La cuestión de la vivienda social en Brasil: una propuesta de implantación urbana y de producción en serie de unidades residenciales unifamiliares para el nordeste brasileño

La simple lectura de periódicos en la prensa o en Internet, o lo ver o oír de los noticieros en las emisoras de radio o televisión, fornecen subsidios ya suficientes para la percepción de la amplitud de la cuestión de la vivienda social en todo el mundo. Esto trabajo, que ahora se presenta, es el resultado de una investigación científica desarrollada de modo a subsidiar una Tesis de Doctorado a ser presentada en la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. En la investigación científica, se pretendió sistematizar lecturas y datos sobre la cuestión habitar en todo el mundo, y sobre todo en Brasil, donde se tuvo como foco principal, las poblaciones inseridas en las fajas de renta inferiores a €300 mensuales, ubicadas en nordeste de Brasil. Basándose en todo eso trabajo de investigación científica, que tanto se preocupó con los aspectos ergonómicos, sociales, conceptuales, proyéctales, ambientales, arquitectónicos y urbanísticos, como también con los estadísticos, tecnológicos, infraestructurales, económicos y comerciales, se propugnó una metodología para la implantación urbana de asentamientos planeados de viviendas sociales y la producción en serie de unidades residenciales unifamiliares. La cuestión urbana fue la primera preocupación del científico, tanto en lo que se refiere al planeamiento estratégico de ciudades, como los temas que envuelven la espontaneidad, intencionalidad, territorialidad y centralidades de las ocupaciones humanas en la modernidad y postmodernidad. Proyectos de edificios y de conjuntos de viviendas, así como planes urbanos, fueron utilizados como estudios de casos de modo a basar los análisis presentados en esa tesis. La definición de diseños para la vivienda social, tuvo como premisas, la mejor adecuación posible a las características bioclimáticas de los diversos sitios elegidos y atender a las necesidades presentadas por los futuros usuarios de los objetos arquitectónicos construidos. Los partidos arquitectónicos adoptados intentaron ser coherentes con los valores antropológicos y culturales de las poblaciones atendidas con los bienes producidos, y se ajustaren a las capacidades de comprometimiento financiero de las diversas comunidades atendidas con las edificaciones. Pretendió aún, esa tesis de doctorado, hacer una correlación entre las políticas oficiales apuntadas para la vivienda social existentes en Brasil y las encontradas en los países desarrollados; así como los antecedentes históricos de las singulares problemáticas habitacionales, que tuvieron como cumbre la producción de estrategias gerenciales propias. Se aprovecho, también, mucho de la experiencia norteamericana y europea de industrialización, para ser empleada en la producción en serie de unidades habitacionales en nordeste de Brasil, de modo a que esa tecnología de construcción tanto pueda ser operada por un sistema fabril formal, cuanto por procesos de autogestión y autoconstrucción, actualmente adoptados en amplia escala en Brasil. ABSTRACT The simple reading of nowadays newspapers or the facts presented at Internet, or that can been seen on television or heard on a radio, gives the audience enough arguments to support the right perception of the magnitude of housing problem around the world. This paper is the result of a scientific investigation developed to support a Doctoral Thesis, which will be presented in the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. This research aimed at presenting a methodology for serial production of housing designed for planned areas and their integration to urban space. Information that refers to housing problem around the world, including Brazil, was systematized. We selected as target people that live in the Northeast Region of the country and perceive less than €300 per month as a salary. We analyzed data regarding ergonomic, social, conceptual, environmental and architectural aspects, as well as project and urban information; and also considering statistical, technological, infrastructural, economical and commercial issues. Urban request was the first aspect analyzed. City strategic plan and themes involving aspects such as spontaneity, intentionality, territory and centrality of human occupations in modern and postmodern time were deeply considered. This thesis is also referenced on well known building projects and cities planning. The most adequate constructions considering local weather and poor people architectural necessities programs were pointed out before defining the projects’ sketches. The coherence between plans and anthropologic-cultural values, and also the perfect match to future owners’ financial capacities were also objectives of this work. This study also intended to compare Brazilian’s policies to the ones found in developed countries; and discusses historical facts involved with housing problem, which resulted with management strategies and policies. Some aspects of North American and European industrial experiences were applied to develop serial production of Northeast Brazilian housing. The technology obtained with this methodology intends to be applied in industrial production and also in self-management or self-production procedures, largely used in Brazil.

