Phosphate forms in plant and their internal buffering in five soybean cultivars

Differences among plants in their ability to support nutritional stress periods may be caused by a differential vacuole capacity of ion storage and release and may also depend on the intensity of nutrient re-translocation under such conditions. In five soybean cultivars, submitted to eight days of P deprivation, the dry matter production and the contents of three phosphorus (P) forms - inorganic (Pi), organic (Po), and acid-soluble total (Pts) of different plant organs were determined. Pi release velocity (RSPi) was estimated as the tangent to the equations obtained for Pi f(t) at the point t = 2 days (the mean point in the period of greatest Pi decrease), considering that -deltaPi/deltat expresses the rate of Pi release. The internal Pi buffering capacity (IBCPi) was calculated as the inverse of the RSPi. Cultivars' differences in size of the non-metabolic Pi pool, RSPi, and the ability to transport Pi from less to more actively metabolizing regions were evaluated. The preferential Pi source and sink compartments under limited P absorption conditions were also evaluated. The cultivar Santa Rosa showed the highest Pi storage ability when the external supply was high, and a more intensive release under low P supply conditions than IAC8 and UFV1. The cultivar Uberaba was superior to Doko in its ability to store and use Pi. In all cultivars, upper leaves and roots were the main sink of Pi stored in the middle and lower leaves. Roots and upper leaves showed larger RSPi and lower IBCPi values than middle and lower leaves.

Popularização da taxonomia de solo: vocabulário mínimo e aspectos sócio-econômicos no contexto do ensino fundamental, em São Miguel, Esperança (PB)

Este estudo objetivou construir uma proposta pedagógica com alunos de nível fundamental na comunidade de São Miguel, Esperança (PB). Procurou-se despertar o interesse dos estudantes para a importância do solo em suas vidas, bem como adequar a terminologia usada na pedologia à linguagem cotidiana dos alunos. Seguiu-se como método a abordagem paulofreireana na qual se considera que o contexto da escola extrapola o da sala de aula, devendo envolver o máximo de pessoas da comunidade. Assim, procurou-se levantar informações quanto à renda familiar, moradia, número de irmãos e irmãs, atividade principal do responsável pela família, etc. Deste levantamento, extraiu-se, também, o vocabulário mínimo, com palavras e expressões geradoras que sintetizam o universo de conhecimento em São Miguel. Os resultados denotaram a dureza do cotidiano e uma educação repressiva diante da indomabilidade dos filhos. Observou-se que elementos pedagógicos presentes no vocabulário mínimo podem facilitar a popularização do saber pedológico no ensino fundamental. O vocabulário mínimo promoveu uma melhor comunicação durante as aulas entre educadores e educandos, bem como permitiu a construção de conceitos para as ordens de solos mais representativas da região: Neossolos e Argissolos. A construção de monólitos de solos constituiu importante recurso auxiliar nas aulas expositivas e dialógicas, despertando nas crianças maior interesse para o tema solo e meio ambiente.

Hidráulica do escoamento e transporte de sedimentos em sulcos em solo franco-argilo-arenoso

A erosão em sulcos caracteriza-se pelo escoamento superficial concentrado de uma lâmina d'água com tensão de cisalhamento suficiente para desagregar o solo, que deforma o sulco e altera as características hidráulicas do escoamento responsável pela dinâmica de formação dos sulcos. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: avaliar as condições hidráulicas do escoamento em sulcos de erosão, que podem fornecer subsídios importantes às relações de erosão, e determinar as taxas de desagregação do solo, a erodibilidade do solo e a tensão crítica de cisalhamento, além de quantificar o transporte de sedimentos em sulcos por meio de expressões baseadas em variáveis hidráulicas. Para tanto, sulcos foram pré-formados em um solo de textura franco-argilo-arenosa, num campo com declive médio de 0,067 m m-1, e submetidos à aplicação de chuva simulada com intensidade de 74 mm h-1, durante 80 min, tendo sido aplicados nos sulcos, nos últimos 20 min, fluxos extras de escoamento superficial de 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50 L min-1. Os resultados mostraram que o regime de escoamento nos sulcos caracterizou-se como sendo de transição subcrítico a turbulento subcrítico. As taxas de desagregação do solo obtidas foram lineares às tensões de cisalhamento desenvolvidas, para uma erodibilidade em sulcos (Kr) de 0,0024 kg N-1 s-1 e uma tensão crítica de cisalhamento (tauc) de 2,75 Pa. Duas funções baseadas na potência do escoamento foram ajustadas para estimar o transporte de sedimentos nos sulcos de erosão, as quais explicaram 53 % da variação experimental, refletindo não só a dificuldade de ajuste de modelos de estimativa do transporte sólido às lâminas de escoamento pouco espessas que ocorrem nas áreas de cultivo agrícola, mas também a diversidade física e mineralógica das partículas e dos agregados do solo estudado.

