Spatial Analysis and Characterisation of Lentic Ecosystems: A Case Study of Varthur Lake, Bangalore

Lentic ecosystems vital functions such as recycling of nutrients, purification of water, recharge of groundwater,augmenting and maintenance of stream flow and habitat provision for a wide variety of flora and fauna along with their recreation values necessitates their sustainable management through appropriate conservation mechanisms. Failure to restore these ecosystems will result in extinction of species or ecosystem types and cause permanent ecological damage. In Bangalore, lentic ecosystems (for example lakes) have played a prominent role serving the needs of agriculture and drinking water. But the burgeoning population accompanied by unplanned developmental activities has led to the drastic reduction in their numbers (from 262 in 1976 to 81). The existing water bodies are contaminated by residential, agricultural, commercial and industrial wastes/effluents. In order to restore the ecosystem, assessment of the level of contamination is crucial. This paper focuses on characterisation and restoration aspects of Varthur lake based on hydrological, morphometric, physical-chemical and socio-economic investigations for a period of six months covering post monsoon seasons. The results of the water quality analysis show that the lake is eutrophic with high concentrations of phosphorous and organic matter. The morphometric analysis indicates that the lake is shallow in relation to its surface area. Socio-economic analyses show dependence of local residents for irrigation, fodder, etc. These analyses highlight the need and urgency to restore the physical, chemical and biological integrity through viable restoration and sustainable watershed management strategies, which include pollution abatement, catchment treatment, desilting of the lake and educating all stakeholders on the conservation and restoration of lake ecosystems.

Ecological and Socio Economic Assesment of Varthur Wetlnd, Bengaluru (India)

Wetlands are the most productive ecosystems, recognized globally for its vital role in sustaining a wide array of biodiversity and provide goods and services. However despite their important role in maintaining the ecology and economy, wetlands in India are endangered by inattention and lack of appreciation for their role. Increased anthropogenic activities such as intense agriculture practices, indiscriminate disposal of industrial effluents and sewage wastes have altered the physical, chemical as well as biological integrity of the ecosystem. This has resulted in the ecological degradation, which is evident from the current ecosystem valuation of Varthur wetland. Global valuation of coastal wetland ecosystem shows a total of 14,785/ha US$ annual economic value. An earlier study of relatively pristine wetland in Bangalore shows the value of Rs. 10,435/ha/day while the polluted wetland shows the value of Rs.20/ha/day. In contrast to this, Varthur, a sewage fed wetland has a value of Rs.118.9/ha/day. The pollutants and subsequent contamination of the wetland has telling effects such as disappearance of native species, dominance of invasive exotic species (such as African catfish), in addition to profuse breeding of disease vectors and pathogens. Water quality analysis revealed of high phosphates (4.22-5.76 ppm) level in addition to the enhanced BOD (119-140 ppm) and decreased DO (0-1.06 ppm). The amplified decline of ecosystem goods and services with degradation of water quality necessitates the implementation of sustainable management strategies to recover the lost wetland benefits.

Ecological and socio-economic assessment of Varthur wetland, Bengaluru (India)

Wetlands are the most productive ecosystems, recognized globally for its vital role in sustaining a wide array of biodiversity and provide goods and services. However despite their important role in maintaining the ecology and economy, wetlands in India are endangered by inattention and lack of appreciation for their role. Increased anthropogenic activities such as intense agriculture practices, indiscriminate disposal of industrial effluents and sewage wastes have altered the physical, chemical as well as biological integrity of the ecosystem. This has resulted in the ecological degradation, which is evident from the current ecosystem valuation of Varthur wetland. Global valuation of coastal wetland ecosystem shows a total of 14,785/ha US$ annual economic value. An earlier study of relatively pristine wetland in Bangalore shows the value of Rs. 10,435/ha/day while the polluted wetland shows the value of Rs.20/ha/day. In contrast to this, Varthur, a sewage fed wetland has a value of Rs.118.9/ha/day. The pollutants and subsequent contamination of the wetland has telling effects such as disappearance of native species, dominance of invasive exotic species (such as African catfish), in addition to profuse breeding of disease vectors and pathogens. Water quality analysis revealed of high phosphates (4.22-5.76 ppm) level in addition to the enhanced BOD (119-140 ppm) and decreased DO (0-1.06 ppm). The amplified decline of ecosystem goods and services with degradation of water quality necessitates the implementation of sustainable management strategies to recover the lost wetland benefits.