El concurso del tiempo : las viviendas progresivas del PREVI-Lima

La tesis se propone estudiar y analizar críticamente las viviendas progresivas del concurso internacional de arquitectura PREVI llevado a cabo en la ciudad de Lima en los años setenta y en el que participaron, entre otros, arquitectos como Atelier 5, Aldo Van Eyck, Candilis, Josic and Woods o José Luis Íñiguez de Ozono y Vázquez de Castro. Los casi cincuenta años transcurridos desde la construcción de las propuestas nos permiten realizar una crítica de los proyectos de construcción progresiva desde el punto de vista del crecimiento de las agrupaciones, las unidades de vivienda y las tecnologías empleadas o los mecanismos de gestión. Este estudio, a su vez, nos lleva a plantear la cuestión de la posible vigencia de este tipo de realizaciones en el Perú actual y en otros entornos latinoamericanos. ABSTRACT: The aim of this thesis is to study, analyse and evaluate critically the progressive housing projects of the international architectural competition PREVI that took place in Lima in the seventies. In this proposal were involved, among others, architects such as Atelier 5, Aldo Van Eyck, Candilis, Josic and Woods and José Luis Iñiguez de Ozoño and Vázquez de Castro. These proposals were built fifty years ago. It allows us to review these progressive projects from a new perspective and to evaluate them from the point of view of housing types and groups, innovative technologies or management strategies. In addition, this study leads us to think about the possibility of proposals like this in current Peru and other Latin American locations.

A nonpeptide agonist of the invertebrate receptor for SchistoFLRFamide (PDVDHVFLRFamide), a member of a subfamily of insect FMRFamide-related peptides.

We describe a nonpeptide mimetic analog of an invertebrate peptide receptor. Benzethonium chloride (Bztc) is an agonist of the SchistoFLRFamide (PDVDHVFLRFamide) receptors found on locust oviducts. Bztc competitively displaces [125I-labeled Y1]SchistoFLRFamide binding to both high- and low-affinity receptors of membrane preparations. Bztc mimics the physiological effects of SchistoFLRFamide on locust oviduct, by inhibiting myogenic and induced contractions in a dose-dependent manner. Bztc is therefore recognized by the binding and activation regions of the SchistoFLRFamide receptors. This discovery provides a unique opportunity within insects to finally target a peptide receptor for the development of future pest management strategies.

Efeito da aplicação de composto orgânico sobre a qualidade do solo cultivado com cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.)

A dinâmica ambiental possui capacidade limitada de reciclagem e a crescente utilização resíduos agroindustriais, especialmente na agricultura, pode levar a situações de poluição do solo e demais componentes ambientais. A manutenção da produtividade de ecossistemas agrícolas e naturais depende do processo de transformação da matéria orgânica e, por conseguinte, da biomassa microbiana do solo, e que é responsável pela decomposição e mineralização de resíduos no mesmo. A dinâmica natural dos microrganismos do solo, em constante mudança e adaptação, os torna um indicador sensível às mudanças resultantes de diferentes práticas de manejo agrícola. Sendo assim, conhecer essas alterações e suas interferências é fundamental para identificar estratégias adequadas de manejo, apontando técnicas de utilização adequadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade de um solo agrícola, cultivado com três variedades de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.), comparando a utilização de adubação mineral frente à utilização de fertilizante orgânico composto no período final de formação dos perfilhos (120 dias após o plantio). Foi implantado, em condições de campo, o cultivo de cana-de-açúcar (cana planta), utilizando as variedades RB 867515, RB 962869 e RB 855453, onde cada variedade foi cultivada de três formas distintas, sendo elas: plantio controle (CT) sem aplicação de insumos para adubação; plantio orgânico (OG) com aplicação de fertilizante orgânico; e plantio convencional (CV) com aplicação de adubação mineral, seguindo recomendações de adubação após análise química inicial do solo local. Cada parcela possuía 37 m2, com 5 sulcos de 5,0 m de comprimento e espaçamento de 1,5 m entrelinhas, sendo os três sulcos centrais formando a área útil. De acordo com a variedade e o tipo de adubação, foram formados nove tratamentos: T1 86CT, T2 96CT, T3 85CT, T4 6OG, T5 96OG, T6 85OG, T7 86CV, T8 96CV e T9 85CV, com delineamento estatístico de blocos ao acaso e quatro repetições. Os parâmetros químicos do solo analisados foram macronutrientes e micronutrientes; os parâmetros microbiológicos foram carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM), respiração basal do solo (RBS), quociente metabólico (qCO2), número mais provável de fungos e bactérias do solo (NMP); e, por fim, a produtividade agrícola (t/ha). Os resultados foram submetidos a análise de variância (ANOVA) e à comparação das médias através do teste de Tukey (10%). Também foi realizada a análise de variância dos dados e correlação cofenética de Pearson para formação de dendogramas. Com base no período estudado, considerado como fase crítica da formação do canavial, concluiu-se que os parâmetros químicos que evidenciaram alterações no solo foram pH e os macronutrientes Mg, Al e SB, sendo os tratamentos orgânicos equivalentes e/ou melhores que os tratamentos convencionais. Para os parâmetros microbiológicos, o NMP de fungos apresentou os maiores valores nos tratamentos convencionais e controle. A produtividade agrícola não foi influenciada pelos diferentes tratamentos e insumos utilizados, independente da variedade de cana-de-açúcar utilizada. Por fim, foram observadas correlações positivas entre as variáveis CTC e quociente metabólico (qCO2) apontando potencial melhoria da qualidade do solo, com o emprego de insumos orgânicos