El lenguaje de la interrogación: una gramática formal para la recuperación de la información

El conocimiento del lenguaje de interrogación es una herramienta imprescindible para la recuperación de información. En este artículo se ofrece una gramática formal (sintaxis y semántica) para ese tipo de lenguaje. Esta gramática nos permite, por un lado, conocer el lenguaje de interrogación desde un plano sistemático y conceptual y, por otro lado, nos permite obtener ciertos beneficios prácticos de tipo sintáctico y de tipo semántico relacionados con los procesos de recuperación de información.

Differential reactivity of TCR Vbeta10 alleles to a mouse mammary tumor virus superantigen.

Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) expresses a superantigen (SAg) which plays a critical role in the viral life cycle. We have recently described the new infectious MMTV (SIM) encoding a Vbeta4-specific SAg in mice with a TCR-Vbeta(b) haplotype. We have now compared the SAg activity of this virus in BALB/c mice harboring the TCR-Vbeta(a), TCR-Vbeta(b) or TCR-Vbeta(c) haplotypes which differ by a central deletion in the TCR-Vbeta(a) and TCR-Vbeta(c) locus and by mutations in some of the remaining Vbeta elements. Injection of MMTV (SIM) led to a strong stimulation of Vbeta4+ CD4+ T cells in TCR-Vbeta(b) mice, but only to a weak stimulation of these cells in TCR-Vbeta(a) or TCR-Vbeta(c) mice. A large increase in the percentage of Vbeta10+ cells was observed among CD4+ T cells in mice with the Vbeta(a) or Vbeta(c), but not the Vbeta(b) TCR-Vbeta haplotype. Vbeta10+ cells dominated the response when Vbeta10(a/c) and Vbeta4 subsets were present together. This is the first report of a viral SAg interacting with murine Vbeta10+ cells. Six amino acid differences between Vbeta10(a/c) and Vbeta10(b) could account for the gain of reactivity of Vbeta10(a/c) to the MMTV(SIM) SAg. No mutations were found in the hypervariable region 4 (HV4) of the TCR. Mutations at positions 22 and 28 introduce into Vbeta10(a/c) the same amino acids which are found at these positions in the MMTV(SIM)-reactive Vbeta4. Tridimensional models indicated that these amino acids lie close to HV4 and are likely to be important for the interaction of the SAg with the TCR.

Oral administration of the KATP channel opener diazoxide ameliorates disease progression in a murine model of multiple sclerosis

Background Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an acquired inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) and is the leading cause of nontraumatic disability among young adults. Activated microglial cells are important effectors of demyelination and neurodegeneration, by secreting cytokines and others neurotoxic agents. Previous studies have demonstrated that microglia expresses ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels and its pharmacological activation can provide neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we have examined the effect of oral administration of KATP channel opener diazoxide on induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of MS. Methods Anti-inflammatory effects of diazoxide were studied on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon gamma (IFNy)-activated microglial cells. EAE was induced in C57BL/6J mice by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOG35-55). Mice were orally treated daily with diazoxide or vehicle for 15 days from the day of EAE symptom onset. Treatment starting at the same time as immunization was also assayed. Clinical signs of EAE were monitored and histological studies were performed to analyze tissue damage, demyelination, glial reactivity, axonal loss, neuronal preservation and lymphocyte infiltration. Results Diazoxide inhibited in vitro nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-¿) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression by activated microglia without affecting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and phagocytosis. Oral treatment of mice with diazoxide ameliorated EAE clinical signs but did not prevent disease. Histological analysis demonstrated that diazoxide elicited a significant reduction in myelin and axonal loss accompanied by a decrease in glial activation and neuronal damage. Diazoxide did not affect the number of infiltrating lymphocytes positive for CD3 and CD20 in the spinal cord. Conclusion Taken together, these results demonstrate novel actions of diazoxide as an anti-inflammatory agent, which might contribute to its beneficial effects on EAE through neuroprotection. Treatment with this widely used and well-tolerated drug may be a useful therapeutic intervention in ameliorating MS disease.