Aquatic Ecosystems: Conservation, Restoration and Management

Aquatic Ecosystems perform numerous valuable environmental functions. They recycle nutrients, purify water, recharge ground water, augment and maintain stream flow, and provide habitat for a wide variety of flora and fauna and recreation for people. A rapid population increase accompanied by unplanned developmental works has led to the pollution of surface waters due to residential, agricultural, commercial and industrial wastes/effluents and decline in the number of water bodies. Increased demands for drainage of wetlands have been accommodated by channelisation, resulting in further loss of stream habitat, which has led to aquatic organisms becoming extinct or imperiled in increasing numbers and to the impairment of many beneficial uses of water, including drinking, swimming and fishing. Various anthropogenic activities have altered the physical, chemical and biological processes within aquatic ecosystems. An integrated and accelerated effort toward environmental restoration and preservation is needed to stop further degradation of these fragile ecosystems. Failure to restore these ecosystems will result in sharply increased environmental costs later, in the extinction of species or ecosystem types, and in permanent ecological damage.

Mechanochemical decomposition of Gd3Fe5O12 garnet phase

Gadolinium iron garnet was milled in a high energy ball mill to study its magnetic properties in the nanocrystalline regime. XRD reveals the decomposition of the garnet phase into Gd-orthoferrite and Gd2O3 on milling. The variation of saturation magnetization and coercivity with milling is attributed to a possible shift in the compensation temperature on grain size reduction and an increase in the orthoferrite content. The Mössbauer spectrum at 16 K is characteristic of the magnetically ordered state corresponding to GdIG, GdFeO3 and α-Fe2O3 whereas at room temperature it is a superparamagnetic doublet.

Synthesis of pure iron magnetic nanoparticles in large quantity

Free nanoparticles of iron (Fe) and their colloids with high saturation magnetization are in demand for medical and microfluidic applications. However, the oxide layer that forms during processing has made such synthesis a formidable challenge. Lowering the synthesis temperature decreases rate of oxidation and hence provides a new way of producing pure metallic nanoparticles prone to oxidation in bulk amount (large quantity). In this paper we have proposed a methodology that is designed with the knowledge of thermodynamic imperatives of oxidation to obtain almost oxygen-free iron nanoparticles, with or without any organic capping by controlled milling at low temperatures in a specially designed high-energy ball mill with the possibility of bulk production. The particles can be ultrasonicated to produce colloids and can be bio-capped to produce transparent solution. The magnetic properties of these nanoparticles confirm their superiority for possible biomedical and other applications.

Biodegradation of acrylamide and purification of acrylamidase from newly isolated bacterium Moraxella osloensis MSU11

The increasing industrial utilization of polyacrylamide to assist water clarification, sludge conditioning, papermaking, and secondary oil recovery leads to environmental pollution. In this work, an acrylamide degrading bacterium was isolated from paper mill effluent at Charan mahadevi, Tamilnadu, India. The minimal medium containing acrylamide (40 mM) served as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen for acrylamide degrading bacteria. The bacterial strain has grown well in 40 mM acrylamide at pH (6-7) at 30 degrees C. Within 24-48 h acrylamide was converted into acrylic acid and other metabolites. Based on biochemical characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequence, the bacterial strain was identified as Gram negative, diplobacilli Moraxella osloensis MSU11. The acrylamide hydrolyzing bacterial enzyme acrylamidase was purified by HPLC. The enzyme molecular weight was determined to be approximately 38 kDa by SDS-PAGE using reference enzyme Pectinase. These results show that M. osloensis MSU11 has a potential to degrade the acrylamide present in the environment. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Purifying water containing both anionic and cationic species using a (Zn, Cu)O, ZnO, and Cobalt Ferrite based multiphase adsorbent system

For the purpose of water purification, novel and low-cost adsorbents which are promising replacements for activated carbon are being actively pursued. However, a single-phase material that adsorbs both cationic and anionic species remains elusive. Hence, a low-cost, multiphase adsorbent bed that purifies water containing both anionic and cationic pollutants is a desirable alternative. We choose anionic (Congo red, Orange G) and cationic (methylene blue, malachite green) dyes as model pollutants. These dyes are chosen since they are widely found in effluents from textile, leather, fishery, and pharmaceutical industries, and their carcinogenic, mutagenic, genotoxic, and cytotoxic impact on mammalian cells is well-established. We show that ZnO, (Zn0.24Cu0.76)O and cobalt ferrite based multiphase fixed adsorbent bed efficiently adsorbs model anionic (Congo red, Orange G) and cationic (methylene blue and malachite green) pollutants, and their complex mixtures. All adsorbent phases are synthesized using room-temperature, high-yield (similar to 96-100%), green chemical processes. The nanoadsorbents are characterized by using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and zeta potential measurements. The constituent nanophases are deliberately chosen to be beyond 50 nm, in order to avoid the nanotoxic size regime of oxides. Adsorption characteristics of each of the phases are examined. Isotherm based analysis shows that adsorption is both spontaneous and highly favorable. zeta potential measurements indicate that electrostatic interactions are the primary driving force for the observed adsorption behavior. The isotherms obtained are best described using a composite Langmuir-Freundlich model. Pseudo-first-order, rapid kinetics is observed (with adsorption rate constants as high as 0.1-0.2 min(-1) in some cases). Film diffusion is shown to be the primary mechanism of adsorption.