Soil quality response to land-use change for sugarcane expansion in Brazil

Globally, increasing demands for biofuels have intensified the rate of land-use change (LUC) for expansion of bioenergy crops. In Brazil, the world\'s largest sugarcane-ethanol producer, sugarcane area has expanded by 35% (3.2 Mha) in the last decade. Sugarcane expansion has resulted in extensive pastures being subjected to intensive mechanization and large inputs of agrochemicals, which have direct implications on soil quality (SQ). We hypothesized that LUC to support sugarcane expansion leads to overall SQ degradation. To test this hypothesis we conducted a field-study at three sites in the central-southern region, to assess the SQ response to the primary LUC sequence (i.e., native vegetation to pasture to sugarcane) associated to sugarcane expansion in Brazil. At each land use site undisturbed and disturbed soil samples were collected from the 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm depths. Soil chemical and physical attributes were measured through on-farm and laboratory analyses. A dataset of soil biological attributes was also included in this study. Initially, the LUC effects on each individual soil indicator were quantified. Afterward, the LUC effects on overall SQ were assessed using the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF). Furthermore, six SQ indexes (SQI) were developed using approaches with increasing complexity. Our results showed that long-term conversion from native vegetation to extensive pasture led to soil acidification, significant depletion of soil organic carbon (SOC) and macronutrients [especially phosphorus (P)] and severe soil compaction, which creates an unbalanced ratio between water- and air-filled pore space within the soil and increases mechanical resistance to root growth. Conversion from pasture to sugarcane improved soil chemical quality by correcting for acidity and increasing macronutrient levels. Despite those improvements, most of the P added by fertilizer accumulated in less plant-available P forms, confirming the key role of organic P has in providing available P to plants in Brazilian soils. Long-term sugarcane production subsequently led to further SOC depletions. Sugarcane production had slight negative impacts on soil physical attributes compared to pasture land. Although tillage performed for sugarcane planting and replanting alleviates soil compaction, our data suggested that the effects are short-term with persistent, reoccurring soil consolidation that increases erosion risk over time. These soil physical changes, induced by LUC, were detected by quantitative soil physical properties as well as by visual evaluation of soil structure (VESS), an on-farm and user-friendly method for evaluating SQ. The SMAF efficiently detected overall SQ response to LUC and it could be reliably used under Brazilian soil conditions. Furthermore, since all of the SQI values developed in this study were able to rank SQ among land uses. We recommend that simpler and more cost-effective SQI strategies using a small number of carefully chosen soil indicators, such as: pH, P, K, VESS and SOC, and proportional weighting within of each soil sectors (chemical, physical and biological) be used as a protocol for SQ assessments in Brazilian sugarcane areas. The SMAF and SQI scores suggested that long-term conversion from native vegetation to extensive pasture depleted overall SQ, driven by decreases in chemical, physical and biological indicators. In contrast, conversion from pasture to sugarcane had no negative impacts on overall SQ, mainly because chemical improvements offset negative impacts on biological and physical indicators. Therefore, our findings can be used as scientific base by farmers, extension agents and public policy makers to adopt and develop management strategies that sustain and/or improving SQ and the sustainability of sugarcane production in Brazil.

E-CRM e a influência da digital analytics.