Antigen binding properties of purified immunoglobulin A and reconstituted secretory immunoglobulin A antibodies.

The hybridoma cell line ZAC3 expresses Vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-specific mouse IgA molecules as a heterogeneous population of monomeric (IgAm), dimeric (IgAd), and polymeric (IgAp) forms. We describe a gentle method combining ultrafiltration, ion-exchange chromatography, and size exclusion chromatography for the simultaneous and qualitative separation of the three molecular forms. Milligram quantities of purified IgA molecules were recovered allowing for direct comparison of the biological properties of the three forms. LPS binding specificity was tested after purification; IgAd and IgAp were found to bind strongly to LPS whereas IgAm did not. Secretory IgA (sIgA) could be reconstituted in vitro by combining recombinant secretory component (rSC) and purified IgAd or IgAp, but not IgAm. Surface plasmon resonance-based binding experiments using LPS monolayers indicated that purified reconstituted sIgA and IgA molecules recognize LPS with identical affinity (KA 1.0 x 10(8)M-1). Thus, this very sensitive assay provides the first evidence that the function of SC in sIgA complex is not to modify the affinity for the antigen. KA falls to 6.6 x 10(5) M-1 when measured by calorimetry using detergent-solubilized LPS and IgA, suggesting that the LPS environment is critical for recognition by the antibody.

The caveolin-binding motif of the pathogen-related yeast protein Pry1, a member of the CAP protein superfamily, is required for in vivo export of cholesteryl acetate.

Proteins belonging to the CAP superfamily are present in all kingdoms of life and have been implicated in different physiological processes. Their molecular mode of action, however, is poorly understood. Saccharomyces cerevisiae expresses three members of this superfamily, pathogen-related yeast (Pry)1, -2, and -3. We have recently shown that Pry function is required for the secretion of cholesteryl acetate and that Pry proteins bind cholesterol and cholesteryl acetate, suggesting that CAP superfamily members may generally act to bind sterols or related small hydrophobic compounds. Here, we analyzed the mode of sterol binding by Pry1. Computational modeling indicates that ligand binding could occur through displacement of a relatively poorly conserved flexible loop, which in some CAP family members displays homology to the caveolin-binding motif. Point mutations within this motif abrogated export of cholesteryl acetate but did not affect binding of cholesterol. Mutations of residues located outside the caveolin-binding motif, or mutations in highly conserved putative catalytic residues had no effect on export of cholesteryl acetate or on lipid binding. These results indicate that the caveolin-binding motif of Pry1, and possibly of other CAP family members, is crucial for selective lipid binding and that lipid binding may occur through displacement of the loop containing this motif.

Prescription footwear for severe injuries of foot and ankle: effect on regularity and symmetry of the gait assessed by trunk accelerometry.

After foot and/or ankle fracture, the restoration of optimal gait symmetry is one of the criteria of recovery. Orthotic insoles and orthopaedic shoes improve gait symmetry and regularity by controlling joint motion and improving alignment. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of prescription footwear on gait quality by using accelerometers attached to the lower back. Sixteen adult patients with persistent disability after ankle and/or foot fractures performed two 30-s walking trials with and without prescription footwear (insoles and stabilizing shoes). Sixteen control subjects were also tested for comparison. The autocorrelation function was computed from the acceleration signal and the first two dominant periods were assessed (d1 and d2). Two parameters were used: (1) Stride Regularity (SR) which expresses the similarity between strides over time (d2), and (2) Stride Symmetry (SS) a ratio (d1/d2) which expresses the left/right similarity of gait independently of repeatability in the successive movements of each limb. In control subjects, SR and SS were 0.86+/-0.05 (correlation coefficient) and 81+/-10%, respectively. In the patient group, the effect of footwear was significant (SR: 0.88+/-0.06 vs. 0.90+/-0.05, SS: 38+/-23% vs. 46+/-27%). Pain was also significantly reduced (-34%). By using a rapid and low-cost method, we objectively quantified gait quality improvement after footwear intervention, concomitant to pain reduction. Substantial inter-patient variability in the footwear outcome was observed. In conclusion, we believe that trunk accelerometry can be a useful tool in the field of gait rehabilitation.