Synthesis of Eu3+-activated BiOF and BiOBr phosphors: photoluminescence, Judd-Ofelt analysis and photocatalytic properties

A series of Bi1-xEuxOX (X = F and Br; x = 0, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.05) phosphors were synthesized at relatively low temperature and short duration (500 degrees C, 1 h). Rietveld refinement results verified that all the compounds were crystallized in the tetragonal structure with space group P4/nmm (no. 129). Photoluminescence spectra exhibit characteristic luminescence D-5(0) -> F-7(J) (J = 0-4) intra-4f shell Eu3+ ion transitions. The magnetic dipole (D-5(0) -> F-7(1)) transition dominates the emission of BiOF:Eu3+, while the electric dipole (D-5(0) -> F-7(2)) peak was stronger in BiOBr:Eu3+ phosphors. The evaluated CIE color coordinates for Bi0.95Eu0.05OBr (0.632, 0.358) are close to the commercial Y2O3:Eu3+ (0.645, 0.347) and Y2O2S:Eu3+ (0.647, 0.343) red phosphors. Intensity parameters (Omega(2), Omega(4)) and various radiative properties such as transition rates (A), branching ratios (beta), stimulated emission cross-section (sigma(e)), gain bandwidth (sigma(e) x Delta lambda(eff)) and optical gain (sigma(e) x tau) were calculated using the Judd-Ofelt theory. It was observed that BiOBr:Eu3+ phosphors have a long lifetime (tau) and better optical gain (sigma(e) x tau) as compared to reported Eu3+ doped materials. Furthermore, these compounds exhibit excellent photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B dye under visible light irradiation. The determined radiative properties and photocatalytic results revealed that BiOBr:Eu3+ phosphors have potential applications in energy and environmental remedies, such as to develop red phosphors for white light-emitting diodes, red lasers and to remove toxic organic industrial effluents.

Effect of Manganese (II) Oxide on microstructure and ionic transport properties of nanostructured cubic zirconia

Effect of MnO addition on microstructure and ionic transport properties of nanocrystalline cubic(c)-ZrO2 is reported. Monoclinic (m) ZrO2 powders with 10-30 mol% MnO powder are mechanically alloyed in a planetary ball mill at room temperature for 10 h and annealed at 550 degrees C for 6 h. In all compositions m-ZrO2 transforms completely to nanocrystalline c-ZrO2 phase and MnO is fully incorporated into c-ZrO2 lattice. Rietveld's refinement technique is employed for detailed microstructure analysis by analyzing XRD patterns. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis confirms the complete formation of c-ZrO2 phase. Presence of stoichiometric Mn in c-ZrO2 powder is confirmed by Electron Probe Microscopy analysis. XPS analysis reveals that Mn is mostly in Mn2+ oxidation state. A correlation between lattice parameter and oxygen vacancy is established. A detailed ionic conductivity measurement in the 250 degrees-575 degrees C temperature range describes the effect of MnO on conductivity of c-ZrO2. The ionic conductivity (s) of 30 mol% MnO alloyed ZrO2 at 550 degrees C is 0.04 s cm(-1). Electrical relaxation studies are carried out by impedance and modulus spectroscopy. Relaxation frequency is found to increase with temperature and MnO mol fraction. Electrical characterization predicts that these compounds have potentials for use as solid oxide fuel cell electrolyte material. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Estimate of N2O release from pit-toilets

The use of pit-toilets has severely contaminated the groundwater with nitrate ions in Mulbagal town, Karnataka, India. This paper examines the potential of nitrate ions in the pit-toilet effluents to transform to N2O and to escape to atmosphere from 16 wards of Mulbagal town. Anaerobic conditions prevailing in the pit-toilet convert 25 % of the available N to ammonium ions. Only 3-33 % of ammonium ions transform to nitrate ions in the pit-toilet and escape with the effluent. During migration to aquifer, only 4.5 % of available nitrate concentration in the effluent transforms to N-2 and N2O gases in the 1.5-m-thick saturated zone underlying the pit-toilet; 36-55 % of the gases comprise N2O and the remainder of N-2. Further only 18 % of N2O formed escapes to atmosphere, while the remainder is retained in soil solution. Calculations show that 9.88 x 10(13) molecules of N2O/cm(2) would be cumulatively released from 16 wards of Mulbagal town, over an area of 4.9 km(2).