O mercado consumidor passou por diversas transformações ao longo do tempo devido principalmente à evolução tecnológica. A evolução tecnológica proporcionou ao consumidor a possibilidade de escolher por produtos e marcas, e permite a oportunidade de colaborar e influenciar a opinião de outros consumidores através do compartilhamento de experiências, principalmente através da utilização de plataformas digitais. O CRM (gerenciamento do relacionamento com o consumidor) é a forma utilizada pelas empresas para conhecerem o consumidor e criar um relacionamento satisfatório entre empresa e consumidor. Esse relacionamento tem o intuito de satisfazer e fidelizar o consumidor, evitando que ele deixe de consumir a marca e evitando que ele influencie negativamente outros consumidores. O e-CRM é o gerenciamento eletrônico do relacionamento com o consumidor, que possui todas as tradicionais características do CRM, porém com o incremento do ambiente digital. O ambiente digital diminuiu a distância entre pessoas e empresas e se tornou um meio colaborativo de baixo custo de interação com o consumidor. Por outro lado, este é um meio onde o consumidor deixa de ser passivo e se torna ativo, o que o torna capaz de influenciar não só um pequeno grupo de amigos, mas toda uma rede de consumidores. A digital analytics é a medição, coleta, análise e elaboração de relatórios de dados digitais para os propósitos de entendimento e otimização da performance em negócios. A utilização de dados digitais auxilia no desenvolvimento do e-CRM através da compreensão do comportamento do consumidor em um ambiente onde o consumidor é ativo. O ambiente digital permite um conhecimento mais detalhado dos consumidores, baseado não somente nos hábitos de compra, mas também nos interesses e interações. Este estudo tem como objetivo principal compreender como as empresas aplicam os conceitos do e-CRM em suas estratégias de negócios, compreendendo de que forma a digital analytics contribui para o desenvolvimento do e-CRM, e compreendendo como os fatores críticos de sucesso (humano, tecnológico e estratégico) impactam na implantação e desenvolvimento do e-CRM. Quatro empresas de diferentes segmentos foram estudadas através da aplicação de estudo de caso. As empresas buscam cada vez mais explorar as estratégias de e-CRM no ambiente digital, porém existem limitações identificadas devido à captação, armazenamento e análise de informações multicanais, principalmente considerando os canais digitais. Outros fatores como o apoio da alta direção e a compreensão de funcionários para lidar com estratégias focadas no consumidor único também foram identificados neste estudo. O estudo foi capaz de identificar as informações mais relevantes para a geração de estratégias de gerenciamento eletrônico do relacionamento com o consumidor e identificou os aspectos mais relevantes dos fatores críticos de sucesso.

Developing an Interdependent Relationship between Preservation and Recreation: Managing Mountain Bicycling in National Parks

Increasing demand from mountain bikers for greater access to riding in National Park Service (NPS) units is driving the need for park managers to seriously look at the impacts from and feasibility of permitting this recreational use. Currently, NPS units that permit mountain bicycling do not have formal mountain bicycling management plans. An analysis of recreational policies and existing research was conducted to identify criteria for effective mountain bicycling management strategies. Criteria were developed for trail selection, establishment, use, closures and rehabilitation. Criteria were also developed for user education, participatory planning and monitoring. This study shows that the NPS needs formal mountain bicycling management plans that focus on the preservation of natural and cultural resources and consider the appropriateness of proposed recreational uses.

Response of Catch-Per-Unit-Effort to Spatial and Environmental Factors: an Exploratory Data Analysis Using Generalized Additive Models

Understanding spatial distributions and how environmental conditions influence catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) is important for increased fishing efficiency and sustainable fisheries management. This study investigated the relationship between CPUE, spatial factors, temperature, and depth using generalized additive models. Combinations of factors, and not one single factor, were frequently included in the best model. Parameters which best described CPUE varied by geographic region. The amount of variance, or deviance, explained by the best models ranged from a low of 29% (halibut, Charlotte region) to a high of 94% (sablefish, Charlotte region). Depth, latitude, and longitude influenced most species in several regions. On the broad geographic scale, depth was associated with CPUE for every species, except dogfish. Latitude and longitude influenced most species, except halibut (Areas 4 A/D), sablefish, and cod. Temperature was important for describing distributions of halibut in Alaska, arrowtooth flounder in British Columbia, dogfish, Alaska skate, and Aleutian skate. The species-habitat relationships revealed in this study can be used to create improved fishing and management strategies.