Linguagem, cultura e alteridade: imagens do outro

A interação a um só tempo complementar e conflitiva de três temas: linguagem, cultura e alteridade, constituem o eixo de um debate sobre a infância e a criança portadora de marcas sociais e étnicas. Na medida em que a percepção do social se prende a princípios e a valores considerados universais, verdadeiros, legítimos e únicos, que precisam ser relativizados, questiona-se o fato de a cultura e a alteridade se expressarem por linguagens nem sempre visíveis e explícitas, que exigem um olhar atento e aprofundado nas muitas realidades do campo social e no seu cotidiano como meio de compreender-lhes seus muitos significados. Crianças pobres de periferia urbana e do meio rural, crianças brancas, negras e mestiças e, ainda, crianças de rua, emprestam-nos suas falas e imagens construídas com desenhos, para expressar a sua percepção do meio em que vivem. Tais expressões referem-se também à escola que aí está, a seus processos e agentes para dizer, por meio de outras linguagens, como olham seu mundo e como são olhados por ele.

O discurso pedagógico das diretrizes curriculares nacionais: competência crítica e interdisciplinaridade

O texto discute alguns aspectos do discurso pedagógico das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais, ressaltando como o jargão pedagógico e o recurso a expressões consagradas e slogans educacionais obnubilam a especificidade da tarefa educativa em instituições escolares e ignoram os desafios concretos da ação docente nessas instituições. As análises centram-se no ideal de "desenvolvimento da competência crítica", visto como objetivo do processo de escolarização e no ideal pedagógico da "interdisciplinaridade", tomando-os como exemplares típicos desse tipo de discurso.

Expression cloning of a rat hepatic reduced glutathione transporter with canalicular characteristics

Using the Xenopus oocyte expression system, we have previously identified an approximately 4-kb fraction of mRNA from rat liver that expresses sulfobromophthalein-glutathione (BSP-GSH)-insensitive reduced glutathione (GSH) transport (Fernandez-Checa, J., J. R. Yi, C. Garcia-Ruiz, Z. Knezic, S. Tahara, and N. Kaplowitz. 1993. J. Biol. Chem. 268:2324-2328). Starting with a cDNA library constructed from this fraction, we have now isolated a single clone that expresses GSH transporter activity. The cDNA for the rat canalicular GSH transporter (RcGshT) is 4.05 kb with an open reading frame of 2,505 nucleotides encoding for a polypeptide of 835 amino acids (95,785 daltons). No identifiable homologies were found in searching various databases. An approximately 96-kD protein is generated in in vitro translation of cRNA for RcGshT. Northern blot analysis reveals a single 4-kb transcript in liver, kidney, intestine, lung, and brain. The abundance of mRNA for RcGshT in rat liver increased 3, 6, and 12 h after a single dose of phenobarbital. Insensitivity to BSP-GSH and induction by phenobarbital, unique characteristics of canalicular GSH secretion, suggest that RcGshT encodes for the canalicular GSH transporter.

Leitura de imagens, cultura visual e prática educativa

Quase tudo do pouco que sabemos sobre o conhecimento produzido nos chega pelos meios de informação e comunicação. Estes, por sua vez, também constroem imagens do mundo. Imagens para deleitar, entreter, vender, sugerindo o que devemos vestir, comer, aparentar, pensar. Em nossa sociedade contemporânea discute-se a necessidade de uma alfabetização visual, que se expressa em várias designações, como leitura de imagens e compreensão crítica da cultura visual. Freqüentes mudanças de expressões e conceitos dificultam o entendimento dessas propostas para o currículo escolar, assim como a própria definição do professor ou professora que será responsável por esse conhecimento e seu referencial teórico. Este artigo apresenta os conceitos que fundamentam as propostas da leitura de imagens e cultura visual, sinalizando suas proximidades e distâncias. Contrasta alguns referenciais teóricos da antropologia, arte, educação, história, sociologia, e sugere linhas de trabalho em ambientes de aprendizagem para que se possa refletir a permanente formação docente.

Tradicionalismo e educação no Rio Grande do Sul

O artigo reflete sobre o gauchismo como uma das expressões da cultura popular no Rio Grande do Sul. O objetivo é caracterizar o Movimento Tradicionalista Gaúcho como movimento cultural organizado e perceber as dimensões dos processos de formação dos tradicionalistas em seus territórios, bem como as relações que o movimento estabelece com as escolas. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir de um conjunto de trabalhos de campo com base na observação participante em escolas e em territórios do gauchismo e do tradicionalismo. A indústria cultural aparece como recurso plural utilizado para a popularização de uma imagem do gaúcho veiculada pelo gauchismo.