Stabilization of the high-temperature and high-pressure cubic phase of ZnO by temperature-controlled milling

The reversible transition of wurtzite to rock salt phase under pressure is well reported in literature. The cubic phase is unstable under ambient conditions both in the bulk and in nanoparticles. This paper reports defect-induced stabilization of cubic ZnO phase in sub 20 nm ZnO particles and explores their optical properties. The size reduction was achieved by ball milling in a specially designed mill which allows a control of the milling temperature. The process of synthesis involved both variation of milling temperature (including low temperature similar to 150 K) and impact pressure. We show that these have profound influence in the introduction of defects and stabilization of the cubic phase. A molecular dynamics simulation is presented to explain the observed results. The measured optical properties have further supported the observations of defect-induced stabilization of cubic ZnO and reduction in particle size.

Efecto de labranza y métodos de control de malezas sobre factores biológicos presentes en agro-ecosistemas de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) postrera 1995

Durante la postrera de 1995, se estableció el experimento de campo en la finca experimental La Compañía, localizada en San Marcos, Carazo, con el propósito de evaluar los efectos de tres tipos de labranza y métodos de control de malezas sobre la dinámica de las malezas, plagas, enfermedades y enemigos naturales en el cultivo de frijol común, de igual forma conocer el efecto de los factores en estudio sobre el rendimiento del frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Los tratamientos en estudio se evaluaron en un diseño de bloques completamente al azar con arreglo de parcelas divididas con cuatro repeticiones. Los factores en estudio fueron A: sistemas de labranza (labranza cero, labranza mínima y labranza convencional) y B: controles de malezas (pre-emergente más post-emergente, pre-emergente más chapia, y pre-emergente más cobertura muerta de maiz (Zea mays L.). Los resultados indican que las especies de malezas dominantes fueron plantas de la familia Cyperaceae, sobresaliendo Cyperus rotundus L.y de la familia Poaceae: Digitaria sanguinalis (L). Scop, Ixophorus unisetus (Presl) Schlech,. De la clase dicotiledónea se identificaron Melantera aspera (Jacquin) de la familia Asteraceae, Argemone mexicana L. de la familia Papaveraceae; y Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Mill de la familia Euphorbiaceae. Las especies descritas anteriormente fueron las de mayor abundancia y dominancia (cobertura y peso seco) en el área del experimento donde los mejores resultados se presentaron en labranza mínima y manejo pre emergente más post emergente. Referente a plagas, se encontró que labranza mínima presentó mayor número de especies de plagas de suelo. En cuanto a insectos plagas de follaje, los mas importantes que se presentaron en el ensayo están Diabrótica spp.; Nodonata spp. y Empoasca spp.; predominando entre todos. Diabrótica spp. quien estuvo presente hasta la madurez fisiológica del cultivo. De los tres sistemas de labranza, labranza cero fue la que mejor disminuyó las poblaciones de insectos plagas. En los controles de maleza, el control pre-emergente más cobertura permitió mayor población de insectos plagas. La mayor cantidad de benéficos se observó en labranza convencional, en los controles de malezas, la mayor cantidad de insectos benéficos se obtuvo en el tratamiento pre-emergente más post-emergente. En cuanto a la incidencia y severidad de las enfermedades el mayor valor se obtuvo en labranza convencional. Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron en labranza cero y mínima. La incidencia de enfermedades fue mayor usando control pre-emergente más chapia y resultó menor con control pre-emergente más cobertura. El mayor rendimiento de grano se obtuvo en labranza minima. En cuanto a los controles de malezas se obtuvieron mayores rendimiento en el control pre-emergente mas chapia