Ecological gradients and landscape structure affecting seasonal woodpigeon Columba palumbus densities in a coastal region (South-East Spain)

The aim of the present study is to identify and evaluate the relationship between Woodpigeon (Columba palumbus, Linnaeus, 1758) density and different environmental gradients (thermotype, ombrotype, continentality and latitudinal), land use and landscape structure, using geographic information systems and multivariate modelling. Transects (n = 396) were developed to estimate the density of Woodpigeon in the Marina Baja (Alicante, Spain) from 2006 to 2008. The highestdensity for Woodpigeon was in September-October (1.28birds/10ha) and the lowest inFebruary-March (0.34birds/10ha). Moreover, there were more Woodpigeons in areas with a mesomediterranean thermotypethan in thermomediterranean or supramediterranean ones. There was greater densityinthe intermediate zones compared to thecoast and interior. The natural or cultural landscape had the highest Woodpigeon density (1.53birds/10ha), with both denseand clear pine forest values standing out. Therefore, it is very important to conserve these traditional landscapes with adequate management strategies in order to maintain, resident and transient Woodpigeon populations. These natural areas are open places where the Woodpigeons find food and detect the presence ofpredators. Thus, this study will enable more precise knowledge of the ecological factors (habitat variables) that intervene in the distribution of Woodpigeon populations and their density.

Metaestudio cualitativo sobre vivencias y gestión del cotidiano en adultos mayores que padecen enfermedades crónicas

Objetivo: Describir la experiencia cultural, interpersonal y personal de los adultos mayores con enfermedades crónicas e identificar las estrategias y redes de apoyo que utilizan en su entorno cotidiano para gestionar la enfermedad. Método: Se desarrolló un metaestudio tipo metaanálisis cualitativo. La estrategia metodológica constó de cuatro etapas: Búsqueda bibliográfica, Categorización de los estudios, Evaluación de la calidad metodológica y Análisis de resultados. Resultados: Se obtuvo una muestra bibliográfica de 22 estudios de naturaleza cualitativa. Los hallazgos se organizaron en 4 categorías: Compresión del padecimiento, Autogestión en el cotidiano, Percepción de los Servicios de Salud y Cotidiano del cuidador. Conclusiones: El esfuerzo de los adultos mayores por alcanzar un nuevo equilibrio social y personal se articula en las estrategias de autogestión que utilizan en su día a día para afrontar sus padecimientos. Las interrelaciones con los servicios de salud, familia y redes de apoyo son fundamentales para gestionar la cronicidad.

Gestión turística y tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC): El nuevo enfoque de los destinos inteligentes

Este artículo analiza el nuevo enfoque de los destinos inteligentes para la gestión turística a escala local. Se estudia su génesis y se realiza una propuesta de conceptualización desde una perspectiva sistémica, que se contrasta con la gestión turística actual mediante una encuesta a municipios turísticos de la Comunidad Valenciana. Los resultados ponen de relieve que no se ha asumido como objetivo de gestión el enfoque de los destinos inteligentes, el cual requiere un proyecto global que incorpore cinco ámbitos fundamentales: gobernanza, sostenibilidad, conectividad, sistema de información e innovación. No obstante, la complejidad asociada a este enfoque hace aconsejable un desarrollo de tipo flexible, escalable y adaptado a cada entorno territorial.

Ecological restoration across the Mediterranean Basin as viewed by practitioners

Restoration efforts in the Mediterranean Basin have been changing from a silvicultural to an ecological restoration approach. Yet, to what extent the projects are guided by ecological restoration principles remains largely unknown. To analyse this issue, we built an on-line survey addressed to restoration practitioners. We analysed 36 restoration projects, mostly from drylands (86%). The projects used mainly soil from local sources. The need to comply with legislation was more important as a restoration motive for European Union (EU) than for non-EU countries, while public opinion and health had a greater importance in the latter. Non-EU countries relied more on non-native plant species than EU countries, thus deviating from ecological restoration guidelines. Nursery-grown plants used were mostly of local or regional provenance, whilst seeds were mostly of national provenance. Unexpected restoration results (e.g. inadequate biodiversity) were reported for 50% of the projects and restoration success was never evaluated in 22%. Long term evaluation (> 6 years) was only performed in 31% of cases, and based primarily on plant diversity and cover. The use of non-native species and species of exogenous provenances may: i) entail the loss of local genetic and functional trait diversity, critical to cope with drought, particularly under the predicted climate change scenarios, and ii) lead to unexpected competition with native species and/or negatively impact local biotic interactions. Absent or inappropriate monitoring may prevent the understanding of restoration trajectories, precluding adaptive management strategies, often crucial to create functional ecosystems able to provide ecosystem services. The overview of ecological restoration projects in the Mediterranean Basin revealed high variability among practices and highlighted the need for improved scientific assistance and information exchange, greater use of native species of local provenance, and more long-term monitoring and evaluation, including functional and ecosystem services' indicators, to improve and spread the practice of ecological restoration.

