum Chl a values and air temperature suggests that bottom-up control would render such large blooms even less frequent in KGI under the warmer climate expected in the area during the second half of the present century.