Variabilidad molecular en una población de lotus tenuis tolerante a la salinidad

Resumen: Lotus tenuis Waldst et Kit (ex Lotus glaber Mill) (2n=2x=12), es una leguminosa perenne, utilizada como forrajera, que se introdujo en suelos salinoalcalinos de la Pampa Deprimida de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. L. tenuis presenta variabilidad genética para caracteres asociados a la tolerancia a salinidad que esta siendo explorada y explotada en programas de mejoramiento. El estudio de la variabilidad molecular en esta especie permitirá ayudar a los programas de mejoramiento a incrementar la adaptación de la especie en la Pampa Deprimida, permitiendo identificar poblaciones aptas para lograr alta productividad en los suelos salinos de la región. Mediante este trabajo se buscó cuantificar la variabilidad molecular de una población de L. tenuis tolerante a alta salinidad, para lo cual se extrajo ADN de 23 plantas y se utilizaron 8 marcadores ISSRs (Inter Secuencias Simples Repetidas) con la técnica de PCR (Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa). Con el uso de los programas de análisis molecular Structure (Pritchard et al., 2000), PowerMarker (Liu et al., 2005) y Arlequín (Excoffier et al., 2010), se estimó la estructura genética, varianza, medidas de diversidad y de distancia genética. A su vez se realizó a modo de complemento una comparación entre la población tolerante y otra población de L. tenuis susceptible a salinidad, para estimar la variabilidad genética entre poblaciones e identificar bandas especificas asociadas a la tolerancia a salinidad. El número obtenido de bandas presentes en la población tolerante fue de 73, que permitió realizar un estudio de la variabilidad molecular. La estructura genética representada por Structurama y Structure arrojó un K=1, observándose a las 23 plantas tolerantes agrupadas en una misma población. El uso de los 8 marcadores seleccionados permitieron estudiar la variabilidad molecular y la estructura genética de las poblaciones de L. tenuis, identificándose un total de 117 bandas totales. El análisis de la estructura poblacional reveló la existencia de una mayor homogeneidad en los individuos de la población tolerante que en la población susceptible. Los marcadores ISSRs desarrollados en este trabajo podrán ser utilizados en otros programas de mejoramiento genético de L. tenuis, para evaluar la variabilidad molecular presente en otras poblaciones de la especie

Efecto de labranza y metodos de control de malezas sobre la dinamica de las malezas y el crecimiento y rendimiento del frijol comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Postrera 1995

Durante la postrera de 1995, se establecio un experimento de campo en la finca experimental La Compañia, localizada en San Marcos Carazo, con el propósito de evaluar los efectos de labranza y métodos de control de malezas sobre la dinámica de las malezas y el crecimiento y rendimiento del frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Los tratamientos en estudio se evaluaron en un diseño de parcelas divididas con cuatro repeticiones. Los factores en estudio fueron A: sistemas de labranza (labranza cero, labranza mínima y labranza convencional). y B: controles de malezas (pre-emergente más postemergente, pre­ emergente más chapia,y pre-emergente más cobertura muerta de maíz (Zea mays L.). Los resultados indican que la especies de malezas dominantes fueron plantas de la familia Cyperaceae, sobresaliendo Cyperus rotundus L.y de la familia Poaceae: Digitaria sanguinalis (L). Scop, Ixophorus unisetus (Presl) Schlech,. De la clase dicotiledonea se identificaron Melantera aspera (Jacquin) de la familia Asterceae, Argemone mexicana L. de la familia Papaveraceae; y Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Mill de la familia Euphorbiaceae. Las especies descritas anteriormente fueron las de mayor abundancia y dominancia (cobertura y peso seco) en el área del experimento. Los mejores resultados se presentaron en la labranza mínima y manejo pre emergente más post emergente. De manera general se puede afirmar que los rendimientos presentaron diferencias altamente significativas en los sistemas de labranza. En cuanto al número de vainas por planta los mejores resultados los presenta labranza mínima. En relación al número de plantas por hectárea, el mayor número lo presenta labranza convencional. En referencia a peso de cien granos y rendimiento, los mejores resultados lo presenta labranza mínima. Los controles de maleza presentaron diferencias altamente significativas en la variable altura de plantas en el último recuento. Con referencia al número de vainas por planta, el mayor número lo presenta el control pre­ emergente más post emergente, en cuanto al rendimiento el de mayor valor fué el control pre-emergente más chapia. Las variables número de granos por vaina, peso de cien granos, y peso de paja, presentaron mejor comportamiento en el control pre-emergente más chapiac El sistema de labranza con mejor rentabilidad resultó ser el sistema de labranza mínima dado que este ofrece mayores beneficios netos con menores costos variables, además se obtuvieron los mejores rendimientos.