La mediación universitaria: un recurso de orientación. Experiencia en la Universidad de Alicante

Este trabajo de investigación parte del concepto de orientación que compartimos con Bisquerra (2008), definiéndola como un proceso de ayuda continuo a todas las personas, en todos los aspectos, con la finalidad de potenciar el desarrollo humano a lo largo de toda la vida. En este marco de referencia caben todas las acciones dirigidas hacia quien necesita y busca apoyo para su crecimiento personal, académico y profesional. En el ámbito universitario, históricamente poco receptivo a este tipo de actuaciones, se vienen generalizando a raíz de las nuevas concepciones metodológicas que exige la convergencia europea conceptos novedosos e innovadores y que avalan la orientación en la Universidad, como tutorización, transición universitaria, o mediación. Y son ya muchas instituciones las que han puesto en marcha organismos y programas de innovación para su desarrollo efectivo. La Universidad de Alicante viene trabajando en estos temas desde hace unos años y una de las experiencias más novedosas la desarrolla la Facultad de Educación, implantando la figura de la mediadora como recurso de resolución de situaciones conflictivas. En el marco de esta innovación nos planteamos abordar qué se entiende por mediación y cuál es su funcionalidad, al tiempo que realizar una reflexión sobre los agentes implicados y las competencias necesarias para su implementación. Ha participado en la investigación un grupo de alumnas solicitantes del recurso y un equipo docente constituido en Red de investigación. De los resultados obtenidos en la búsqueda de delimitación conceptual y funcional, de estrategias de gestión y de propuestas de actuación en el proceso mediador podemos concluir que es un aspecto positivo y necesario que rentabiliza las tareas de gestión universitaria y que soluciona al alumnado situaciones que pueden entorpecer un desarrollo personal y académico adecuado.

Les dépotoirs dans le schème d’établissement iroquoien : exemple du site Mailhot-Curran

Dans ce mémoire, intitulé « Les dépotoirs dans le schème d’établissement iroquoien: exemple du site Mailhot-Curran», je m’attèle à définir les modes de rejets des déchets dans le contexte d’un schème d’établissement sédentaire semi-permanent au Sylvicole supérieur. Les dépotoirs des sites archéologiques ne semblent pas obtenir toute l’attention analytique qui leur est due et l’étude des modes de rejets a longtemps été négligée. Pourtant, les amas de déchets sont récurrents sur les sites du Nord-Est américain et ce depuis le Sylvicole moyen. L’étude approfondie de l’organisation d’un site iroquoien se doit de passer par la compréhension des modes d’élimination des déchets, puisque la gestion des rejets est généralement le reflet de la structure du site et du type de peuplement. Les dépotoirs peuvent fournir des informations précieuses sur les zones d’activité, la fonction du site ou encore la durée d’occupation. Le village de Mailhot-Curran témoigne de plusieurs concentrations d’objets. Je souhaite établir si ces concentrations de vestiges peuvent être qualifiées de dépotoirs et si oui, peut-on en distinguer différents types? D’autre part, je m’intéresse à l’aspect social qui encadre la mise en place de dépotoirs. Bien que les dépotoirs soient des indices associés aux premières traces de sédentarité saisonnière, leur présence est précisément liée au phénomène de sédentarisation annuelle. Il s’agit également de définir le geste culturel, l’assainissement d’un village étant un schéma culturel très répandu. De ce geste de rejet découle forcément le choix d’un emplacement, ainsi que le concept de «flux de déplacement» des déchets. Il s’agit de déterminer le lien entretenu entre les aires d’activités et les aires de dépôts primaires et secondaires. Pour ce faire, il est primordial d’évaluer la densité, l’hétérogénéité et le contenu des dépotoirs. Suite à la définition de l’ensemble de ces concepts appliqués au site Mailhot-Curran, je souhaite, à travers une étude comparative, répondre à la question suivante : Les dépotoirs peuvent-ils refléter une pratique culturelle commune aux villages iroquoiens de la région de Saint-Anicet?

Legal shifts : shaping expectations of intellectual property protection in an open innovation industrial environment

Projet de recherche réalisé en 2014-2015 avec l'appui du Fonds de recherche du Québec – Société et culture.